James Kirke Paulding: His popular play, The Lion of the West (first performed 1831; first published 1954), introduced frontier humour to the stage by depicting a character resembling Davy Crockett and helped during the 1830s to contribute to the growing legend of Crockett. His Life of Washington (1835) illustrates Paulding’s Americanism.…

Sigiriya, site in central Sri Lanka consisting of the ruins of an ancient stronghold that was built in the late 5th century ce on a remarkable monolithic rock pillar. The rock, which is so steep that its top overhangs the sides, rises to an elevation of 1,144 feet (349 metres) above sea level and

Jean-Pierre Léaud: …est mort ce soir (2017; The Lion Sleeps Tonight).

marmoset: Lion tamarins (genus Leontopithecus) are named for their thick manes, and all four species are classified as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The black-faced lion tamarin (L. caissara), which was first discovered in 1990, is classified as a…

Lamiaceae: Major genera and species: …of the African genus Leonotis, klip dagga, or lion’s ear (L. nepetifolia), is naturalized throughout the tropics; it has red-orange globe clusters of profuse flowers at the top of the 1- to 2-metre plants. See also Coleus; Mentha; Monarda.

children’s literature: The 20th century: …his now-classic comic animal tale Les Lunettes du lion won immediate success (Eng. trans., The Lion’s Eyeglasses, 1969). On a high literary level, not accessible to all children, was Le Petit Prince (1943, both French and English, The Little Prince) by the famous aviator-author Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. The very vagueness…

Jerusalem: Architecture: …gates to the north, the St. Stephen’s (or Lion’s) Gate to the east, the Dung and Zion gates to the south, and the Jaffa Gate to the west. An eighth gate, the Golden Gate, to the east, remains sealed, however, for it is through this portal that Jewish legend states…

Cape Town: The city site: …by the ridges known as Lion’s Head and Lion’s Rump (later called Signal Hill), on the north by Table Bay, on the south by Devil’s Peak, and on the east by marshlands and the sandy Cape Flats beyond. The nearest tillable land was on the lower eastern slopes of Devil’s…

lion’s mane jellyfish, (Cyanea capillata), marine jellyfish of the class Scyphozoa (phylum Cnidaria) found in the waters of the colder oceans of the Northern Hemisphere. Some populations, however, occur as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. It is the largest known jellyfish in the world. The body of

arak, triple-distilled alcoholic beverage traditionally made in the Levant region from white grapes of the Obaideh (Obeidy) or Merwah varieties and anise seeds. It belongs to a class of anise-flavored liquors known as anisettes, which also includes ouzo, raki, and sambuca. Ingredients such as

Cape Town: The city site: … and Lion’s Rump (later called Signal Hill), on the north by Table Bay, on the south by Devil’s Peak, and on the east by marshlands and the sandy Cape Flats beyond. The nearest tillable land was on the lower eastern slopes of Devil’s Peak and Table Mountain and, farther to…

Adolfo Aristarain: …La parte del león (1978; The Lion’s Share). This was the first of a series of films that came to be known as Aristarain’s “thriller trilogy,” filmed during Argentina’s military dictatorship. These films earned him the respect of the critics and a growing audience. Among his later films were Un…

Gulf of Lion, gulf of the Mediterranean Sea, extending along the coast of southern France from the Spanish border (west) to Toulon (east). The gulf receives the Tech, Têt, Aude, Orb, Hérault, Vidourle, and Petit and Grand Rhône rivers. When cold-air masses flow past the Alps and sweep southward

Gulf of Lion, gulf of the Mediterranean Sea, extending along the coast of southern France from the Spanish border (west) to Toulon (east). The gulf receives the Tech, Têt, Aude, Orb, Hérault, Vidourle, and Petit and Grand Rhône rivers. When cold-air masses flow past the Alps and sweep southward

The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, fantasy novel for children by C.S. Lewis, published in 1950. Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy have been sent to a house in the English countryside during World War II to avoid the air raids. The house is owned by the bewhiskered Professor, who allows them to

macaque: Species: Liontail macaques, or wanderoos (M. silenus), are black with gray ruffs and tufted tails; an endangered species, they are found only in a small area of southern India. Closely related to liontails are the pigtail macaques (M. nemestrina), which carry their short tails curved over…

circus: Wild animal acts: …first man to stick his head into a lion’s mouth, who in 1838 took his act to England and so fascinated the young Queen Victoria that she commissioned the artist Sir Edwin Landseer to paint a portrait of the brawny American with his “big cats.” In addition to exhibiting at…

Zoe Saldaña: … operative in the TV series Lioness, created by Taylor Sheridan.

