Germany: Lutheran church organization and confessionalization: The ensuing “Knights’ War” was quickly crushed. But about the same time a disturbance broke out in Wittenberg where, during Luther’s exile in the Wartburg, a group of reforming spiritualist activists forced the city council to abolish many traditional Catholic practices. Upset by this rash move, Luther…

Aristophanes: Knights: This play shows how little Aristophanes was affected by the prosecution he had incurred for Babylonians. Knights (424 bce; Greek Hippeis) consists of a violent attack on the same demagogue, Cleon, who is depicted as the favourite slave of the stupid and irascible Demos…

Knightsbridge, neighbourhood in the London boroughs of Westminster and Kensington and Chelsea. Located south of Hyde Park and northwest of Belgravia, in London’s West End, it is the site of stately houses and clubs and of the famous department store Harrods, Ltd. It was a village in the Middle Ages

Bugs Bunny: …Seville (1950), and the Oscar-winning Knighty-Knight Bugs (1958). What’s Opera, Doc? (1957)—an animated masterpiece which cast Bugs and Elmer Fudd in the roles of Brunhild and Siegfried in a hilariously tweaked adaptation of Richard Wagner’s The Ring of the Nibelung—was the first cartoon short to be inducted into the National

The Book of Laughter and Forgetting, novel by Milan Kundera, written in Czech as Kniha smíchu a zapomnění but originally published in French as Le Livre du rire et de l’oubli (1979). The political situation in the former country of Czechoslovakia (now the Czech Republic and Slovakia), where history

Sir Godfrey Kneller, Baronet was a painter who became the leading Baroque portraitist in England during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Kneller studied in Amsterdam under Ferdinand Bol, one of Rembrandt’s pupils, before going to Italy in 1672. His Elijah of that year gives evidence of a

KLM: In 1928 Plesman also founded Koninklijke Nederlandsch–Indische Luchtvaart Maatschappij (KNILM), the Royal Netherlands–East Indies Airlines, which in 1930 inaugurated regular flights from the Netherlands to Batavia (now Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies, a trip of 8,700 miles (14,000 km), until 1940 the world’s longest scheduled air route. KNILM merged…

Kevin James is an American comedian and actor best known for playing affable working-class characters, most notably Doug Heffernan in the CBS sitcom The King of Queens (1998–2007) and the title character in the box-office hit movie Paul Blart: Mall Cop and its sequel (2009 and 2015). James’s real

screwworm: Development of the Sterile Insect Technique: Edward Fred Knipling, a pioneering American entomologist, developed this efficient, pesticide-free method of insect control with colleague Raymond Bushland in the mid-1900s. Given that each female mates only once, Knipling theorized that screwworms could be eradicated by sterilizing male flies in large numbers, then releasing…

Caspian Sea: Study and exploration: …led by the Russian zoologist Nikolai M. Knipovich. Regular hydrometeorological observations were started in the 1920s. Investigations of the sea are now coordinated by the Scientific Council of the Caspian Sea. The most important programs are those studying long-term fluctuations in the regime and water level of the sea, the…

Olga Knipper-Chekhova was a world-renowned Russian actress and the wife of playwright Anton Chekhov. Knipper was rejected by the drama school of the Maly Theatre in Moscow but was noticed by V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and asked to join the acting school of the Moscow Philharmonic Society, which he

Olga Knipper-Chekhova was a world-renowned Russian actress and the wife of playwright Anton Chekhov. Knipper was rejected by the drama school of the Maly Theatre in Moscow but was noticed by V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and asked to join the acting school of the Moscow Philharmonic Society, which he

