speculative grammar, a linguistic theory of the Middle Ages, especially the second half of the 13th century. It is “speculative” not in the modern sense but as the word is derived from the Latin speculum (“mirror”), indicating a belief that language reflects the reality underlying the physical

grammar: Ancient and medieval grammars: The modistae, grammarians of the mid-13th to mid-14th century who viewed language as a reflection of reality, looked to philosophy for explanations of grammatical rules. The modistae sought one “universal” grammar that would serve as a means of understanding the nature of being. In 17th-century France…

measurement system: Greeks and Romans: hemina, sextarius, modius, and amphora for dry products and the quartarus, sextarius, congius, urna, and amphora for liquids. Since all of these were based on the sextarius and since no two extant sextarii are identical, a mean generally agreed upon today is 35.4 cubic inches, or

Helena Modjeska was a Polish-American actress whose repertory included 260 Shakespearean and contemporary roles, some in both Polish and English. The daughter of a musician, she married an actor, Gustav Modrzejewski, and they joined a company of strolling players. In 1868 she married Count Bozenta

Ralph Modjeski was a Polish-born American bridge designer and builder, outstanding for the number, variety, and innovative character of his projects. He was the son of the actress Helena Modjeska (1840–1909). After study in Paris, he settled in the United States and from 1892 practiced as a

Java man: The Modjokerto infant (about five years old at death) was found in 1936 and has a skull with large browridges and a retreating forehead.

Mödling, town, northeastern Austria. Mödling lies at the entrance to the picturesque Brühl Valley, just southwest of Vienna. First mentioned in 907, it developed around a castle (now in ruins). It was a district of Vienna from 1938 until it was returned to the state of Niederösterreich in 1954.

calligraphy: The scripts of humanism (14th to 16th century): Arrighi subsequently published Il modo de temperare le penne (“How to Sharpen Quills”), which was actually a copybook of various alphabets, including Roman capitals and black-letter minuscules. Tagliente’s manual also included the Latin alphabets and added Hebrew and Arabic alphabets.

Modoc and Klamath, two neighbouring North American Indian tribes who lived in what are now south-central Oregon and northern California, spoke related dialects of a language called Klamath-Modoc (which may be related to Sahaptin), and shared many cultural traits. Their traditional territory lay in

Lava Beds National Monument: …main battle sites of the Modoc War (1872–73), the only major conflict in California between Native Americans and white settlers. Captain Jacks Stronghold, where a small group of Modoc fighters held off far superior numbers of U.S. troops for several months, is accessible by hiking trails.

Tina Modotti was a photographer who was noted for her symbolic close-ups and images of Mexican workers. Modotti spent most of her childhood in Austria, where her parents were migrant labourers. The family returned to Udine, Italy, where the young Modotti worked in a textile factory. She traveled to

Tina Modotti was a photographer who was noted for her symbolic close-ups and images of Mexican workers. Modotti spent most of her childhood in Austria, where her parents were migrant labourers. The family returned to Udine, Italy, where the young Modotti worked in a textile factory. She traveled to

Abdoulaye Sadji: …is a 50-page story entitled “Modou-Fatim” (1960), in which he describes the plight of a peasant who has to leave his land during the dry season to work in Dakar.

Arthurian legend: …home led by his nephew Mordred. Some features of Geoffrey’s story were marvelous fabrications, and certain features of the Celtic stories were adapted to suit feudal times. The concept of Arthur as a world conqueror was clearly inspired by legends surrounding great leaders such as Alexander the Great and Charlemagne.…

Paul Modrich is an American biochemist who discovered mismatch repair, a mechanism by which cells detect and correct errors that are introduced into DNA during DNA replication and cell division. Modrich was among the first to show that a common form of inherited colorectal cancer is due to

Paul Modrich is an American biochemist who discovered mismatch repair, a mechanism by which cells detect and correct errors that are introduced into DNA during DNA replication and cell division. Modrich was among the first to show that a common form of inherited colorectal cancer is due to

Helena Modjeska was a Polish-American actress whose repertory included 260 Shakespearean and contemporary roles, some in both Polish and English. The daughter of a musician, she married an actor, Gustav Modrzejewski, and they joined a company of strolling players. In 1868 she married Count Bozenta