Trois Frères: …small chamber, known as the Chapel of the Lioness, that contains a large engraving of a lioness on a natural “altar,” with numerous special objects (animal teeth, shells, flint tools) carefully placed in crevices below it and around the walls. These are most plausibly seen as votive objects.

Amy Winehouse: Posthumous releases and legacy: …followed later that year by Lioness: Hidden Treasures, a collection that included previously unreleased original songs, covers, and demos. The collection reached number five on the Billboard 200 chart. The 2015 film Amy chronicled her career through the use of documentary footage and interviews with her colleagues and intimates. It…

lionfish, (Pterois), any of several species of showy Indo-Pacific fishes of the scorpion fish family, Scorpaenidae (order Scorpaeniformes). Lionfish are noted for their venomous fin spines, which are capable of producing painful, though rarely fatal, puncture wounds. The fishes have enlarged

Kate Bush: The Kick Inside and Lionheart: …early success with another album, Lionheart (1978), after which she embarked on a European tour. The performance schedule exhausted Bush, however, and she subsequently focused primarily on recording.

Franklin J. Schaffner: Lionheart (1987), an offbeat Crusades adventure with Eric Stolz and Gabriel Byrne, was given only a limited release, and moviegoers largely ignored Welcome Home (1989), a drama about a soldier (Kris Kristofferson) who is mistakenly thought to have been killed during the Vietnam War. Schaffner…

Hugues de Lionne was the French secretary of state for foreign affairs from 1663 to 1671 who laid the diplomatic groundwork that enabled King Louis XIV to initiate wars of conquest against the Spanish (War of Devolution, 1667–68) and the Dutch (1672–78). Born into the lower nobility, Lionne was the

Christopher Isherwood: In 1938 Isherwood published Lions and Shadows, an amusing and sensitive account of his early life and friendships while a student at the University of Cambridge.

International Association of Lions Clubs, civilian service organization established by a Chicago insurance broker, Melvin Jones, in Dallas, Texas, in 1917 to foster a spirit of “generous consideration” among peoples of the world and to promote good government, good citizenship, and an active

Robert Redford: Directing: Ordinary People and A River Runs Through It: …of Bagger Vance (2000), and Lions for Lambs (2007) garnered lukewarm reviews, but Ordinary People, A River Runs Through It (1992), and Quiz Show (1994) are regarded as minor masterpieces. The latter film, which dramatized a 1950s quiz-show scandal, earned four Oscar nominations, including best picture and best director.

court: …centuries, has six, including the Court of the Lions and Court of the Myrtles, the most celebrated of all Muslim patios. In Tudor and Elizabethan England of the 16th century, the principal mansions frequently had a forecourt, with wings of the house projecting forward on either side. The larger houses…

Pierre-Louis Lions is a French mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1994 for his work on partial differential equations. Lions earned a doctorate from the University of Paris VI in 1979. He was a professor at the University of Paris IX from 1981 to 2003, and in 1992 he joined the

macaque: Species: Liontail macaques, or wanderoos (M. silenus), are black with gray ruffs and tufted tails; an endangered species, they are found only in a small area of southern India. Closely related to liontails are the pigtail macaques (M. nemestrina), which carry their short tails curved over…

pliosaur: One notable pliosaur is Liopleurodon, a genus found in Middle Jurassic deposits in England and northern France. Liopleurodon is significant in that several fossils of variable quality that range in length from 5 to 25 metres (16 to 85 feet) have been placed in this genus, leading many authorities…

Lismore, market town, County Waterford, Ireland. It lies in the Blackwater valley, at the southern foot of the Knockmealdown Mountains. A monastery was founded in Lismore by St. Cartagh about 633. In the 9th and 10th centuries it was plundered by the Norsemen. The baronial castle, erected by Prince

Lisburn, town, Lisburn and Castlereagh City district, eastern Northern Ireland. The town, on the River Lagan 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Belfast, was a small village known as Lisnagarvey before the English, Scots, and Welsh settled the site in the 1620s as part of the Plantation of Ulster scheme.