Olga Knipper-Chekhova was a world-renowned Russian actress and the wife of playwright Anton Chekhov. Knipper was rejected by the drama school of the Maly Theatre in Moscow but was noticed by V.I. Nemirovich-Danchenko and asked to join the acting school of the Moscow Philharmonic Society, which he

electromagnetic radiation: X-rays: …out by Walter Friedrich and Paul Knipping, not only identified X-rays with electromagnetic radiation but also initiated the use of X-rays for studying the detailed atomic structure of crystals. The interference of X-rays diffracted in certain directions from crystals in so-called X-ray diffractometers, in turn, permits the dissection of X-rays…

knish, eastern European potato snack commonly sold by street vendors in areas with large Jewish populations. Knishes are fist-size snacks consisting of mashed potatoes wrapped in paper-thin pastry dough and then baked or fried. Other varieties include fillings made from sweet potatoes, mushrooms,

plain stitch, basic knitting stitch in which each loop is drawn through other loops to the right side of the fabric. The loops form vertical rows, or wales, on the fabric face, giving it a sheen, and crosswise rows, or courses, on the back. Plain-stitch knitting is a filling knit construction and

man-made fibre: Knit-deknitting: Knit-deknit texturing may be used on drawn fibre in order to produce crimp of a knitted-loop shape. In this process a yarn is knitted into a tubular fabric, set in place by means of heat, and then unraveled to produce textured yarn.

floor covering: Unconventional carpets: tufted, knitted, and bonded: …that of Axminster looms; one machinery manufacturer has developed a yarn looping technique whereby the backing is pierced by a needle and the pile is then blown through the resulting opening. This method increases the rate of production up to about 1,200 rows of pile per minute. Patterned carpets have…

X: Intended as a one-time project, the Knitters performed a selection of folk and country tunes, along with acoustic versions of songs from the X catalog. Cervenka dedicated much of her time to poetry, publishing numerous collections and recording a series of solo albums. Doe turned to Hollywood, scoring small parts…

knitting, production of fabric by employing a continuous yarn or set of yarns to form a series of interlocking loops. Knit fabrics can generally be stretched to a greater degree than woven types. The two basic types of knits are the weft, or filling knits—including plain, rib, purl, pattern, and

knitting machine, Machine for textile and garment production. Flatbed machines may be hand-operated or power-driven, and, by selection of colour, type of stitch, cam design, and Jacquard device (see Jacquard loom), almost unlimited variety is possible. Modern circular machines may have 100 feeders,

Jo Nesbø: Harry Hole books: …12th Hole book, Kniv (Knife), was published in 2019. It was followed in 2023 by Blodmåne (“Blood Moon”;Killing Moon), in which Hole tracks a serial killer who targets young women in Oslo.

Toni Collette: …2019 she also appeared in Knives Out, a comedic whodunit involving the death of a mystery writer. Collette later appeared in Charlie Kaufman’s I’m Thinking of Ending Things (2020) and played an astronaut in the sci-fi thriller Stowaway (2021). In Nightmare Alley (2021), a film noir directed and cowritten by…

Syv Systre: …above the fjord, is the Knivsflå farm, which can be reached only by aerial cable car. The Syv Systre have made Geiranger Fjord a popular tourist attraction.

Syv Systre, waterfalls in west-central Norway. The falls have their sources in Geit Mountain. The water flows over a high perpendicular cliff and plunges several hundred feet into Geiranger Fjord below. The name, which in English means “seven sisters,” is derived from the seven separate streams

Homo habilis: The fossil evidence: …include a controversial skull called KNM-ER 1470 (Kenya National Museum–East Rudolf), which was discovered in 1972 and dated to 1.9 mya. (KNM-ER 1470 was formerly assigned to H. habilis, but most scientists have assigned it to H. rudolfensis.) The specimen resembles both Australopithecus and Homo. As in the case of…

Homo habilis: The fossil evidence: …region are KNM-ER 1813 and KNM-ER 1805. Both were discovered in 1973, with ER 1813 dated to 1.9 mya and ER 1805 dated to 1.7 mya. The former, which is most of a cranium, is smaller than ER 1470 and resembles OH 13 in many details, including tooth size and…

Homo habilis: The fossil evidence: …the Koobi Fora region are KNM-ER 1813 and KNM-ER 1805. Both were discovered in 1973, with ER 1813 dated to 1.9 mya and ER 1805 dated to 1.7 mya. The former, which is most of a cranium, is smaller than ER 1470 and resembles OH 13 in many details, including…

Homo erectus: African fossils: …more complete skeleton named “Turkana Boy” (KNM-WT 15000) was found nearby at Nariokotome, a site on the northwestern shore of Lake Turkana. The remains of this juvenile male have provided much information about growth, development, and body proportions of an early member of the species.

