Battle of Konya, conflict fought on December 21, 1832, between the Muslim armies of Egypt and Turkey in the First Egyptian-Ottoman War. It was an important moment both in the rise of Egypt, which, under Viceroy Muhammad Ali, was modernizing its armed forces and its economy, and in the inexorable

Murad I: …but it was defeated at Konya (1386).

Nagaland: Population composition: The Konyaks are the largest tribe, followed by the Aos, Tangkhuls, Semas, and Angamis. Other tribes include the Lothas, Sangtams, Phoms, Changs, Khiemnungams, Yimchungres, Zeliangs, Chakhesangs (Chokri), and Rengmas.

Hirado: …historical monuments such as the Konyo Temple and a Roman Catholic church. Part of Hirado Island’s 63 square miles (164 square km) is included in Saikai National Park. Pop. (2010) 34,905; (2015) 31,920.

Kansa, North American Indians of Siouan linguistic stock who lived along the Kansas and Saline rivers in what is now central Kansas. It is thought that the Kansa had migrated to this location from an earlier prehistoric territory on the Atlantic coast. They are related to the Omaha, Osage, Quapaw,

Konzertstück, musical composition for solo instrument and orchestra, usually in one movement, less frequently in several movements played without pause. The genre arose in the early Romantic era (c. 1800) as an offshoot of the concerto. Frequently written in free musical form, it typically includes

Konzertstück, Op. 86, concerto in three movements by German composer Robert Schumann, noted for its expressive, lyrical quality and harmonic innovation. It was written in 1849 and premiered on February 25, 1850, in Leipzig, Saxony (now in Germany). The work is a rare showpiece for the horn,

concerto: Romantic innovations: …von Weber identified with his Konzertstück (Concert Piece) for piano and orchestra (1821). Its four interconnected movements are said to describe a medieval lady’s longing for her absent knight, her agonized fears for his safety, the excitement of his impending return, and the joys of reunion and love.

Koobi Fora, a region of paleoanthropological sites in northern Kenya near Lake Turkana (Lake Rudolf). The Koobi Fora geologic formation consists of lake and river sediments from the eastern shore of Lake Turkana. Well-preserved hominin fossils, dating from between 2.1 and 1.3 million years ago

Koobi Fora: Well-preserved hominin fossils, dating from between 2.1 and 1.3 million years ago (mya), include at least one species of robust australopith (Paranthropus boisei) and three species of Homo (Homo habilis, H. rudolfensis, and African

Abraham Isaac Kook was a Jewish mystic, fervent Zionist, and the first chief rabbi of Palestine under the League of Nations mandate to Great Britain to administer Palestine. After serving as rabbi in a number of small towns in eastern Europe, in 1904 Kook became rabbi of the seaport city of Jaffa

kookaburra, (species Dacelo novaeguineae), eastern Australian bird of the kingfisher family (Alcedinidae), whose call sounds like fiendish laughter. This gray-brown, woodland-dwelling bird reaches a length of 43 cm (17 inches), with an 8- to 10-cm (3.2- to 4-inch) beak. In its native habitat it

Okello Oculi: …included Kanta Riti (1973) and Kookolem (1978). Malak: An African Political Poem was published in 1976. Oculi’s nonfiction works included Nigerian Alternatives (1987) and Discourses on African Affairs: Directions and Destinies for the 21st Century (1997).

Alison Cooper: …including the popular cigarette brands Kool, Salem, and Winston, and from Lorillard Inc., notably Maverick cigarettes and blu eCigs, the leading electronic cigarette sold in the United States. (The deal was part of a larger and more-complex transaction that included Reynolds buying Lorillard.) After receiving regulatory clearance, the deal was…

Kool & the Gang, American funk and pop band from Jersey City, New Jersey, that was one of the first successful self-contained African American bands of the 1970s, writing its own songs and its members all playing their own instruments. The group’s first charting single, “Kool and the Gang,” a

Hastings: The popular drink Kool-Aid was invented in Hastings in 1927 by Edwin E. Perkins. From 1942 to 1966 a large naval munitions plant was located in the city.