Jean-Étienne Liotard was a Swiss painter noted for his pastel portraits. After studying in Paris, Liotard was taken to Naples by a patron and went to Rome in 1735 to paint the portraits of Pope Clement XII and several cardinals. In 1738 he accompanied another patron, Lord Duncannon, to

Mark Rydell: featured Kim Basinger, Danny DeVito, Ray Liotta, and Forest Whitaker. In 2007 Rydell directed an episode for the TV miniseries Masters of Science Fiction.

Liouville number, in algebra, an irrational number α such that for each positive integer n there exists a rational number p/q for which p/q < |α − (p/q)| < 1/qn. All Liouville numbers are transcendental numbers—that is, numbers that cannot be expressed as the solution (root) of a polynomial

Liouville number: …proven transcendental number, known as Liouville’s constant, in 1850.

Joseph Liouville was a French mathematician known for his work in analysis, differential geometry, and number theory and for his discovery of transcendental numbers—i.e., numbers that are not the roots of algebraic equations having rational coefficients. He was also influential as a journal editor

canna: …one half-functional stamen and a labellum, a petal-like structure rolled outward. The two to three “petals” are actually sterile stamens (staminodes); there are also three regular petals. Sometimes spotted variations of the scarlet, red-orange, or yellow flowers occur.

lip fern, (genus Cheilanthes), any of about 150 species of ferns of the genus Cheilanthes (family Pteridaceae), found in tropical and temperate regions around the world. Lip ferns are often found in dry or seasonally dry climates, and many can tolerate open rocky areas in full Sun. A few are

body modifications and mutilations: The head: …for insertion of a decorative plug or other ornament was once widespread among Africans, lowland South American Indians, the Indians of the northwest North American coast, and the Inuit (Eskimo). Striking examples include those of the women of the Mursi and Sara tribes of Africa (for a time commonly known…

lip ring, lip plug, and lip plate, objects, usually ring-shaped, inserted into the lips to alter their shape, used as decoration by certain primitive peoples. The lip plug is also known as a labret. In South America at the time of the Spanish conquests, lip plugs, usually made of stone, gold, or

ear disease: Rehabilitation: Lipreading, which actually entails attentive observation of the entire facial expression rather than the movements of the lips alone, is used even by persons with normal hearing who, in the presence of background noise, need these visual clues to supplement hearing. As hearing begins to…

Lipa, chartered city, southwestern Luzon, Philippines. Formerly a Spanish military headquarters, it is a market town for a fruit-growing region. Lipa was rebuilt (including its cathedral) after a disastrous volcanic eruption in 1754 and again after its virtual destruction under Japanese occupation

Dua Lipa is a British-Albanian singer, model, and entrepreneur. The Grammy Award-winning artist rose to prominence with her distinctively husky voice and songs that mix 1970s disco, ’80s pop, and ’90s club music. Dua Lipa was born in London to parents Anesa and Dukagjin Lipa, who had fled Kosovo in

Lipalian interval, in geology, time span suggested in an attempt to explain the sudden appearance of abundant life forms in the earliest known Cambrian rocks (approximately 542 million years old), in contrast to their absence in the latest Precambrian strata. Unlike Precambrian indications of life,

Apache: Early history: The Lipan of Texas, who were probably originally a band of Jicarilla, had largely given up farming for a more mobile lifestyle. The Mescalero were influenced by the Plains tribes’ corn- and bison-based economies, but their chief food staple was the mescal plant (hence the name…

Czechoslovak history: The Hussite wars: …in a fratricidal battle at Lipany in May 1434.

Eolie Islands, volcanic island group in the Tyrrhenian Sea (of the Mediterranean) off the north coast of Sicily, Italy. The group, with a total land area of 34 square miles (88 square km), consists of seven major islands and several islets lying in a general “Y” shape. The base of the Y is formed

snailfish, any of about 115 species of marine fish often placed with the lumpsuckers in the family Cyclopteridae, but sometimes separated as a distinct family, Liparidae (order Scorpaeniformes). Snailfish are small, growing to a maximum length of about 30 centimetres (12 inches). They are

twayblade: …the orchids of the genera Liparis and Neottia (family Orchidaceae). The common name derives from the characteristic pair of leaves borne at the base of the flowering stalk.

