- monatomic gas (physical science)
monatomic gas, gas composed of particles (molecules) that consist of single atoms, such as helium or sodium vapour, and in this way different from diatomic, triatomic, or, in general, polyatomic gases. The thermodynamic behaviour of a monatomic gas in the ordinary temperature range is extremely
- Monatsbecher (metalwork)
Häufebecher: …dozen, they were known as Monatsbecher (“month beaker”)—one beaker for each month of the year. They were used almost exclusively in German-speaking countries—many being produced in Nürnberg—and were fashionable between the early 16th century and the middle of the 17th century.
- monaural sound (acoustics)
sound recording: The phonograph disc: A monaural phonograph record makes use of a spiral 90° V-shaped groove impressed into a plastic disc. As the record revolves at 33 1 3 rotations per minute, a tiny “needle,” or stylus, simultaneously moves along the groove and vibrates back and forth parallel to the…
- monazite (mineral)
monazite, phosphate mineral, cerium and lanthanum phosphate, (Ce, La)PO4, that is the major commercial source of cerium. Occurring as small, brown, resinous, rather heavy crystals in granitic and gneissic rocks and their detritus (called monazite sands), monazite frequently contains 10–12 percent
- Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord (Scottish jurist and anthropologist)
James Burnett, Lord Monboddo was a Scottish jurist and pioneer anthropologist who explored the origins of language and society and anticipated principles of Darwinian evolution. Monboddo’s main work, Of the Origin and Progress of Language (6 vol., 1773–92), contains a vast body of curious lore on
- Monbuttu (people)
Mangbetu, peoples of Central Africa living to the south of the Zande in northeastern Congo (Kinshasa). They speak a Central Sudanic language of the Nilo-Saharan language family. The Mangbetu are a cluster of peoples who penetrated and now occupy the formerly Pygmy territory and who, in turn,
- Moncada, José María (president of Nicaragua)
Nicaragua: Foreign intervention: Liberal leaders Juan Bautista Sacasa, José María Moncada, and Augusto César Sandino rose in rebellion, but after six months Sacasa and Moncada made peace, and subsequent elections under U.S. auspices brought the presidency to both of them (Moncada, 1928–33, and Sacasa, 1933–36). Sandino, however, fought on as long as the…
- Moncalieri (Italy)
Moncalieri, hilltop town, Piemonte (Piedmont) region, northwestern Italy; it is a southern suburb of Turin city. The 15th-century castle, built by Princess Yolanda of Savoy, was a favourite residence of the king of Sardinia and Italy, Victor Emmanuel II; Victor Emmanuel I and Victor Amadeus III
- Moncalieri, Proclamation of (1849)
Italy: The role of Piedmont: The skillfully worded Proclamation of Moncalieri (November 20, 1849) favorably contrasted Victor Emmanuel’s policies with those of other Italian rulers and permitted elections. The victorious Liberals installed a new cabinet under Massimo d’Azeglio, a moderate trusted by the king. D’Azeglio introduced the Siccardi law, which curtailed the power…
- Moncayo, Sierra del (mountain, Spain)
Spain: Relief: …reaches its highest elevation with Moncayo Peak at 7,588 feet (2,313 metres). In the southeast the Iberian Cordillera links with the Baetic Cordillera, also a result of Alpine earth movements. Although more extensive—more than 500 miles (800 km) long and up to 150 miles (240 km) wide—and with peninsular Spain’s…
- Monceaux, Gabrielle d’Estrées, Marquise de (French noble)
Gabrielle d’Estrées, duchess de Beaufort was the mistress of King Henry IV of France and, with him, founder of the Vendôme branch of the House of Bourbon. The daughter of the Marquis de Coeuvres, Gabrielle met Roger de Saint-Lary, later Duke de Bellegarde, at the court of Henry III and became his
- Mončegorsk (Russia)
Monchegorsk, town, Murmansk oblast (region), northwestern Russia, on the banks of Lake Imandra. The town developed through the exploitation of local copper and nickel deposits in the 1930s and was incorporated in 1937. Now it is a centre of this industry, and it also has fishery and forestry
- Moncensio (mountain, Europe)
Mount Cenis, massif and pass over the French Alps to Italy, Savoie département, southeastern France, northeast of Briançon and west of the Italian city of Turin. The pass, an invasion route from earliest times, is traversed by a road 24 miles (38 km) long, built by Napoleon I in 1803–10, linking
- Mönch, Mount (mountain, Switzerland)
Switzerland: Dry areas: …inches (4,000 mm), and the Mönch (13,448 feet [4,099 meters]) in the Jungfrau group of mountains has the highest average annual precipitation in Switzerland, 163 inches (4,140 mm), while Stalden in the entrenched Vispa valley, 4 miles (6 km) south of the main Rhône valley, has the lowest, 21 inches…
- Monchegorsk (Russia)