Buccaneer Archipelago: …most important are Cockatoo and Koolan, where rich iron-ore deposits were discovered about 1880 and were mined during the second half of the 20th century. Named for the numerous white cockatoos found there, Cockatoo Island, 12 square miles (31 square km) in area, rises from coastal cliffs to 470 feet…

Koolau Range, mountains paralleling for 37 miles (60 km) the eastern coast of Oahu island, Hawaii, U.S. The range was formed by volcanic eruptions and has an average width of 13 miles (21 km). The original caldera, 6 miles (10 km) long and 4 miles (6 km) wide and the second largest in the state, is

Rem Koolhaas is a Dutch architect known for buildings and writings that embrace the energy of modernity. Koolhaas worked as a journalist before becoming an architect. Changing his focus to architecture, from 1968 to 1972 he studied at the Architectural Association in London, and from 1972 to 1975

Oceanic art and architecture: Australia: …20,000 bc, is represented in Koonalda Cave under the Nullarbor Plain in South Australia. Certain areas of the cave walls, which are composed of a soft rock, are densely covered with engraved or finger-marked geometric designs. Most of the designs consist of no more than parallel lines or herringbone patterns,…

Elaine de Kooning was an American painter, teacher, and art critic who is perhaps best known for her portraits. A precocious young artist with a competitive streak that found an outlet in sports, Elaine Marie Catherine Fried graduated from Erasmus Hall High School in Brooklyn and briefly attended

Willem de Kooning was a Dutch-born American painter who was one of the leading exponents of Abstract Expressionism, particularly the form known as Action painting. During the 1930s and ’40s de Kooning worked simultaneously in figurative and abstract modes, but by about 1945 these two tendencies

Jeff Koons is one of a number of American artists to emerge in the 1980s with an aesthetic devoted to the decade’s pervasive consumer culture. Koons managed to shock the art world with one audacious work after another, from displaying commercial vacuum cleaners and basketballs as his own art to

Blood, Sweat & Tears: The band’s original members were Al Kooper (b. February 5, 1944, Brooklyn, New York), Steve Katz (b. May 9, 1945, Brooklyn), Bobby Colomby (b. December 20, 1944, New York City), Jim Fielder (b. October 4, 1947, Denton, Texas), Jerry Weiss (b. May 1, 1946, New York City), Fred Lipsius (b.…

Tjalling C. Koopmans was a Dutch-born American economist who shared—with Leonid Kantorovich of the Soviet Union—the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1975. The two men independently developed a rational method, called activity analysis, for allocating resources so as to attain a given economic objective

Tjalling C. Koopmans was a Dutch-born American economist who shared—with Leonid Kantorovich of the Soviet Union—the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1975. The two men independently developed a rational method, called activity analysis, for allocating resources so as to attain a given economic objective

Ted Kooser is an American poet, whose verse is noted for its tender wisdom and its depiction of homespun America. Kooser attended Iowa State University (B.S., 1962) and the University of Nebraska (M.A., 1968) and briefly taught high-school English before settling into an insurance career that

Ted Kooser is an American poet, whose verse is noted for its tender wisdom and its depiction of homespun America. Kooser attended Iowa State University (B.S., 1962) and the University of Nebraska (M.A., 1968) and briefly taught high-school English before settling into an insurance career that

Kootenay River, stream in western North America, rising in the Rocky Mountains west of Banff, Alta., Can. It flows southward through Kootenay National Park in British Columbia, Can., breaking out of the Rockies to flow generally south in the Rocky Mountain trench. It swings southward into Montana,

Kutenai, North American Indian tribe that traditionally lived in what are now southeastern British Columbia, Can., and northern Idaho and northwestern Montana in the United States. Their language, also called Kutenai, is probably best considered a language isolate; that is, it is unrelated to other

Kootenay National Park, national park in southeastern British Columbia, Canada. Centred around the Kootenay River, the park occupies the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, adjacent to Banff and Yoho national parks at the Alberta border. Noted for its archaeological significance and its scenic

Kootenay River, stream in western North America, rising in the Rocky Mountains west of Banff, Alta., Can. It flows southward through Kootenay National Park in British Columbia, Can., breaking out of the Rockies to flow generally south in the Rocky Mountain trench. It swings southward into Montana,

Lisa Robertson: Early life, education, and work: She became involved with the Kootenay School of Writing (a Vancouver-based writing collective) in 1990, although her writing shows marked differences from the avant-garde style normally associated with the Kootenay School during the late 1980s and 1990s.