Andrzej Modrzewski was a Polish political writer and theologian who was the most eminent Polish writer in Latin of the 16th century. Modrzewski studied at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków and later in Wittenberg and Nürnberg (Germany). Returning to Poland, he wrote Lascius, sive de Poena

sepsis: Risk factors, symptoms, and diagnosis: …condition may be described as multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). The condition may progress through these stages in a matter of hours, days, or weeks, depending on treatment and other factors.

modular arithmetic, in its most elementary form, arithmetic done with a count that resets itself to zero every time a certain whole number N greater than one, known as the modulus (mod), has been reached. Examples are a digital clock in the 24-hour system, which resets itself to 0 at midnight (N =

Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer: …first spacecraft based on the Modular Common Spacecraft Bus (MCSB), an inexpensive modular platform that was designed to do away with the need to build a new spacecraft for each new mission. To save fuel, the spacecraft traveled very slowly, reaching lunar orbit on October 6. (Most other missions to…

railroad: Passenger cars: Modular construction techniques, simplifying the adaptation of a car body to different interior layouts and furniture, has encouraged railroads to standardize basic car structures for a variety of service requirements. For this reason, construction of small numbers of special-purpose cars demanding nonstandard bodies is not…

pterosaur: Major groups of pterosaurs: …of Darwinopterus is evidence for modular evolution, a concept built around the idea that natural selection can focus on certain groups of related physical structures, such as those that occur in the head and neck, while neglecting or acting more slowly on other groups of structures.

philosophy of mind: The computational account of rationality: In his influential book Modularity of Mind (1983), Fodor went so far as to postulate separate “modules” for perception and language processing that are “informationally encapsulated.” Although the outputs of perceptual modules serve as inputs to systems of belief fixation, the internal processes of each module are segregated from…

modulation, in music, the change from one key to another and the process by which this change is brought about. Modulation is a fundamental resource for variety in tonal music, particularly in larger forms. A short piece such as a song, hymn, or dance may remain in a single key. Longer pieces

modulation, in electronics, technique for impressing information (voice, music, pictures, or data) on a radio-frequency carrier wave by varying one or more characteristics of the wave in accordance with the information signal. There are various forms of modulation, each designed to alter a

interference: …of the addition of the amplitudes of the individual waves at each point affected by more than one wave.

television: Generating the colour picture signal: …are applied simultaneously to a modulator, where they are mixed with the chrominance subcarrier signal. The chrominance subcarrier is thereby amplitude modulated in accordance with the saturation values and phase modulated in accordance with the hues. The luminance and chrominance components are then combined in another addition circuit to form…

heredity: Transcription: …and a region called the promoter, to which the RNA polymerase binds. These sequences must be a specific distance from the transcriptional start site for successful operation. Various short base sequences in this regulatory region physically bind specific transcription factors by virtue of a lock-and-key fit between the DNA and…

module, in architecture, an arbitrary unit adopted to regulate the dimensions, proportions, or construction of the parts of a building. A number of modules, based on the diameter of a column, were used in determining the proportions of the order in Classical architecture. In Japanese architecture,

apprenticeship: Modern apprenticeship and vocational training: …with the past was the module system in the engineering industry, which provided a year’s training in a wide selection of skills, followed by selected training in specialized skills. These were accompanied by performance tests and appropriate further education.

gastropod: Classification: … (Vermetidae), horn shells (Potamididae), and button shells (Modulidae). Superfamily Strombacea Foot and operculum greatly modified and move with a lurching motion; feed on algae and plants; some species used for human food; conchs (Strombidae) of tropical oceans and the pelican’s foot shells (Aporrhaidae) of near Arctic waters.

interior design: Concepts of design: …a theory of proportion called Modulor, also based on a study of human proportions. Yet, at best, these rules are merely guidelines. They can never substitute for the eye and judgment of the designer, and it is reasonable to predict that attempts to make the all-powerful computer a substitute for…

modular arithmetic, in its most elementary form, arithmetic done with a count that resets itself to zero every time a certain whole number N greater than one, known as the modulus (mod), has been reached. Examples are a digital clock in the 24-hour system, which resets itself to 0 at midnight (N =

mensural notation: …the following divisions of time: modus, division of the longa (𝆷) into two or three breves (𝄺); tempus, division of the breve into two or three semibreves (𝆺); and prolatio, division of the semibreve into two or three minima (𝆺𝅥). Time signatures (q.v.) showed tempus and prolatio. Coloration, at first…

modus operandi, in criminology, distinct pattern or manner of working that comes to be associated with a particular criminal. Criminologists have observed that, whatever his specialty—burglary, auto theft, or embezzling—the professional criminal is very likely to adhere to his particular way of

modus ponens and modus tollens, in propositional logic, two types of inference that can be drawn from a hypothetical proposition—i.e., from a proposition of the form “If A, then B” (symbolically A ⊃ B, in which ⊃ signifies “If . . . then”). Modus ponens refers to inferences of the form A ⊃ B; A,