Monchegorsk, town, Murmansk oblast (region), northwestern Russia, on the banks of Lake Imandra. The town developed through the exploitation of local copper and nickel deposits in the 1930s and was incorporated in 1937. Now it is a centre of this industry, and it also has fishery and forestry
- Mönchengladbach (Germany)
Mönchengladbach, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies near the border with the Netherlands, west of Düsseldorf. It developed around a Benedictine monastery (founded in 972, suppressed in 1802), from which the name Mönchengladbach (“Monks’ Gladbach”) is derived, and it
- Monchique Mountains (mountain range, Portugal)
Monchique Mountains, low mountain range in southern Portugal, near Cape Saint Vincent, the southwestern extremity of the Iberian Peninsula. A dissected igneous rock (syenite) massif, its highest point is Foia (2,960 ft [902 m]). The range is famous for its wild and generally varied plant life, as
- Monchūjo (Japanese history)
Japan: The establishment of warrior government: …addition, a judicial board, the Monchūjo, was set up to handle lawsuits and appeals. These institutions represent the emergence of Yoritomo’s regime (the term bakufu was used only later in retrospect).
- Monck of Ballytrammon, Sir Charles Stanley, 4th Viscount, 1st Baron Monck of Ballytrammon (governor general of Canada)
Sir Charles Stanley, 4th Viscount Monck was the first governor-general of the Dominion of Canada (1866–68). Monck was educated at Trinity College in Dublin and was called to the bar in 1841. On the death of his father he succeeded to the peerage of Ireland in 1849 and was elected to the House of
- Monck, George, 1st duke of Albemarle (British general)
George Monck, 1st duke of Albemarle was an English general who fought in Ireland and Scotland during the English Civil Wars and who was the chief architect of the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660, following 11 years of republican government. Scion of a well-to-do Devon family, Monck
- Monck, George, 1st Duke of Albemarle, earl of Torrington, Baron Monck of Potheridge, Beauchamp and Teyes (British general)
George Monck, 1st duke of Albemarle was an English general who fought in Ireland and Scotland during the English Civil Wars and who was the chief architect of the Restoration of the Stuart monarchy in 1660, following 11 years of republican government. Scion of a well-to-do Devon family, Monck
- Monck, Sir Charles Stanley, 4th Viscount (governor general of Canada)
Sir Charles Stanley, 4th Viscount Monck was the first governor-general of the Dominion of Canada (1866–68). Monck was educated at Trinity College in Dublin and was called to the bar in 1841. On the death of his father he succeeded to the peerage of Ireland in 1849 and was elected to the House of
- Mönckeberg arteriosclerosis (pathology)
arteriosclerosis: Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis is the third type of arteriosclerosis and is characterized by deposits of calcium in muscular arteries in people over age 50. While these calcifications may be seen with imaging technologies, such as X-ray, or may be palpable, they do not decrease…
- Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis (pathology)
arteriosclerosis: Monckeberg medial calcific sclerosis is the third type of arteriosclerosis and is characterized by deposits of calcium in muscular arteries in people over age 50. While these calcifications may be seen with imaging technologies, such as X-ray, or may be palpable, they do not decrease…
- Monckton, Mary, countess of Cork and Orrery (English society hostess)
Mary Monckton, countess of Cork and Orrery was a society hostess whose “conversation parties” were attended by leading figures from the worlds of politics and letters. She is supposed to have been the original of “Lady Bellair” in British prime minister Benjamin Disraeli’s novel Henrietta Temple
- Monclova (Mexico)
Monclova, city, east-central Coahuila estado (state), northeastern Mexico. Situated in the eastern outliers of the Sierra Madre Oriental at 1,923 feet (586 metres) above sea level, it lies on the Salado de los Nadadores River north of Saltillo, the state capital. The climate is hot and dry, with
- Moncorgé, Jean-Alexis (French actor)
Jean Gabin was one of the most popular film actors in France from the 1930s to the ’60s. Gabin was the son of a music-hall comedian (stage name Jean Gabin). In 1923 he began a theatrical career in the Folies-Bergère but left the stage after his film debut in Chacun sa chance (1931). He achieved
- Moncrief, Sidney (American basketball player)
Milwaukee Bucks: …featuring forward Marques Johnson, guard Sidney Moncrief, and guard-forward Junior Bridgeman began in 1979–80 a streak of 12 straight playoff appearances for the franchise. The team advanced to two consecutive conference finals in 1982–83 and 1983–84 but was beaten by the Philadelphia 76ers and the Celtics, respectively. Moncrief and forward…
- Moncton (New Brunswick, Canada)