Ewa Kopacz is a Polish physician and politician who was the second woman to serve as prime minister of Poland (2014–15). A longtime protégée of two-time prime minister Donald Tusk of the Civic Platform (CO) party, she was his handpicked successor when he resigned to become president of the European

Kosovo: Relief, drainage, and soils: …with North Macedonia, while the Kopaonik Mountains are situated along the northeastern border with Serbia. The highest point is Mount Gjeravica (Ðeravica), at 8,714 feet (2,656 metres), on the western border with Albania. The interior terrain comprises high plains and rolling hills; about three-fourths of the country lies between about…

Kópavogur, town, southwestern Iceland, situated on the southeastern shore of Faxa Bay, just to the south of Reykjavík, the nation’s capital. A modern fast-growing residential suburb of the capital, Kópavogur was by the late 1990s Iceland’s second largest town. Pop. (2006 est.)

San Francisco 49ers: …the 1960s was running back Dave Kopay, who in 1977 became the first athlete from a major American team sport to publicly acknowledge that he was a homosexual. A resurgent 49ers squad under the guidance of head coach Dick Nolan and led by quarterback John Brodie advanced to the NFC…

Boeotia: …drained basin that formerly contained Lake Kopaīs, once the largest lake in Greece, and now a fertile plain growing cereals and cotton and supporting pedigreed cattle. The southern plain is watered by the Asopós River.

Ted Kennedy: …companion in the car, 28-year-old Mary Jo Kopechne, died. Kennedy pleaded guilty of leaving the scene of an accident. He was reelected to the Senate in 1970 but announced that he would not seek the presidency in 1972.

ruble: …ruble is divided into 100 kopecks. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes and coins in Russia. Notes are issued in denominations ranging from 5 to 5,000 rubles. The obverse of the banknotes is adorned with images of structures and monuments, including a…

Kopeysk, city, Chelyabinsk oblast (region), west central Russia, in the southern Urals. Founded in 1920, it became a city in 1933. It is one of the centres of lignite (brown coal) mining in the Chelyabinsk coal basin. The population has been declining since the late 1960s because of mechanization

Kopeysk, city, Chelyabinsk oblast (region), west central Russia, in the southern Urals. Founded in 1920, it became a city in 1933. It is one of the centres of lignite (brown coal) mining in the Chelyabinsk coal basin. The population has been declining since the late 1960s because of mechanization

ruble: …ruble is divided into 100 kopecks. The Central Bank of the Russian Federation has the exclusive authority to issue banknotes and coins in Russia. Notes are issued in denominations ranging from 5 to 5,000 rubles. The obverse of the banknotes is adorned with images of structures and monuments, including a…

Koper, seaport in Slovenia, just southwest of Trieste (Italy). Formerly an island in the Adriatic Sea, it was connected to the mainland by a causeway (1825) and drainage works. It was known to the Romans as Capris (3rd century bce–6th century ce). From 932 until 1797 Koper was linked to the

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow long-term changes in the

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish astronomer who proposed that the planets have the Sun as the fixed point to which their motions are to be referred; that Earth is a planet which, besides orbiting the Sun annually, also turns once daily on its own axis; and that very slow long-term changes in the

Turkmenistan: Oases: The Kopet-Dag oasis stretches along the northern foothills of the Kopet-Dag Range, the slopes of which offer large areas for nonirrigated farming; both the mountains and foothills are also rich in mineral resources. The economic and cultural centre of the oasis is the capital city of…

Kopet-Dag Range, mountain range on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran. It runs northwest-southeast for more than 400 miles (645 km), from near the Caspian Sea (northwest) to the Harīrūd (Turkmen: Tejen) River (southeast). Kūh-e Qūchān, in Iran, with an elevation of 10,466 feet (3,190 metres),

Kopet-Dag Range, mountain range on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran. It runs northwest-southeast for more than 400 miles (645 km), from near the Caspian Sea (northwest) to the Harīrūd (Turkmen: Tejen) River (southeast). Kūh-e Qūchān, in Iran, with an elevation of 10,466 feet (3,190 metres),