twayblade: The flowers of the large twayblade (L. lilifolia), of eastern North America, have thin slender side petals and a broad lip. The fen orchid (L. loeselii) is a similar species found in northern Eurasia.

snailfish: Some, such as the sea snail (Liparis liparis) of the North Atlantic, live in shore waters; others, such as the pink-coloured species of the genus Careproctus, inhabit the deep sea.

twayblade: The fen orchid (L. loeselii) is a similar species found in northern Eurasia.

lipase, any of a group of fat-splitting enzymes found in the blood, gastric juices, pancreatic secretions, intestinal juices, and adipose tissues. Lipases hydrolyze triglycerides (fats) into their component fatty acid and glycerol molecules. Initial lipase digestion occurs in the lumen (interior)

Jacques Lipchitz was a Russian-born French sculptor whose style was based on the principles of Cubism; he was a pioneer of nonrepresentational sculpture. As a youth, Lipchitz studied engineering in Vilnius, Lithuania. When he moved to Paris in 1909, however, he became fascinated by French

Jacques Lipchitz was a Russian-born French sculptor whose style was based on the principles of Cubism; he was a pioneer of nonrepresentational sculpture. As a youth, Lipchitz studied engineering in Vilnius, Lithuania. When he moved to Paris in 1909, however, he became fascinated by French

Lipetsk, city and administrative centre of Lipetsk oblast (region), western Russia. It lies along both banks of the Voronezh River in the Don Basin. A fortified settlement existed on the site in the 13th century, until its destruction by Tatars in 1284. The town was founded in 1703 as an

Lipetsk, oblast (region), western Russia. It is situated on the rolling hills of the Central Russian Upland and, in the east, the low Oka-Don Plain. The Don and Voronezh rivers cross the centre of the oblast from north to south. The local agriculture has caused most of the natural oak forest cover

lipid, any of a diverse group of organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and certain components of membranes that are grouped together because they do not interact appreciably with water. One type of lipid, the triglycerides, is sequestered as fat in adipose cells, which serve as the

cell: Membrane lipids: …each forming half of a bilayered wall. A bilayer is composed of two sheets of phospholipid molecules with all of the molecules of each sheet aligned in the same direction. In a water medium, the phospholipids of the two sheets align so that their water-repellent, lipid-soluble tails are turned and…

lipid storage disease, any of a group of relatively rare hereditary disorders of fat metabolism, characterized by the accumulation of distinctive types of lipids, notably cerebrosides, gangliosides, or sphingomyelins, in various body structures. Each type of lipid accumulates as a result of a

bile acid: Functions: …role in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins—namely, vitamins A, D, E, and K—by forming micelles, which transport vitamins and lipids across the intestinal lining. Furthermore, bile acids are a major route by which excess cholesterol is eliminated from the body, and they influence the composition

lipid storage disease, any of a group of relatively rare hereditary disorders of fat metabolism, characterized by the accumulation of distinctive types of lipids, notably cerebrosides, gangliosides, or sphingomyelins, in various body structures. Each type of lipid accumulates as a result of a

Tara Lipinski is an American figure skater who in 1998 became the youngest female in her sport to win an Olympic gold medal. (Read Scott Hamilton’s Britannica entry on figure skating.) Lipinski planned for Olympic gold for most of her life. At age three she began roller-skating classes and soon was

history of Mesopotamia: Isin and Larsa: Up to the reign of Lipit-Ishtar (c. 1934–c. 1924), the rulers of Isin so resembled those of Ur, as far as the king’s assessment of himself in the hymns is concerned, that it seems almost arbitrary to postulate a break between Ibbi-Sin and Ishbi-Erra. As a further example of continuity…

cuneiform law: …Sumerian law is the so-called Code of Lipit–Ishtar (c. 1934–24 bc), which contains the typical prologue, articles, and epilogue and deals with such matters as the rights of persons, marriages, successions, penalties, and property and contracts.