Moncton, city and port, Westmorland county, southeastern New Brunswick, Canada. It lies 25 miles (40 km) from the mouth of the Petitcodiac River. Moncton is the largest city in the province. The site, which was originally occupied by a Mi’kmaq First Nation (Native American) village, was settled by
- Moncton, University of (university, Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada)
Moncton: The University of Moncton, founded in 1864 as St. Joseph’s College and renamed in 1963, made Moncton the cultural center of New Brunswick’s Acadian population. During the 19th century, Moncton, favored by its location at the head of a deepwater inlet, became a busy shipbuilding center,…
- Monczer, Thomas (German religious reformer)
Thomas Müntzer was a leading German radical reformer during the Protestant Reformation, a fiery and apocalyptic preacher, and a participant in the abortive Peasants’ War in Thuringia in 1524–25. A controversial figure in life and in death, Müntzer is regarded as a significant force in the religious
- Mond carbonyl process (refining)
nickel processing: From sulfide ores: In carbonyl refining, carbon monoxide is passed through the matte, yielding nickel and iron carbonyls [Ni(CO)4 and Fe(CO)5]. Nickel carbonyl is a very toxic and volatile vapour that, after purification, is decomposed on pure nickel pellets to produce nickel shot. Copper, sulfur, and precious metals remain…
- Mond Laboratory (laboratory, Cambridge, England, United Kingdom)
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa: …and in the Royal Society’s Mond Laboratory, established for him at Cambridge in 1932, he built a new type of helium liquefier based on an expansion turbine.
- Mond Nickel Company (British company)
Ludwig Mond: Mond founded the Mond Nickel Company to link nickel mines in Canada with refining works in Wales that utilized his new discovery.
- Mond, Ludwig (British chemist)
Ludwig Mond was a German-born British chemist and industrialist who improved the Solvay alkali process and devised a process for the extraction of nickel. The son of a wealthy Jewish family, Mond studied chemistry at Marburg and Heidelberg, entered the chemical industry, and went to England in
- Mondain, Le (lyric by Voltaire)
utopian poetry: …poems such as Voltaire’s “Le Mondain” (1736; “The Man of the World”), a French lyric that expresses the Enlightenment’s championing of the present time as better and more sophisticated than the ancient Greek Golden Age, which is depicted as primitive and ignorant.
- Mondale, Walter (vice president of United States)
Walter Mondale was the 42nd vice president of the United States (1977–81) in the administration of President Jimmy Carter and the Democratic candidate for president in 1984. (Read Britannica’s interview with Jimmy Carter.) Mondale was the son of Theodore Sigvaard Mondale, a Methodist minister, and
- Mondale, Walter Frederick (vice president of United States)
Walter Mondale was the 42nd vice president of the United States (1977–81) in the administration of President Jimmy Carter and the Democratic candidate for president in 1984. (Read Britannica’s interview with Jimmy Carter.) Mondale was the son of Theodore Sigvaard Mondale, a Methodist minister, and
- Mondavi, Robert (American winemaker)
Robert Mondavi was an American winemaker who created American wines that rivaled European labels and helped generate the rebirth of California’s wine industry. He introduced the use of stainless steel tanks for cold fermentation, reinstated French oak barrels into the winemaking process, and
- Mondavi, Robert Gerald (American winemaker)
Robert Mondavi was an American winemaker who created American wines that rivaled European labels and helped generate the rebirth of California’s wine industry. He introduced the use of stainless steel tanks for cold fermentation, reinstated French oak barrels into the winemaking process, and
- Monday (day of the week)
Monday, second day of the week
- Monday group (Swedish music group)
Sweden: The arts: …20th-century composers include the “Monday group,” who were inspired by the anti-romantic Hilding Rosenberg in the 1920s and drew also upon leading modern composers from abroad. The vital Swedish folk song has been developed further by a number of musicians. The lively and often moving ballads and “epistles” of…
- Monday Night Football (American television program)
Monday Night Football (MNF), flagship National Football League (NFL) telecast that helped transform sports broadcasting in the United States. About the time of the official merger of the NFL and the startup American Football League (AFL) into an expanded NFL in 1970, Commissioner Pete Rozelle
- Monday, Monday (song by Phillips)
the Mamas and the Papas: …them “California Dreamin’” (1965), “Monday, Monday” (1966), and “Creeque Alley” (1967). In sound and look the Mamas and the Papas typified the groovy optimism of the emerging hippie movement (John Phillips wrote “San Francisco [Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair]” for Scott McKenzie).