Kopeysk, city, Chelyabinsk oblast (region), west central Russia, in the southern Urals. Founded in 1920, it became a city in 1933. It is one of the centres of lignite (brown coal) mining in the Chelyabinsk coal basin. The population has been declining since the late 1960s because of mechanization

Heinrich Mann: …Patrioteer); and Der Kopf (1925; The Chief)—carries even further his indictment of the social types produced by the authoritarian state. These novels were accompanied by essays attacking the arrogance of authority and the subservience of the subjects. A lighter work of this period is Die kleine Stadt (1909; The Little…

Wolfgang Fabricius Capito was a Christian humanist and Roman Catholic priest who, breaking with his Roman faith, became a primary Reformer at Strasbourg. Educated at the German universities of Ingolstadt and Freiburg, Capito became a diocesan preacher (1512) in Bruchsal, where he met the future

Günter Grass: Other novels and fictional works: …die Deutschen sterben aus (1980; Headbirths; or, The Germans Are Dying Out), which describes a young couple’s agonizing over whether to have a child in the face of a population explosion and the threat of nuclear war; Die Rättin (1986; The Rat), a vision of the end of the human…

Kabul River, river in eastern Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan, 435 miles (700 km) long, of which 350 miles (560 km) are in Afghanistan. Rising in the Sanglākh Range 45 miles (72 km) west of Kabul city, it flows east past Kabul and Jalālābād, north of the Khyber Pass into Pakistan, and past

kopi luwak, the coffee bean or specialty coffee that is digested by, fermented within, and then excreted by the Asian palm civet—popularly called a luwak in Indonesia but found throughout South and Southeast Asia. The coffee bean produced in that manner was discovered and collected by native

Jaintia Hills: The Kopili River, which is the largest stream in the region, is rocky and swift and has many spectacular waterfalls. There are several species of rare wildlife.

August Kopisch was a German painter and poet known for his Gedichte (1836; “Poems”) and Allerlei Geister (1848; “All Kinds of Spirits”), poetry based on legends and fairy tales and written with a simplicity and appeal that made it widely popular. Kopisch studied painting and archaeology in Italy

Arthur Kopit was an American playwright best known for Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mama’s Hung You in the Closet and I’m Feelin’ So Sad (1960). Subtitled “a pseudoclassical tragifarce in a bastard French tradition,” the play parodies the Theatre of the Absurd, the Oedipus complex, and the conventions of

Arthur Kopit was an American playwright best known for Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mama’s Hung You in the Closet and I’m Feelin’ So Sad (1960). Subtitled “a pseudoclassical tragifarce in a bastard French tradition,” the play parodies the Theatre of the Absurd, the Oedipus complex, and the conventions of

Slovenia: The later Habsburg era: …ideal, the poet and philologist Jernej Kopitar published the first grammar of the Slovene language in 1808. In his position as imperial censor, Kopitar made the acquaintance of the great Serb linguistic reformer Vuk Karadžić, and he tried to apply Karadžić’s ideas concerning the standardization of Slavonic orthography to Slovene…

veld: Physiography: …and scattered steep-sided hills called kopjes, or koppies. The Highveld plains are thought to have been created by pedimentation, in which the areas around resistant rock are eroded away, leaving mountains of low relief and kopjes. Large areas of the western part of the region are also covered by “pans,”…

measles: Transmission and symptoms: …the mouth typical maculae, called Koplik spots—bluish white specks surrounded by bright red areas about 1 32 inch (0.75 mm) in diameter. After a day or two the rash becomes a deeper red and gradually fades, the temperature drops rapidly, and the catarrhal symptoms disappear.

Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp was a German chemist and historian of chemistry whose studies of the relation of physical properties to chemical structure pioneered physical organic chemistry. Kopp became Privatdozent (unsalaried lecturer) at the University of Giessen in 1841. In that year he began work

Carlos the Jackal: Carlos married Magdalena Kopp, a West German member of the OAAS, in 1979, and her arrest by French police in 1982 triggered a series of reprisals. Throughout the spring and summer of that year, France was rocked by a wave of deadly bombings, one of which targeted…

Teach for America: …America (TFA) was founded by Wendy Kopp, who first conceived of the idea in her senior thesis at Princeton University. With the goal of getting highly competent college graduates to make a two-year commitment to teach in struggling schools, Kopp raised $2.5 million in order to begin recruiting college students…

tengu: …a group of retainers called koppa tengu (“leaflet” tengu) who act as his messengers. In popular art they are shown as smaller winged creatures with long red noses or beaklike mouths.