United Kingdom: Edward II (1307–27): …written in this period, the Modus tenendi parliamentum, certainly placed a new emphasis on the representatives of shire, borough, and lower clergy. In terms of practical politics, however, the Statute of York permitted the fullest resumption of royal authority.

modus ponens and modus tollens: modus tollens, in propositional logic, two types of inference that can be drawn from a hypothetical proposition—i.e., from a proposition of the form “If A, then B” (symbolically A ⊃ B, in which ⊃ signifies “If . . . then”). Modus ponens refers to inferences…

Moe, city in western Gippsland, Victoria, Australia. It lies in the La Trobe River valley about 84 miles (135 km) by rail southeast of Melbourne. Its name is derived from an Aboriginal word for mud swamp. Moe was settled in 1856 and was proclaimed a borough in 1955 and a city in 1963. Its

Naomi Kawase: …the Cannes film festival, for Moe no suzaku (1997).

Denver Nuggets: …English’s second season with Denver, Doug Moe took over as head coach. Moe and English guided high-scoring Nuggets teams, which were also notable for often giving up almost as many points as they scored, to nine consecutive postseason berths between 1981–82 and 1989–90, including another conference finals appearance—a five-game loss…

Asbjørnsen and Moe: Moe, the son of a rich and highly educated farmer, graduated with a degree in theology from the Royal Frederick University (now the University of Oslo), Christiania (now Oslo), in 1839. He too became a tutor and spent holidays collecting folklore in southern Norway. Meanwhile,…

silver processing: From copper concentrates: …electrorefining techniques are employed, the Moebius and Thum Balbach systems. The chief difference between them is that the electrodes are disposed vertically in the Moebius system and horizontally in the Thum Balbach system. The silver obtained by electrolysis usually has a purity of three-nines fine; on occasion it may be…

Marianus Scotus was a chronicler who wrote a universal history of the world from creation to 1082 that disputed the chronology of the Paschal calendar formulated by Dionysius Exiguus, a 6th-century theologian. Marianus’ Chronicon, written in Germany, maintains that the Paschal calendar dated

Arthur Moeller van den Bruck was a German cultural critic whose book Das Dritte Reich (1923; “The Third Empire,” or “Reich”) provided Nazi Germany with its dramatic name. Moeller left Germany after the turn of the century (to avoid military service) and lived in France, Italy, and Scandinavia.

Møn, island, Denmark. The island has an area of 84 square miles (218 square km) and lies in the Baltic Sea. It is separated from southern Zealand by the Ulv Strait and from Falster island by the Grøn Strait. It is primarily flat except on the east coast, where white chalk cliffs covered with beech

Chuuk Islands: …islands of the group are Weno (formerly Moen), Tonoas, Fefan, Uman, Uatschaluk (Udot), and Tol.

The Decemberists: …28, 1971, Valparaiso, Indiana), drummer John Moen (b. August 23, 1968, Brainerd, Minnesota), and bassist Nate Query (b. September 5, 1973, Bellevue, Washington).

Muna Island, island and kabupaten (regency), Southeast Sulawesi (Sulawesi Tenggara) propinsi (or provinsi; province), Indonesia. The island lies in the Flores Sea south of the southeastern arm of Celebes. With an area of 658 square miles (1,704 square km), it has a hilly surface, rising to 1,460

Mohenjo-daro, group of mounds and ruins on the right bank of the Indus River, northern Sindh province, southern Pakistan. It lies on the flat alluvial plain of the Indus, about 50 miles (80 km) southwest of Sukkur. The site contains the remnants of one of two main centers of the ancient Indus

Peter Snell: …to be a showdown between Roger Moens of Belgium, the world record holder, and George Kerr of Jamaica, but Snell shocked the field by charging past Moens in the last 25 metres to win by two-tenths of a second to capture the gold medal. In 1962 Snell set the 800-metre…