- Monday, Sara (fictional character)
Sara Monday, fictional character, the protagonist and narrator in Joyce Cary’s novel Herself Surprised (1941), the first volume of his trilogy on art. Monday is presented as a warmhearted, generous woman who is victimized by the men in her life—the conservative upper-class lawyer Tom Wilcher and
- Mondays in the Sun (film by León de Aranoa [2002])
Javier Bardem: First English roles and rising acclaim: …Los lunes al sol (Mondays in the Sun); his portrayal of a laid-off shipyard worker in the latter earned him another Goya. For his moving performance as quadriplegic Ramón Sampedro in Mar adentro (2004; The Sea Inside), Bardem collected his fourth Goya.
- Monde Arabe, Institut du (building, Paris, France)
Jean Nouvel: …audience in 1987 when the Institute of the Arab World (Institut du Monde Arabe [IMA]) was completed. The main, south facade of that building, with its high-tech aperture-like panels, manages to be at once cutting-edge in its creative response to changing levels of light and evocative of traditional Arab moucharaby…
- Monde du silence, Le (work by Cousteau and Dumas)
underwater diving: …Le Monde du silence (1952; The Silent World), written with Frédéric Dumas, and in other writings and television and film productions. Clubs formed after 1943 as fast as scuba equipment became available; national associations were formed in France, Italy, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States; and in 1959 Cousteau…
- Monde réel, Le (novel series by Aragon)
Louis Aragon: …of his long novel series, Le Monde réel (1933–44; “The Real World”), describe in historical perspective the class struggle of the proletariat toward social revolution. Aragon continued to employ Socialist Realism in another long novel, Les Communistes (6 vol., 1949–51), a bleak chronicle of the party from 1939 to 1940.…
- Monde, Le (work by Descartes)
René Descartes: The World and Discourse on Method: In 1633, just as he was about to publish The World (1664), Descartes learned that the Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) had been condemned in Rome for publishing the view that the Earth revolves around the Sun. Because this…
- Monde, Le (French newspaper)
Le Monde, daily newspaper published in Paris, one of the most important and widely respected newspapers in the world. The newspaper was established in 1944—as soon as the German army had quit Paris but while World War II continued—on orders of the new government of Gen. Charles de Gaulle as a means
- Monde: essai d’universalisme (work by Otlet)
Paul Otlet: … (1934; “Treatise on Documentation”) and Monde: essai d’universalisme (1935; “World: Essay on Universalism”), in which Otlet described his vision for a worldwide information network that in many ways presaged the advent of the World Wide Web more than 50 years later. “Everything in the universe,” he wrote,
- Mondego River (river, Portugal)
Mondego River, largest of the exclusively Portuguese rivers, rising at 4,675 feet (1,425 m) on the northern slopes of the Estrela Mountains (Serra da Estrela) and flowing southwestward for 137 miles (220 km) to the Atlantic Ocean. It has a drainage basin of 2,615 square miles (6,772 square km). A
- Mondelēz International (American company)
Mondelēz International is an American global snack manufacturer spun off from Kraft Foods in 2012. A leader in biscuits with a strong portfolio of confectioneries, baked goods, and other snack items, Mondelēz focuses primarily on the high-growth international snack food industry—a market conducive
- Mondiale des Activités Subaquatique, Confédération (international organization)
underwater diving: …Mondiale des Activités Subaquatique (CMAS; World Underwater Federation).