Kopparberg, former län (county) of central Sweden, centred on Lake Siljan. Founded as a county in 1647, it was renamed Dalarna county in

Kopet-Dag Range, mountain range on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran. It runs northwest-southeast for more than 400 miles (645 km), from near the Caspian Sea (northwest) to the Harīrūd (Turkmen: Tejen) River (southeast). Kūh-e Qūchān, in Iran, with an elevation of 10,466 feet (3,190 metres),

Ted Koppel is a British-born American journalist and news broadcaster who is best known for his 25-year career as the anchor of the popular late-night television news program Nightline. The show’s enduring success was often attributed to Koppel’s no-nonsense approach to investigative journalism.

Ted Koppel is a British-born American journalist and news broadcaster who is best known for his 25-year career as the anchor of the popular late-night television news program Nightline. The show’s enduring success was often attributed to Koppel’s no-nonsense approach to investigative journalism.

Amersfoort: …walls remain, as does the Koppelpoort (a water gate dating from about 1400 and spanning the Eem). Landmarks include the 13th–16th-century Sint Joris Church and the Gothic Tower of Our Lady (the bell tower of a church destroyed in 1787). There is a regional museum, a government archaeological research station,…

Köppen climate classification, widely used, vegetation-based, empirical climate classification system developed by German botanist-climatologist Wladimir Köppen. His aim was to devise formulas that would define climatic boundaries in such a way as to correspond to those of the vegetation zones

Wladimir Köppen was a German meteorologist and climatologist best known for his delineation and mapping of the climatic regions of the world. He played a major role in the advancement of climatology and meteorology for more than 70 years. His achievements, practical and theoretical, profoundly

Wladimir Köppen was a German meteorologist and climatologist best known for his delineation and mapping of the climatic regions of the world. He played a major role in the advancement of climatology and meteorology for more than 70 years. His achievements, practical and theoretical, profoundly

Köppen climate classification, widely used, vegetation-based, empirical climate classification system developed by German botanist-climatologist Wladimir Köppen. His aim was to devise formulas that would define climatic boundaries in such a way as to correspond to those of the vegetation zones

timberline: The Köppen–Supan line was devised by the Austrian geographer Alexander Supan (1879) for this purpose and was used by Köppen (1900) as the boundary between the tundra and tree climates in his first climatic classification; it connects points with an average temperature of 10° C (50°…

Wilhelm Koppers was a Roman Catholic priest and cultural anthropologist who advocated a comparative, historical approach to understanding cultural phenomena and whose investigations of hunting and food-gathering tribes produced theories on the origin and development of society. A student of

coal utilization: The Koppers-Totzek system: The Koppers-Totzek gasifier has been the most successful entrained-flow gasifier. This process uses pulverized coal (usually less than 74 micrometres) blown into the gasifier by a mixture of steam and oxygen. The gasifier is operated at atmospheric pressure and at high temperatures of…

veld: Physiography: …and scattered steep-sided hills called kopjes, or koppies. The Highveld plains are thought to have been created by pedimentation, in which the areas around resistant rock are eroded away, leaving mountains of low relief and kopjes. Large areas of the western part of the region are also covered by “pans,”…

Barbara Kopple is an American director and producer who is best known for her riveting documentaries that chronicle battles in the American labor movement in the 1970s and ’80s. She was the first woman to win two Academy Awards in the documentary feature category, for Harlan County U.S.A. (1976)

Tim Peake: Tim Kopra and Russian cosmonaut Yury Malenchenko. Three days later they reached the ISS. On January 15, 2016, he and Kopra exited the hatch of the space station on an assignment to replace a failed voltage regulator for the station’s solar panels. They worked in…

Kopřivnice, town, northeastern Czech Republic. It is the headquarters and manufacturing centre of the Tatra enterprises and is noted for the production of automobiles and trucks—many of the latter for export. The area around Kopřivnice and Štramberk, just to the west, produces building stone, lime,

polio vaccine: Historical developments: …successfully tested by Polish-born virologist Hilary Koprowski in the early 1950s. Though Koprowski was heavily criticized for his boldness in testing the vaccine in human subjects, potentially placing them at risk for paralysis and other neurological side effects, his research opened the way for the Sabin vaccine.