Main River, river, an important right- (east-) bank tributary of the Rhine in Germany. It is formed, near Kulmbach, by the confluence of the Weisser (White) Main, which rises in the Fichtel Mountains, and the Roter (Red) Main, which rises on the eastern slope of the Fränkische Mountains (Franconian

Ernest John Moeran was a composer whose music reflects English and Irish roots. Moeran studied at the Royal College of Music (1913–14) and with John Ireland (1920–23) and was influenced by Frederick Delius. Much influenced also by folk song, he made arrangements of tunes that he collected in

Pedro de Gante was a Franciscan monk who founded the first school in New Spain (Mexico) and laid the foundations for future Indian education in the Spanish colonies. In 1523 Gante (Spanish for “Ghent”), then confessor to the emperor Charles V, went to New Spain, where he established a village

Lake Moeris, ancient lake that once occupied a large area of the al-Fayyūm depression in Egypt and is now represented by the much smaller Lake Qārūn. Researches on the desert margin of the depression indicate that in early Paleolithic times the lake’s waters stood about 120 feet (37 m) above sea

Moeritherium, extinct genus of primitive mammals that represent a very early stage in the evolution of elephants. Its fossils are found in deposits dated to the Eocene Epoch (55.8–33.9 million years ago) and the early part of the Oligocene Epoch (33.9–23 million years ago) in northern Africa.

W.E. Moerner is an American chemist who won the 2014 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work with single-molecule spectroscopy, which paved the way for later work in single-molecule microscopy by American physicist Eric Betzig. Moerner and Betzig shared the prize with Romanian-born German chemist

W.E. Moerner is an American chemist who won the 2014 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work with single-molecule spectroscopy, which paved the way for later work in single-molecule microscopy by American physicist Eric Betzig. Moerner and Betzig shared the prize with Romanian-born German chemist

Lake Mweru, lake in central Africa, bordered to the east by Zambia and to the west by Congo (Kinshasa). The name is Bantu for “lake.” A part of the Congo River system, it lies in the northwest of the Mweru-Luapula-Bangweulu plain, its surface being about 3,010 feet (917 m) above sea level. Its

Moers, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies immediately west of Duisburg, in the Ruhr industrial region. The site of the Roman town Asciburgium, Moers was first mentioned in the 9th century and developed as a medieval flax market around the castle of the counts of

Musi River, main stream of southern Sumatra, Indonesia, about 325 mi (525 km) long and draining an area of 24,500 sq mi (63,500 sq km). It rises near Gunung (mount) Kaba (6,355 ft [1,937 m]) in the Pegunungan (mountains) Barisan and flows first south-southeast, then northeast, breaking through the

Moesia, province of the Roman Empire, in the southeastern Balkans in what is now Serbia, part of Macedonia, and part of Bulgaria. Its first recorded people were the Moesi, a Thracian tribe. The lower Danube River was the province’s northern border, with the Drinus (now Drina) River on the west, the

Thomas Mokopu Mofolo: …novel, Moeti oa Bochabela (1907; The Traveller of the East), is an allegory in which a young African in search of truth and virtue journeys to a land where white men help bring him to Christian salvation. Mofolo’s second novel, Pitseng (1910), is also a Christian fable, but in this…

Richard Robson: …work on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of highly porous materials created by coordinating metal ions with organic linkers. He shared the prize with Japanese chemist Susumu Kitagawa and Jordanian-born American chemist Omar M. Yaghi.

Tzipi Livni: Persistence and founding of Hatnua: …election and was replaced by Shaul Mofaz, a retired general and former Likud minister of defense. When a new round of legislative elections approached, Livni founded a new party with a similar platform, Hatnua (“The Movement”). The party won six seats in Knesset elections in 2013; Kadima won just two…

mofette, fumarole, or gaseous volcanic vent, that has a temperature well below the boiling point of water, though above the temperature of the surrounding air, and that is generally rich in carbon dioxide and perhaps methane and other hydrocarbons. When the winds are right, the issuing gases may

Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company: These included the Moffat Tunnel, which honoured Moffat posthumously for his vision of building a tunnel under Colorado’s Continental Divide. Opened to rail traffic in 1928, the Moffat Tunnel shortened the trip between Denver and Salt Lake City by eight hours, placing Denver on a transcontinental route for…