- Mondino De’ Luzzi (Italian physician)
Mondino De’ Luzzi was an Italian physician and anatomist whose Anathomia Mundini (MS. 1316; first printed in 1478) was the first European book written since classical antiquity that was entirely devoted to anatomy and was based on the dissection of human cadavers. It remained a standard text until
- Mondlane, Eduardo (Mozambican leader)
Southern Africa: Angola and Mozambique: …anticolonial struggle was led by Eduardo Mondlane of the Mozambique Liberation Front (Frente da Libertação de Moçambique; Frelimo), which was formed in 1962 by exiles in Tanzania. Internal dissent had been crushed by 1964, and Frelimo launched a guerrilla war against targets in northern Mozambique, claiming to have established its…
- Mondo Trasho (film by Waters [1969])
John Waters: Making waves: From short films to Mondo Trasho: In 1969 Waters released Mondo Trasho, his first feature-length film. Made on a budget of $2,100, it follows a hit-and-run driver and her victim before, during, and after their collision. Among its shocking moments are a foot fetish scenario and a scene in which the Virgin Mary appears to…
- Mondo vecchio sempre nuovo (novels by Bacchelli)
The Mill on the Po, trilogy of novels by Riccardo Bacchelli, first published in Italian as Il mulino del Po in 1938–40. The work, considered Bacchelli’s masterpiece, dramatizes the conflicts and struggles of several generations of a family of millers. The first two volumes, Dio ti salve (1938; “God
- Mondolfi’s four-eyed opossum (marsupial)
four-eyed opossum: Mondolfi’s four-eyed opossum (P. mondolfii) is found in Venezuela and eastern Colombia. McIlhenny’s four-eyed opossum (P. mcilhennyi) is restricted to the western Amazon basin of Peru and Brazil and occurs together with the gray four-eyed opossum. The southeastern four-eyed opossum (P. frenatus) is known from…
- Mondolfi’s four-eyed possum (marsupial)
four-eyed opossum: Mondolfi’s four-eyed opossum (P. mondolfii) is found in Venezuela and eastern Colombia. McIlhenny’s four-eyed opossum (P. mcilhennyi) is restricted to the western Amazon basin of Peru and Brazil and occurs together with the gray four-eyed opossum. The southeastern four-eyed opossum (P. frenatus) is known from…
- Mondoñedo (Spain)
Mondoñedo, town, Lugo provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Galicia, northwestern Spain. It lies along the Masma River, 27 miles (43 km) north of Lugo, the provincial capital. Mondoñedo occupies a sheltered valley among the northern outliers of the Cantabrian
- Mondory (French actor)
Montdory was the first outstanding French actor, whose presentations of the works of Corneille were especially notable. Montdory began his theatrical career in 1612 in a troupe led by Valleran Le-Comte, a company specializing in the tragicomedies of Alexandre Hardy. A member of the company of the
- Mondovì (Italy)
Mondovì, town, Piemonte (Piedmont) region, northwestern Italy. It lies along the Ellero River, east of Cuneo, the capital city. Founded in 1198 by refugees from the regional wars between the city-states and communes, it was independent until the 13th century, when it was subordinated to the
- Mondriaan, Pieter Cornelis (Dutch painter)
Piet Mondrian was a painter who was an important leader in the development of modern abstract art and a major exponent of the Dutch abstract art movement known as De Stijl (“The Style”). In his mature paintings, Mondrian used the simplest combinations of straight lines, right angles, primary
- Mondrian, Piet (Dutch painter)
Piet Mondrian was a painter who was an important leader in the development of modern abstract art and a major exponent of the Dutch abstract art movement known as De Stijl (“The Style”). In his mature paintings, Mondrian used the simplest combinations of straight lines, right angles, primary
- Mone, Jean (French sculptor)
Jean Mone was a French sculptor who gained fame for the work he produced in Flanders as court sculptor to Holy Roman emperor Charles V. His work helped introduce the Italian Renaissance style to Flemish sculpture. Mone worked from 1512 to 1513 in Aix-en-Provence on sculptures for that city’s
- moneda columnaria (coin)
coin: The colonial period: …hemispheres; this was called the moneda columnaria (“columnar coinage”) and was minted until 1772. From that date, by ordinances of Charles III, silver coinage carried on the face a bust of the reigning monarch and on the reverse the coat of arms, a system already utilized in the gold pieces.