Mehmed IV: …of revival under the able Köprülü viziers. However, Mehmed IV devoted himself to hunting rather than to affairs of state.

Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Paşa was the eldest son of Köprülü Mehmed Paşa and his successor as grand vizier (1661–76) under the Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV. His administration was marked by a succession of wars with Austria (1663–64), Venice (1669), and Poland (1672–76), securing such territories as Crete

Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Paşa was an Ottoman vizier and then grand vizier (1689–91) who helped overthrow the sultan Mehmed IV but was himself killed in the disastrous Battle of Slankamen (1691). Fazıl Mustafa Paşa was the second son of the grand vizier Köprülü Mehmed Paşa. He received a theological

Köprülü Mehmed Paşa was a grand vizier (1656–61) under the Ottoman sultan Mehmed IV. He suppressed insurgents and rivals, reorganized the army, and defeated the Venetian fleet (1657), thereby restoring the central authority of the Ottoman Empire. He became the founder of an illustrious family of

Mehmed Fuat Köprülü was a scholar, historian, and statesman who made important contributions to the history of Turkey and its literature. A descendant of the famous 17th-century Ottoman prime ministers (grand viziers), Köprülü began teaching at the famous Galatasaray Lycée (secondary school) in

Bernard Kops was an English playwright, novelist, and poet known for his works of unabashed sentimentality. Kops left school at the age of 13 and worked at various odd jobs before beginning to write. He established himself with his first play, The Hamlet of Stepney Green (1959), a reversal of the

Qifṭ, agricultural town, Qinā muḥāfaẓah (governorate), Upper Egypt. It is situated at the large bend of the Nile north of Luxor (al-Uqṣur) and lies along the east bank of the river. Known to the ancient Egyptians as Qebtu, the town was of early dynastic foundation. It was important for nearby gold

measurement system: The Babylonians: …liquid volumetric measures; the liquid kor was the same size as the dry homer, and the liquid bat corresponded to the dry ʾefa.

Poland: Communist Poland: A Workers’ Defense Committee (KOR) arose and sought to bridge the gap between the intelligentsia, which had been isolated in 1968, and the workers, who had received no support in 1970. The names of such dissidents as Jacek Kuroń and Adam Michnik became internationally known. Other…

kora, long-necked harp lute of the Malinke people of western Africa. The instrument’s body is composed of a long hardwood neck that passes through a calabash gourd resonator, itself covered by a leather soundboard. Twenty-one leather or nylon strings are attached to the top of the neck with leather

Albania: Relief: …block of Albania’s highest peak, Mount Korab, rises to 9,030 feet (2,752 metres).

biblical literature: Psalms: …to David, Asaph, and the sons of Korah, among others. It is generally held that Asaph and the sons of Korah indicate collections belonging to guilds of temple singers. Other possible collections include the Songs of Ascents, probably pilgrim songs in origin, the Hallelujah Psalms, and a group of 55…

kore, type of freestanding statue of a maiden—the female counterpart of the kouros, or standing youth—that appeared with the beginning of Greek monumental sculpture in about 660 bc and remained to the end of the Archaic period in about 500 bc. Over this period the kore remained essentially the

Fujiwara Shunzei: Korai fūteishō (1197, revised 1201; “Notes on Poetic Style Through the Ages”) is considered his major critical work.

Adamántios Koraïs was a Greek humanist scholar whose advocacy of a revived classicism laid the intellectual foundations for the Greek struggle for independence. His influence on modern Greek language and culture was enormous. Koraïs, the son of a merchant, studied medicine at the University of

Qurʾān, the sacred scripture of Islam. According to conventional Islamic belief, the Qurʾān was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad in the West Arabian towns Mecca and Medina beginning in 610 and ending with Muhammad’s death in 632 ce. The word qurʾān, which occurs already within

Southern Africa: Increasing violence in other parts of Southern Africa: Griqua, Korana, Bergenaars, and Oorlams, competed for land and water with the Tswana and Nama communities and traded for or raided their ivory and cattle in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. By the 1800s the extension of the firearms frontier was disrupting the Orange…