American Subarctic peoples: Cultural continuity and change: …to new towns, such as Schefferville (Quebec), Yellowknife (Northwest Territories), and Inuvik (Northwest Territories). These towns offered employment in industries such as commercial fishing, construction, mining, and defense. Expanding economic opportunities in the north also drew families from southern Canada, and for the first time fairly large numbers of indigenous…

glacial landform: Striations: …moved is what is termed knob-and-tail. A knob-and-tail is formed during glacial abrasion of rocks that locally contain spots more resistant than the surrounding rock, as is the case, for example, with silicified fossils in limestone. After abrasion has been active for some time, the harder parts of the rock…

lizard: Annotated classification: Family Xenosauridae (knob-scaled lizards) Shape of interclavicle bone and presence of tubercles in the osteoderms distinguishes the family. Late Cretaceous from North America. Presently, 2 genera, 1 in Mexico (Xenosaurus) with about 6 species and 1 in China (Shinisaurus) with 1 species. Superfamily Varanoidea Family Helodermatidae

Western architecture: Central Europe: In the north, in Berlin, Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff alternated between Rococo (e.g., Potsdam, Sanssouci, 1745) and neo-Palladian classicism (e.g., Berlin, Opera House, 1741). Two influential country houses, La Guêpière’s Solitude, near Stuttgart (1763), and Cuvilliés’s Amalienburg, Munich (1734), exquisitely graceful and refined, are examples of French influence in Württemberg…

Nile River: Study and exploration: From an Austrian missionary, Ignaz Knoblecher, in 1850 came reports of lakes farther south. In the 1840s the missionaries Johann Ludwig Krapf, Johannes Rebmann, and Jacob Erhardt, traveling in East Africa, saw the snow-topped mountains Kilimanjaro and Kenya and heard from traders of a great inland sea that might…

Kentucky: Relief: The Knobs is a long, narrow region shaped like an irregular horseshoe, with both ends touching the Ohio River. It embraces the Bluegrass country on its inner side, and it is bounded by the Mountain area on the east and the Pennyrile on the west. The…

Dave Bautista: Acting: … for a starring role in Knock at the Cabin. In 2024 Bautista had a starring role as hitman Joe Flood in The Killer’s Game.

Ana de Armas: Early Hollywood roles: …Hollywood debut, in the thriller Knock Knock (2015), starring alongside Keanu Reeves, and had subsequent roles in the comedy crime film War Dogs (2016), in Overdrive (2017), and in Blade Runner 2049 (2017), the last of which was a sequel to the 1982 film Blade Runner, starring Harrison Ford

Nicholas Ray: First films: The earnest but stilted Knock on Any Door (1949) starred Bogart as a socially conscious attorney who defends a juvenile delinquent accused of murder (John Derek).

Jules Romains: …triomphe de la médecine (1923; Dr. Knock, 1925), a satire in the tradition of Molière on the power of doctors to impose upon human credulity. The character of Dr. Knock, whose long and serious face, scientific double-talk, ominous pauses, and frightening graphs and charts convert a group of robust villagers…

whist: Miscellaneous variants: Knockout whist is a popular British game for up to seven players. The simplest rules are as follows: Deal seven cards to each player, and turn the next card to establish the trump suit. Dealer leads first, and tricks are played as in classic whist.…

furniture industry: Storage and transport: …is made of the “knockdown” type; that is, it can be taken to pieces and stacked flat. A wardrobe made in this way may occupy only a quarter of its assembled space when disassembled. Originally, parts were joined by screw fastenings, but a whole range of fittings has been…