- Monel (alloy)
Monel, any of a group of nickel-copper alloys, first developed in 1905, containing about 66 percent nickel and 31.5 percent copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon, and silicon. Stronger than pure nickel, Monel alloys are resistant to corrosion by many agents, including rapidly
- Monemvasía (Greece)
Monemvasía, town, Laconia (Modern Greek: Lakonía) nomós (department), southern Greece, on the southeastern coast of the Peloponnese (Pelopónnisos). Monemvasía lies at the foot of a rock that stands just offshore and that is crowned by the ruins of a medieval fortress and a 14th-century Byzantine
- Moneo Vallés, José Rafael (Spanish architect)
Rafael Moneo is a Spanish architect and educator who won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1996. He is known for designs that seamlessly incorporate both contemporary and historically referential elements. Moneo received a degree in architecture from the Superior Technical School of Architecture
- Moneo, Rafael (Spanish architect)
Rafael Moneo is a Spanish architect and educator who won the Pritzker Architecture Prize in 1996. He is known for designs that seamlessly incorporate both contemporary and historically referential elements. Moneo received a degree in architecture from the Superior Technical School of Architecture
- Monera (organism)
moneran, any of the prokaryotes constituting the two domains Bacteria and Archaea. The monerans are distinct from eukaryotic organisms because of the structure and chemistry of their cells. As prokaryotes, they lack the definite nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (specialized cellular parts) of
- moneran (organism)
moneran, any of the prokaryotes constituting the two domains Bacteria and Archaea. The monerans are distinct from eukaryotic organisms because of the structure and chemistry of their cells. As prokaryotes, they lack the definite nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (specialized cellular parts) of
- monestrous (biology)
estrus: , dogs) are monestrous, having only one heat during a breeding season. Others (e.g., ground squirrels) are polyestrous: if not impregnated, they will come into heat repeatedly during the breeding season. Males can recognize a female in heat by smell; certain substances (pheromones) are secreted only at this…
- Monet Painting on His Studio Boat (painting by Manet)
Édouard Manet: Later life and works of Édouard Manet: …at Argenteuil that Manet painted Monet Painting on His Studio Boat (1874). Although he was friendly with Monet and the other Impressionists, Manet would not participate in their independent exhibitions and continued to submit his paintings to the official Salon. When The Artist and Laundry were both rejected by the…
- Monet, Claude (French painter)
Claude Monet was a French painter who became the initiator, leader, and unswerving advocate of the Impressionist style. In his mature works, Monet developed his method of producing repeated studies of the same motif in series, changing canvases with the light or as his interest shifted. These
- Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro (Italian journalist)
Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and international activist on behalf of peace (except where Italian interests required war). He won (with Louis Renault) the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1907. At the age of 15 Moneta participated in the Milanese insurrection of 1848 against Austrian
- monetarism (economics)
monetarism, school of economic thought that maintains that the money supply (the total amount of money in an economy, in the form of coin, currency, and bank deposits) is the chief determinant on the demand side of short-run economic activity. American economist Milton Friedman is generally
- Monetarius, Thomas (German religious reformer)
Thomas Müntzer was a leading German radical reformer during the Protestant Reformation, a fiery and apocalyptic preacher, and a participant in the abortive Peasants’ War in Thuringia in 1524–25. A controversial figure in life and in death, Müntzer is regarded as a significant force in the religious
- monetary base (economics)
money: Central banking: …bank are called the “monetary base.” When held as bank reserves, each dollar, pound, or euro becomes the base for several dollars, pounds, or euros of commercial bank loans and deposits. Earlier in the history of money, the size of the monetary base was limited by the amount of…
- Monetary Commission (government financial organization, Colombia)
Colombia: Finance and trade: The Monetary Commission, created by the government in 1963, is the highest authority in matters involving the extension of credit. Such credit is extended through the central bank, which also issues currency, acts as banker for the government and other banks, serves as a guardian and…
- Monetary Equilibrium (work by Myrdal)
Gunnar Myrdal: …delivered the lectures resulting in Monetary Equilibrium (1939). These lectures illustrated the distinction between ex ante (or planned) and ex post (or realized) savings and investment.