Anna Harriette Leonowens: According to Mongkut’s biographer Abbot Low Moffat (Mongkut, the King of Siam), Leonowens’s accounts of Siamese court life were greatly exaggerated, and her description of King Mongkut as a cruel tyrant was unfair. Later scholarship determined that Leonowens had falsified details of her early life, which included the claim…

David Halliday Moffat was an American capitalist and railway promoter after whom the Moffat Tunnel in Colorado is named. After a common-school education, Moffat worked in banks in New York City, in Des Moines, Iowa, and in Omaha, Neb. In 1860 he went to Denver, Colo., and became involved in

Cecil Rhodes: Political involvement in Africa of Cecil Rhodes: …and Rhodes duly found in John Moffat, the son of a famous missionary, a man to serve his purpose.

Robert Moffat was a Scottish missionary to Africa and Bible translator, who was known for his efforts to improve local living standards in Africa. He was also the father-in-law of the missionary and explorer David Livingstone (1813–73). With little training, Moffat was assigned in 1816 by the

James Moffatt was a Scottish biblical scholar and translator who singlehandedly produced one of the best-known modern translations of the Bible. Educated at Glasgow Academy and Glasgow University, Moffatt was ordained in the Church of Scotland in 1896 and immediately began a career of pastoral

mofette, fumarole, or gaseous volcanic vent, that has a temperature well below the boiling point of water, though above the temperature of the surrounding air, and that is generally rich in carbon dioxide and perhaps methane and other hydrocarbons. When the winds are right, the issuing gases may

Ana Mendieta: Moffitt Building Piece, Rape Scene, and Silueta series: …as a prop, as in Moffitt Building Piece (1973), for which she poured cow blood and viscera on the sidewalk in front of her apartment building in downtown Iowa City and documented those who passed by. Another particularly haunting piece loosely reenacted the March 1973 brutal rape and murder of…

Billie Jean King is an American tennis player whose influence and playing style elevated the status of women’s professional tennis beginning in the late 1960s. In her career, she won 39 major titles, competing in both singles and doubles. King was athletically inclined from an early age. She first

Salif Keita: …Bamako in 2001 and released Moffou to great acclaim the following year. For the album, Keita recorded with numerous guest artists representing a broad spectrum of African and non-African acoustic traditions.

African art: African art in the 20th century and beyond: The South African photographer Santu Mofokeng created in the exhibition “Black Photo Album/Look at Me: 1890–1950” a striking exploration of history and identity. The exhibition showcased photographs of working-class Black South Africans that had been digitally reworked by the artist. Also South African, Zwelethu Mthethwa is known for his…

Thomas Mokopu Mofolo was the first important writer from what is now Lesotho, who created the first Western-style novels in the Southern Sotho language. After graduating in 1898 with a teacher’s certificate from the missionary training college at Morija in Basutoland, Mofolo worked at the Sesuto

Thomas Mokopu Mofolo was the first important writer from what is now Lesotho, who created the first Western-style novels in the Southern Sotho language. After graduating in 1898 with a teacher’s certificate from the missionary training college at Morija in Basutoland, Mofolo worked at the Sesuto

India: Central Asian rulers: …the early Shaka kings was Maues, or Moga (1st century bce), who ruled over Gandhara. The Shakas moved southward under pressure from the Pahlavas (Parthians), who ruled briefly in northwestern India toward the end of the 1st century bce, the reign of Gondophernes being remembered. At Mathura the Shaka rulers…

Mogadishu, capital, largest city, and a major port of Somalia, located just north of the Equator on the Indian Ocean. One of the earliest Arab settlements on the East African coast, its origins date to the 10th century. It declined in the 16th century after a period of extensive trade with the Arab

Mogadishu, capital, largest city, and a major port of Somalia, located just north of the Equator on the Indian Ocean. One of the earliest Arab settlements on the East African coast, its origins date to the 10th century. It declined in the 16th century after a period of extensive trade with the Arab

Battle of Mogadishu, battle between U.S. forces and Somali militia fighters in Mogadishu, Somalia, on October 3–4, 1993. It marked the end of a U.S.-led military intervention in Somalia, which had begun in 1992. U.S. forces had entered Somalia to protect the distribution of food aid, which was