Judd Apatow: …the release of two films, Knocked Up and Superbad. Like much of his previous work, the movies drew heavily on his personal youthful experiences and featured unconventional protagonists played by largely unknown, average-looking male actors. In Knocked Up—written, directed, and produced by Apatow—a 20-something slacker (played by Seth Rogen) is…

Bob Dylan: Dylan in the 1970s: …the sound track, including “Knockin’ on Heaven’s Door.” Writings and Drawings, an anthology of his lyrics and poetry, was published the next year. In 1974 he toured for the first time in eight years, reconvening with the Band (by this time popular artists in their own right). Before the…

knocking, in an internal-combustion engine, sharp sounds caused by premature combustion of part of the compressed air-fuel mixture in the cylinder. In a properly functioning engine, the charge burns with the flame front progressing smoothly from the point of ignition across the combustion chamber.

Antrim: …Antrim included Trostan (1,817 feet), Knocklayd (1,695 feet), and Slieveanorra (1,676 feet); Divis (1,574 feet) is the highest of the Belfast hills. The basalt reaches the north coast as steep cliffs and, at the Giant’s Causeway, forms perpendicular hexagonal columns.

Knockmealdown Mountains, mountain range on the border of southern County Tipperary and western County Waterford, Ireland. Formed of Devonian sandstones, and with an east-west trend, the Knockmealdowns have seven peaks with elevations higher than 2,000 feet (610 metres), the highest being

boxing: Ring, rules, and equipment: A bout ends in a knockout when a boxer is knocked down and cannot get up by the count of 10. A fight can be stopped by a technical knockout (TKO) when a boxer is deemed by the referee (and sometimes the ringside physician) to be unable to defend himself…

knockout mouse, genetically engineered laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) in which a specific gene has been inactivated, or “knocked out,” by the introduction of a foreign (artificial) DNA sequence. Knockout mice exhibit modifications in phenotype (observable traits) and thereby provide important

whist: Miscellaneous variants: Knockout whist is a popular British game for up to seven players. The simplest rules are as follows: Deal seven cards to each player, and turn the next card to establish the trump suit. Dealer leads first, and tricks are played as in classic whist.…

aldehyde: Addition of carbon nucleophiles: …in this category include the Knoevenagel reaction, in which the carbon nucleophile is an ester with at least one α-hydrogen. In the presence of a strong base, the ester loses an α-hydrogen to give a negatively charged carbon that then adds to the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde. Acidification followed…

Google Knol, free Internet-based encyclopaedia hosted (2007–12) by the American search engine company Google Inc. On December 13, 2007, Google announced that it was entering the online encyclopaedia business with Knol. (The company defined a knol as a unit of knowledge.) The Knol Web site was

Sevenoaks: The mansion of Knole House was, from its construction in 1456, owned by monarchs and archbishops. From about 1603 it was owned by the Sackville family, who endowed it to the National Trust in 1946. Area 142 square miles (368 square km). Pop. (2001) 109,305; (2011) 114,893.

Florence Knoll was an American architect, designer, and businesswoman known for revolutionizing the design of the modern workplace. She gave corporate offices an uncluttered, modern look, using sleek furniture, handsome textiles, and welcoming arrangements. Her style and furniture designs remain

electron microscope: History: …by 1931 German electrical engineers Max Knoll and Ernst Ruska had devised a two-lens electron microscope that produced images of the electron source. In 1933 a primitive electron microscope was built that imaged a specimen rather than the electron source, and in 1935 Knoll produced a scanned image of a…

Richard Knolles was an English historian who is known chiefly for a study of the Turks. After graduation from Oxford University in 1564 or 1565, Knolles received an M.A. there in 1570 and continued in residence as a fellow in 1571. Shortly thereafter he became master of the secondary school at