- Monetary History of the United States 1867–1960, A (work by Friedman and Schwartz)
Milton Friedman: Challenging Keynesian economics: Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960. Combining theoretical and empirical analysis with institutional insights, that volume provided an intricately detailed account of the role of money in the U.S. economy since the Civil War. Especially influential was the authors’ claim that the Great…
- monetary policy (economics)
monetary policy, measures employed by governments to influence economic activity, specifically by manipulating the supplies of money and credit and by altering rates of interest. (Read Milton Friedman’s Britannica entry on money.) The usual goals of monetary policy are to achieve or maintain full
- monetary union (economics)
monetary union, agreement between two or more states creating a single currency area. A monetary union involves the irrevocable fixation of the exchange rates of the national currencies existing before the formation of a monetary union. Historically, monetary unions have been formed on the basis of
- monetite (mineral)
brushite: It dehydrates readily to form monetite. Brushite is found on Bird Island, Venez. For detailed physical properties, see phosphate mineral (table).
- Monett (Missouri, United States)
Monett, city, Barry and Lawrence counties, southwestern Missouri, U.S., in the Ozark Mountains, southeast of Joplin. Settled about 1837 and known first as Billing, then as Plymouth, it was renamed Monett in 1888 for an official of the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway (Frisco) Company. The city
- Monette, Paul (American writer)
Paul Monette was an American author and poet whose work often explored homosexual relationships and the devastating effects of the AIDS epidemic. He was best known for his autobiographies, Borrowed Time: An AIDS Memoir (1988) and Becoming a Man: Half a Life Story (1992). After graduating from Yale
- money
money, a commodity accepted by general consent as a medium of economic exchange. It is the medium in which prices and values are expressed; as currency, it circulates anonymously from person to person and country to country, thus facilitating trade, and it is the principal measure of wealth. (Read
- Money (work by Robertson)
Sir Dennis Holme Robertson: However, in Money (1922), he turned his attention to monetary forces. Like Keynes, he maintained that government policy should attempt to stabilize the price level and that bank deposits were of paramount importance to the money supply. In subsequent work Robertson developed a dynamic theory of saving…
- Money (novel by Amis)
Martin Amis: …first major critical success was Money (1984), a savagely comic satire of the conspicuous consumerism of the 1980s. London Fields (1989; film 2015) is an ambitious work set in 1999 in which a number of small-scale interpersonal relationships take place amid a society on the verge of apocalyptic collapse. His…
- Money and Banking Workshop (economy)
Milton Friedman: Academic career and key collaborations: …in 1953 he established the Money and Banking Workshop—an important forum for faculty members, graduate students working on dissertations in the field, and occasional outside visitors. The workshop became renowned for the presentation and critical appraisal of papers in monetary economics.
- Money basics for kids: 5 skills to teach them now
The list of things you have to teach your kids never seems to end—from how to say “please” to memorizing multiplication tables and so much more. On top of all that, there’s money. Spending it, saving it, giving it—oh, and earning it! Where do you even begin? To make your job easier, we’ve boiled
- Money Changer and His Wife, The (painting by Massys)
Quentin Massys: …Man and the Courtesan and The Money Changer and His Wife. Christus Salvator Mundi and The Virgin in Prayer display serene dignity. Pictures with figures on a smaller scale are a polyptych, the scattered parts of which have been reassembled, and a later Virgin and Child. His landscape backgrounds are…
- money cowrie (marine snail)
cowrie: …in Pacific Islands, and the money cowrie (C. moneta), a 2.5-centimetre (1-inch) yellow species, has served as currency in Africa and elsewhere.
- money craps (dice game)
craps: …version of the game called money craps, or open craps, is found in simpler or illegal gaming houses and is mostly played for cash on a table without the elaborate layout found in bank craps. The players may gamble with each other on the shooter’s point numbers, but all other…
- Money for Nothing (film by Menendez [1993])
Benicio Del Toro: Early career: …appeared in such movies as Money for Nothing (1993) and China Moon (1994) before his breakthrough role as the unintelligible Fenster in the crime drama The Usual Suspects (1995).
- Money for Nothing (song by Knopfler and Sting)
Mark Knopfler: …the album’s hit single “Money for Nothing.”
- money laundering (crime)
money laundering, the process by which criminals attempt to conceal the illicit origin and ownership of the proceeds of their unlawful activities. By means of money laundering, criminals attempt to transform the proceeds from their crimes into funds of an apparently legal origin. If successful,