Wareru was a famous king of Hanthawaddy (Hansavadi, or Pegu), who ruled (1287–96) over the Mon people of Lower Burma. Wareru was a Tai adventurer of humble origins who had married a daughter of King Ramkhamhaeng of Sukhothai and had established himself as overlord of Martaban on the Salween River

Essaouira, Atlantic port city, western Morocco, midway between Safi and Agadir. The site was occupied by Phoenicians and then Carthaginians and was mentioned in the chronicles of the Carthaginian explorer Hanno (5th century bc). Medieval charts show it as Mogador, a corruption of an Amazigh

Festus Mogae is an economist and politician who served as president of Botswana (1998–2008). Mogae was a member of the Ngwato, the largest Tswana group in colonial Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate). His father was a headman of the Talaote, a Kalanga (Shona) clan among the Ngwato. After

Festus Mogae is an economist and politician who served as president of Botswana (1998–2008). Mogae was a member of the Ngwato, the largest Tswana group in colonial Botswana (Bechuanaland Protectorate). His father was a headman of the Talaote, a Kalanga (Shona) clan among the Ngwato. After

Mogambo, American adventure film, released in 1953, that featured Clark Gable in a remake of his 1932 adventure film Red Dust. Victor Marswell (played by Gable) is a big-game hunter on safari with two beautiful women who vie for his attention: former showgirl Eloise Kelly (Ava Gardner) and young

tapestry: Eastern Asia: …have been found in the Mogao Caves near the town of Dunhuang in Gansu province. It is thought that these weavings are probably not representative of the more fully developed kesi of the Tang period because they show only simple repeating patterns of flowers, vines, ducks, lions, etc., and were…

Naomi Kawase: …for Mogari no mori (2007; The Mourning Forest), which explored the themes of death and bereavement that had dominated many of her earlier works. The film portrayed the relationship between an elderly man haunted by memories of his long-dead wife and the man’s caregiver, a young nurse who herself mourns…

Star of David, Jewish symbol composed of two overlaid equilateral triangles that form a six-pointed star. It appears on synagogues, Jewish tombstones, and the flag of the State of Israel. The symbol—which historically was not limited to use by Jews—originated in antiquity, when, side by side with

Jens Peter Jacobsen: in Mogens and Other Stories), whose protagonist’s name gives the book its title, is considered the first Naturalist writing in Danish literature and was greatly admired by Brandes, who hailed Jacobsen as one of “the men of the modern breakthrough.” Jacobsen’s first novel, Fru Marie Grubbe…

Jens Peter Jacobsen: in Mogens and Other Stories), whose protagonist’s name gives the book its title, is considered the first Naturalist writing in Danish literature and was greatly admired by Brandes, who hailed Jacobsen as one of “the men of the modern breakthrough.” Jacobsen’s first novel, Fru Marie Grubbe…

Moggaliputtatissa, president of the third Buddhist council (c. 250 bce) and author of the Kathāvatthu (“Points of Controversy”). Included among the Pāli Abhidamma Piṭaka, the Kathāvatthu is a series of questions from a non-Theravāda point of view, with their implications refuted in the answers; the

Bon: The foundational story tells how Maudgalyayana, a disciple of the Buddha, secured his mother’s release from hell by having monks offer food, drink, and shelter to the spirits of his ancestors. According to the Japanese interpretation of the festival, when the mother of Maudgalyayana (Japanese: Mokuren) was released from her…

Marma, people of the Chittagong Hills region of Bangladesh. The Marma numbered approximately 210,000 in the late 20th century. One group, the Jhumia Marma, have long settled in this southeastern region of Bengal; the other group, the Rakhaing Marma, are recent immigrants, having come from Arakan

Jasmin Moghbeli is an American astronaut who launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in August 2023 for a six-month mission. Her parents, Kamy and Fery Moghbeli, had fled to West Germany after the 1979 Iranian Revolution. Shortly after Jasmin Moghbeli’s birth, the family emigrated to the

Mongolian languages: Moghol: The Moghol language was reported in the late 20th century to be spoken by no more than 200 elderly people of a few thousand ethnic Moghols living near Herāt in Afghanistan. It is unique in preserving the high back unrounded vowel /ɯ/. Unlike some…

Mughal carpet, any of the handwoven floor coverings made in India in the 16th and 17th centuries for the Mughal emperors and their courts. Aside from patterns in the Persian manner, a series of distinctively Indian designs were developed, including scenic and landscape carpets; animal carpets with