Sir Francis Knollys was an English statesman, loyal supporter of Queen Elizabeth I of England, and guardian of Mary, Queen of Scots, during her early imprisonment in England. Knollys entered the service of Henry VIII before 1540, became a member of Parliament in 1542, and was knighted in 1547 while

Knoop hardness, a measure of the hardness of a material, calculated by measuring the indentation produced by a diamond tip that is pressed onto the surface of a sample. The test was devised in 1939 by F. Knoop and colleagues at the National Bureau of Standards in the United States. By using lower

Alfred A. Knopf was an American publisher, the founder and longtime chairman of the prestigious publishing house Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. Knopf graduated from Columbia University in 1912. After working for a short time at the publishing house of Doubleday, Page, & Company, he started his own firm in

Mark Knopfler is a Scottish guitarist and singer-songwriter, widely known as the front man of the British rock group Dire Straits and later as a successful writer of film soundtracks and as a solo artist. Knopfler is exceptionally skilled on the guitar, celebrated in particular for his trademark

Mark Knopfler is a Scottish guitarist and singer-songwriter, widely known as the front man of the British rock group Dire Straits and later as a successful writer of film soundtracks and as a solo artist. Knopfler is exceptionally skilled on the guitar, celebrated in particular for his trademark

Yury Valentinovich Knorozov was a Russian linguist, epigraphist, and ethnologist, who played a major role in the decipherment of Mayan hieroglyphic writing. Knorozov fought in the Soviet armed forces during World War II and graduated from Moscow State University in 1948. About that time he became

Yury Valentinovich Knorozov was a Russian linguist, epigraphist, and ethnologist, who played a major role in the decipherment of Mayan hieroglyphic writing. Knorozov fought in the Soviet armed forces during World War II and graduated from Moscow State University in 1948. About that time he became

auricular style, a 17th-century ornamental style based on parts of the human anatomy. It was invented in the early 17th century by Dutch silversmiths and brothers Paulus and Adam van Vianen. Paulus was inspired by anatomy lectures he attended in Prague, and both he and Adam became known for the

Titanic: Discovery: Navy research ship Knorr. The quest was partly a means for testing the Argo, a 16-foot (5-meter) submersible sled equipped with a remote-controlled camera that could transmit live images to a monitor. The submersible was sent some 12,500 feet (3,810 meters)—or 2.4 miles (3.9 km)—to the floor of…

Ludwig Knorr was a German chemist who discovered antipyrine. Knorr was educated at Munich, Heidelberg, Erlangen, and Würzburg. He became instructor of chemistry at the University of Erlangen in 1885 and was a teacher at Würzburg and titular professor at the University of Jena. Knorr is noted for

Jehovah’s Witness: History: Rutherford’s successor, Nathan Homer Knorr (1905–77), assumed the presidency in 1942 and continued and expanded Rutherford’s policies. He established the Watch Tower Bible School of Gilead (South Lansing, New York) to train missionaries and leaders, decreed that all the society’s books and articles were to be published…

Knossos, city in ancient Crete, capital of the legendary king Minos, and the principal centre of the Minoan, the earliest of the Aegean civilizations (see Minoan civilization). The site of Knossos stands on a knoll between the confluence of two streams and is located about 5 miles (8 km) inland

wood: Variation of structure and defects: …presence of defects such as knots, spiral grain, compression and tension wood, shakes, and pitch pockets. Knots are caused by inclusion of dead or living branches. Because branches are indispensable members of a living tree, knots are largely unavoidable, but they can be reduced by silvicultural means, such as spacing…

knot, in navigation, measure of speed at sea, equal to one nautical mile per hour (approximately 1.15 statute miles per hour). Thus, a ship moving at 20 knots is traveling as fast as a land vehicle at about 23 mph (37 km/hr). The term knot derives from its former use as a length measure on ships’