Lipizzaner, breed of horse that derived its name from the Austrian imperial stud at Lipizza, near Trieste, formerly a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The founding of the breed dates to 1580, and detailed breeding records date from 1700. The ancestry is Spanish, Arabian, and Berber. The six

Lipizzaner, breed of horse that derived its name from the Austrian imperial stud at Lipizza, near Trieste, formerly a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The founding of the breed dates to 1580, and detailed breeding records date from 1700. The ancestry is Spanish, Arabian, and Berber. The six

Musar: Rabbi Israel Salanter, later Israel Lipkin, who initiated the movement as head of the yeshiva at Vilnius, thus drew a distinction between intellectual knowledge and personal behaviour.

Fritz Albert Lipmann was a German-born American biochemist, who received (with Sir Hans Krebs) the 1953 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of coenzyme A, an important catalytic substance involved in the cellular conversion of food into energy. Lipmann earned an M.D. degree

bird: Colour: …reds come from carotenoid or lipochrome pigments; these originate at least in part from the food and are diffused in the skin and feathers. Porphyrin feather pigments occur in birds but less frequently than melanins and carotenoids. Blue colours in feathers are structural, based on a thin, porous layer of…

plastic surgery: Aesthetic surgery: …addition, the judicious use of liposuction can improve contour in areas that are unbalanced by excess fat. For the face the use of botulinum toxin can weaken the underlying muscles that create some wrinkles; other wrinkles can be softened by injection of hyaluronic acid. Chemical peels, dermabrasion, and lasers can…

atrophy: Atrophy of fatty tissue: Localized atrophy of adipose tissue—lipodystrophy—may be the result of injury to the local area; e.g., repeated insulin injections cause atrophy of fatty tissue at the site of the injections. Progressive lipodystrophy is a disease of unknown cause in which the fatty tissue atrophies only in certain regions of the…

aging: Changes in tissue and cell morphology: The pigment lipofuscin accumulates within cells of the heart, brain, eye, and other tissues. In humans it is not detectable at a young age, but particularly in the heart it increases to make up a small percentage of the cell volume by old age. Amyloid, an insoluble…

lipogram, a written text deliberately composed of words not having a certain letter (such as the Odyssey of Tryphiodorus, which had no alpha in the first book, no beta in the second, and so on). The French writer Georges Perec composed his novel La Disparition (1969; A Void) entirely without using

organosulfur compound: Disulfides and polysulfides and their oxidized products: The coenzyme lipoic acid, a cyclic disulfide, is a growth factor—ubiquitously distributed in plants, animals, and microorganisms—and is used in photosynthesis and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in plants and animals. It is involved in biological oxidations, where it oscillates between the oxidized cyclic form and the reduced…

pneumonia: Other causes: …type of disease, known as lipoid pneumonia, occurs most frequently in workers exposed to large quantities of oily mist and in the elderly. Oil that is being swallowed may be breathed into the respiratory tract, or, less often, it may come from the body itself when the lung is physically…

plastic surgery: Aesthetic surgery: …addition, the judicious use of liposuction can improve contour in areas that are unbalanced by excess fat. For the face the use of botulinum toxin can weaken the underlying muscles that create some wrinkles; other wrinkles can be softened by injection of hyaluronic acid. Chemical peels, dermabrasion, and lasers can…

cheese making: Ripening: …cheeses), the process is called lipolysis.

cnidarian: Distribution and abundance: The curious hemispherical anemone Liponema is the most abundant benthic invertebrate in the Gulf of Alaska, in terms of numbers and biomass. Parts of the Antarctic seabed are covered by anemones, and they occur near the deep-sea hot vents.

acarid: Importance: The house-mouse mite (Liponyssoides sanguineus) transmits rickettsialpox to humans. Widespread species such as the tropical fowl mite (Ornithonyssus bursa), northern fowl mite (O. sylviarum), and chicken mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) also are pests of poultry and humans.

surfactant: hydrophilic (water-soluble) and partly lipophilic (soluble in lipids, or oils). It concentrates at the interfaces between bodies or droplets of water and those of oil, or lipids, to act as an emulsifying agent, or foaming agent.