knot, in zoology, any of several large, plump sandpiper birds in the genus Calidris of the subfamily Calidritinae (family Scolopacidae). The common knot (C. canutus), about 25 cm (10 inches) long including the bill, has a reddish breast in breeding plumage (hence another name, robin sandpiper); in

knot, in cording, the interlacement of parts of one or more ropes, cords, or other pliable materials, commonly used to bind objects together. Knots have existed from the time humans first used vines and cordlike fibres to bind stone heads to wood in primitive axes. Knots were also used in the

parterre: …a sophisticated development of the knot garden, a medieval form of bed in which various types of plant were separated from each other by dwarf hedges of box, thrift, or any low-growing controllable hardy plant.

François Mauriac: Le Noeud de vipères (1932; Vipers’ Tangle) is often considered Mauriac’s masterpiece. It is a marital drama, depicting an old lawyer’s rancour toward his family, his passion for money, and his final conversion. In this, as in other Mauriac novels, the love that his characters seek vainly in human contacts…

knot theory, in mathematics, the study of closed curves in three dimensions, and their possible deformations without one part cutting through another. Knots may be regarded as formed by interlacing and looping a piece of string in any fashion and then joining the ends. The first question that

Paspalum: Water couch, or knotgrass (P. distichum), forms large flat mats along shores and in ditches in North and South America and Europe; it is used as a lawn grass in Australia.

Nuruddin Farah: Links (2003), Knots (2006), and Crossbones (2011) constitute another trilogy. Farah’s other novels included North of Dawn (2018). For his thoughts about his country at the turn of the new millennium, see Sidebar: Somalia at the Turn of the 21st Century.

Ian Rankin on Edinburgh: A City of Stories: Edinburgh as literary metaphor: My own first crime novel, Knots and Crosses, was (in part) an attempt to update the themes of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, a project which continued with my second Inspector Rebus outing, Hide and Seek. Likewise, another classic Edinburgh story of the 19th century, James Hogg’s sinister and mesmerizing…

Alec Baldwin: Early life and career: …joining (1984–85) the cast of Knots Landing, a popular nighttime drama. During this time he also acted on the stage, making his Broadway debut in the 1986 production of Loot.

Knott’s Berry Farm, the oldest and one of the largest theme parks in the United States. It is located in Buena Park, California. Knott’s Berry Farm originated as a farm and nursery, founded by Walter Knott (b. December 11, 1889, San Bernardino, California, U.S.—d. December 3, 1981, Buena Park,

Knott’s Berry Farm: …Park, California) and his wife, Cordelia Knott (née Cordelia Hornaday; b. January 23, 1890—d. April 23, 1974, Buena Park, California). Knott, the son of a farmer, grew up in Pomona, California, where he met and married his high-school friend Cordelia. In 1920 they leased 10 acres (4 hectares) of land…

Knott’s Berry Farm: …farm and nursery, founded by Walter Knott (b. December 11, 1889, San Bernardino, California, U.S.—d. December 3, 1981, Buena Park, California) and his wife, Cordelia Knott (née Cordelia Hornaday; b. January 23, 1890—d. April 23, 1974, Buena Park, California). Knott, the son of a farmer, grew up in Pomona, California,…

basketry: Half-hitch and knotted coiling: In knotted coiling, the thread forms knots around two successive rows of standards; many varieties can be noted in the Congo, in Indonesia, and among the Basket Makers, an ancient culture of the plateau area of southwestern United States, centred in parts of Arizona, New Mexico,…

yurt: The knotted pile rug, first known from a nomad burial at the foot of the Altai Mountains (5th–3rd century bc), probably developed as a fur substitute to provide warmth and sleeping comfort in the yurt.

Steve Allen: …supporting cast included Louis Nye, Don Knotts, Tom Poston, Bill Dana, Pat Harrington, Jr., Dayton Allen, Gabe Dell, and Allen’s wife, actress Jayne Meadows. The show ended its run in 1961, after which Allen continued to host network and syndicated talk shows throughout the 1960s and early ’70s.

flogging: The Russian knout, consisting of a number of dried and hardened thongs of rawhide interwoven with wire—the wires often being hooked and sharpened so that they tore the flesh—was even more painful and deadly. A particularly painful, though not so deadly, type of flogging was the bastinado,…

Lots of people are unable to function before their morning cup of coffee. You may have singled out caffeine as the source of its power, but how much do you really know about coffee? Here are five tidbits of trivia to ponder as you percolate. list, encyclopedia, britannica, encyclopedia britannica,

Whether you’re looking to learn more about the fundamentals of derivatives trading or understand advanced options strategies, you’ve come to the right place. The expiration profile (or “options risk graph”) is a helpful tool that illustrates the maximum profit and loss for each option strategy. It

Know-Nothing party, U.S. political party that flourished in the 1850s. It was an outgrowth of the strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s. A rising tide of immigrants, primarily Germans in the Midwest and Irish in the East,

money laundering: Law enforcement: These measures include the so-called know-your-customer rules (procedures for the identification of clients opening accounts or conducting financial transactions and the conservation of the relevant documentation for a reasonable amount of time), the reporting to national authorities of all transactions that are considered suspicious, and cooperation between financial institutions and…

Nicolas Cage: …astrophysicist in the science-fiction thriller Knowing (2009) and a police detective struggling with drug and gambling addictions in Werner Herzog’s Bad Lieutenant: Port of Call New Orleans (2009).

Joyce Meyer: Ministry and growth: …one’s relationship with God, including Knowing God Intimately (2003), The Power of Simple Prayer (2007), and the New York Times bestseller God Is Not Mad at You (2013).

epistemology: The nature of knowledge: …knowledge, often referred to as propositional knowledge, raises a number of peculiar epistemological problems, among which is the much-debated issue of what kind of thing one knows when one knows that something is the case. In other words, in sentences of the form “A knows that p”—where “A” is the…

William Fife Knowland was a U.S. politician, leader of Senate Republicans in the early 1950s, and best-known for his ardent support of (Taiwan). The son of a congressman and newspaper publisher, Knowland began his political career at an early age. At 12 he was making speeches for the

language: Transmission of language and culture: …made it possible for usable knowledge of all sorts to be made accessible to people almost anywhere in the world. This accounts for the great rapidity of scientific, technological, political, and social change in the contemporary world. All of this, whether ultimately for the good or ill of humankind, must…

Jürgen Habermas: Philosophy and social theory of Jürgen Habermas: …“Erkenntnis und Interesse” (1965; “Knowledge and Human Interests”), and in the book of the same title published three years later, Habermas set forth the foundations of a normative version of critical social theory, the Marxist social theory developed by Horkheimer, Adorno, and other members of the Frankfurt Institute from…

expert system: …relies on two components: a knowledge base and an inference engine. A knowledge base is an organized collection of facts about the system’s domain. An inference engine interprets and evaluates the facts in the knowledge base in order to provide an answer. Typical tasks for expert systems involve classification, diagnosis,…

epistemology: St. Anselm of Canterbury: Knowledge by description is possible using concepts formed on the basis of sensation. Thus, all knowledge of God depends upon the description that he is “the thing than which a greater cannot be conceived.” From that premise Anselm infers, in his ontological argument for the…

data mining, in computer science, the process of discovering interesting and useful patterns and relationships in large volumes of data. The field combines tools from statistics and artificial intelligence (such as neural networks and machine learning) with database management to analyze large

knowledge distillation (KD), process in machine learning and deep learning for replicating the performance of a large model or set of models on a smaller model. The process is especially useful in the context of transferring learning techniques to smaller, more efficient models from large language

information system: Knowledge management systems: Knowledge management systems provide a means to assemble and act on the knowledge accumulated throughout an organization. Such knowledge may include the texts and images contained in patents, design methods, best practices, competitor intelligence, and similar sources, with the elaboration and commentary…