plastic surgery: Aesthetic surgery: …addition, the judicious use of liposuction can improve contour in areas that are unbalanced by excess fat. For the face the use of botulinum toxin can weaken the underlying muscles that create some wrinkles; other wrinkles can be softened by injection of hyaluronic acid. Chemical peels, dermabrasion, and lasers can…

bacteria: The cell envelope: …contain molecules of phosphate, and lipopolysaccharides, which are complex lipids that are anchored in the outer membrane of cells by their lipid end and have a long chain of sugars extending away from the cell into the medium. Lipopolysaccharides, often called endotoxins, are toxic to animals and humans; their presence…

lipoprotein, any member of a group of substances containing both lipid (fat) and protein. They occur in both soluble complexes—as in egg yolk and mammalian blood plasma—and insoluble ones, as in cell membranes. Lipoproteins in blood plasma have been intensively studied because they are the mode of

cell: Membrane lipids: …each forming half of a bilayered wall. A bilayer is composed of two sheets of phospholipid molecules with all of the molecules of each sheet aligned in the same direction. In a water medium, the phospholipids of the two sheets align so that their water-repellent, lipid-soluble tails are turned and…

virus: The lipoprotein envelope: Surrounding viruses of either helical or icosahedral symmetry are lipoprotein envelopes, unit membranes of two lipid layers interspersed with protein molecules (lipoprotein bilayer). These viral membranes are composed of phospholipids and neutral lipids (largely cholesterol) derived from cell membranes during

lipid: Functions, origins, and recycling of apolipoproteins: This enzyme, called lipoprotein lipase, resides on the cell surface and makes the fatty acids of triglycerides available to the cell for energy metabolism. To some degree, the enzyme is also activated by apoC-II, present in minor amounts in chylomicrons.

louse fly: The louse flies Lipoptena depressa and Neolipoptena ferrisi are found on deer. They sometimes attach to each other in chains; the first sucks blood from the host, the second from the first, and so on.

cancer: Nomenclature of malignant tumors: Thus, a liposarcoma arises from a precursor to a fat cell called a lipoblastic cell; a myosarcoma is derived from precursor muscle cells (myogenic cells); and squamous-cell carcinoma arises from the outer layers of mucous membranes or the skin (composed primarily of squamous, or scalelike, cells).

cell: Membrane lipids: …spontaneously form globular structures called liposomes. Investigation of the liposomes shows them to be made of concentric spheres, one sphere inside of another and each forming half of a bilayered wall. A bilayer is composed of two sheets of phospholipid molecules with all of the molecules of each sheet aligned…

branchiopod: Annotated classification: †Order Lipostraca Known only from the Devonian; contains only the fossil Lepidocaris rhyniensis; 18 segments behind the head, plus telson-bearing caudal rami; no carapace; 13 pairs of trunk limbs in female; antennae large and branched, probably used in swimming; first maxillae small in the female but…

plastic surgery: Aesthetic surgery: …addition, the judicious use of liposuction can improve contour in areas that are unbalanced by excess fat. For the face the use of botulinum toxin can weaken the underlying muscles that create some wrinkles; other wrinkles can be softened by injection of hyaluronic acid. Chemical peels, dermabrasion, and lasers can…

dolphin: Paleontology and classification: The Chinese river dolphin, or baiji (Lipotes vexillifer), remains in this group, but most sources consider it to be extinct. Assorted Referencesmajor reference

insectivore, the common name applied to any of 450 or so species of mammals—comprising hedgehogs, golden moles, “true” moles, “true” shrews, the moonrat, gymnures, solenodons, and tenrecs—that subsist primarily on insects, other arthropods, and earthworms. Insectivora is obsolete as a taxonomic

insectivore, the common name applied to any of 450 or so species of mammals—comprising hedgehogs, golden moles, “true” moles, “true” shrews, the moonrat, gymnures, solenodons, and tenrecs—that subsist primarily on insects, other arthropods, and earthworms. Insectivora is obsolete as a taxonomic

cereal processing: Testing: …in mixing owing to excessive lipoxidase. Certain types of durum wheat may possess a high degree of lipoxidase activity, and it is difficult to control or check this action. The addition of ascorbic acid has been suggested as a means to decrease the destruction of the semolina pigments in processing.

Lucy Lippard is an American activist, feminist, art critic, and curator noted for her many articles and books on contemporary art. Lippard earned degrees from Smith College (B.A., 1958) and New York University (M.A., 1962) before beginning her career as an art critic in 1962, when she began

Lippe, one of the smallest of the former German states, forming, since 1946–47, the northeastern corner of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia; the rather smaller Schaumburg-Lippe, now in the southern part of the Land of Lower Saxony, was founded in the 1640s under a separate branch of the