ancient Middle East: Evolution of Middle Eastern civilizations: , at Al-Kawm on the upper Euphrates). Small-scale irrigation was practiced in Palestine (e.g., at Jericho) in the 7th millennium bce.

Lomblen Island, largest of the Solor Islands, in the Lesser Sundas, Nusa Tenggara Timur provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. Lomblen lies between the Flores Sea (north) and the Savu Sea (south), about 25 miles (40 km) east of Flores and just east of Adonara Island. The island is irregular in shape,

Lomblen Island, largest of the Solor Islands, in the Lesser Sundas, Nusa Tenggara Timur provinsi (“province”), Indonesia. Lomblen lies between the Flores Sea (north) and the Savu Sea (south), about 25 miles (40 km) east of Flores and just east of Adonara Island. The island is irregular in shape,

kavvanah, in Judaism, the attitude or frame of mind that is appropriate when one performs religious duties, especially prayer. The 12th-century philosopher Moses Maimonides recommended that to attain kavvanah when praying, a person should mentally place himself in the presence of God and totally

kavvanah, in Judaism, the attitude or frame of mind that is appropriate when one performs religious duties, especially prayer. The 12th-century philosopher Moses Maimonides recommended that to attain kavvanah when praying, a person should mentally place himself in the presence of God and totally

kavvanah, in Judaism, the attitude or frame of mind that is appropriate when one performs religious duties, especially prayer. The 12th-century philosopher Moses Maimonides recommended that to attain kavvanah when praying, a person should mentally place himself in the presence of God and totally

Kashgar, oasis city, western Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang, far western China. Kashgar lies at the western end of the Tarim Basin, in a fertile oasis of loess (silt deposited by the wind) and alluvial soils watered by the Kaxgar (Kashgar) River and by a series of wells. The climate of the

Tarim River: …by the confluence of the Kaxgar (Kashgar) and Yarkand (Yarkant) rivers in the far west; flowing northeastward from this confluence, the river is then joined some 230 miles (370 km) downstream by the Aksu and the Hotan (Khotan) rivers. Only the Aksu River flows for the entire year. It is…

Patricia Cornwell: …develop the fictional character of Kay Scarpetta, who had appeared in minor roles in the early attempts. Scarpetta—much like Cornwell in appearance and ideology and seemingly a self-portrait—was featured as a medical examiner in Postmortem (1990), and with this book Cornwell’s writing career was launched. The series continued with such…

primate: Diet: …point of 500 grams (Kay’s threshold, after the primatologist Richard Kay, who first drew attention to it) has been proposed as an upper limit for species subsisting mainly on insects and a lower limit for those relying on leaves. The reason is that insects are small and hard to…

Alan Kay is an American computer scientist and winner of the 2003 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his contributions to object-oriented programming languages, including Smalltalk, and to personal computing. Kay received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics and molecular

Alan Kay is an American computer scientist and winner of the 2003 A.M. Turing Award, the highest honour in computer science, for his contributions to object-oriented programming languages, including Smalltalk, and to personal computing. Kay received a bachelor’s degree in mathematics and molecular

Modern Jazz Quartet: …Southampton, New York), bass; and Connie Kay (original name Conrad Henry Kirnon; April 27, 1927, Tuckahoe, New York, U.S.—d. November 30, 1994, New York), drums.

Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet was a physician, public-health reformer, and chief founder of the English system of publicly financed elementary education. Kay studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and obtained his medical degree there in 1827. His subsequent work as a physician

John Kay was an English machinist and engineer, inventor of the flying shuttle, which was an important step toward automatic weaving. The son of a woolen manufacturer, Kay was placed in charge of his father’s mill while still a youth. He made many improvements in dressing, batting, and carding

John Caius was a prominent humanist and physician whose classic account of the English sweating sickness is considered one of the earliest histories of an epidemic. Caius attended Gonville Hall (now Gonville and Caius College) in Cambridge, Eng., where he is believed to have studied the humanities

language: General and specific designations: …research by Brent Berlin and Paul Kay in the 1960s sought to show that “there exist universally for humans eleven basic perceptual color categories” that serve as reference points for the colour words of a language, whatever number may be regularly employed at any time. The claim remains controversial.

Ulysses Kay was an American composer, a prominent representative of the neoclassical school. A nephew of the New Orleans jazz trumpeter King Oliver, Kay played jazz saxophone as a boy and later turned to piano, violin, and composition. After receiving his B.A. at the University of Arizona (1938),

Ulysses Kay was an American composer, a prominent representative of the neoclassical school. A nephew of the New Orleans jazz trumpeter King Oliver, Kay played jazz saxophone as a boy and later turned to piano, violin, and composition. After receiving his B.A. at the University of Arizona (1938),

Anatolia: Division and decline: The eldest, ʿIzz al-Dīn Kay-Kāʾūs II (ruled 1246–60), assumed the rule in the area west of the Kızıl River with the support of local Byzantine lords and the Turkmen borderland chieftains. Backed by Mongol generals and Iranian bureaucrats, his younger brothers Rukn al-Dīn Qïlïch Arslān IV (1248–65) and ʿAlāʾ…

Theodore I Lascaris: …the Seljuq sultan of Rūm, Kay-Khusraw, who had given asylum to the emperor Alexius, failed to persuade Theodore to abdicate, he invaded Theodore’s territory in the spring of 1211. Theodore, however, defeated and killed Kay-Khusraw in battle and also captured and imprisoned Alexius.

Anatolia: Seljuq expansion: …his eldest son Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw II (1237–46), who reached the throne by killing his two half brothers and their Ayyūbid mother along with many military commanders and dignitaries. Although he initially obtained some successes in the southeastern part of his realm by annexing Amida (Diyarbakır), thus pushing the boundaries…

Anatolia: Division and decline: …enthroned the child Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw III (1265–84) in his father’s place.

Anatolia: Seljuq expansion: …I (1211–20) and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubādh I (1220–37), the Anatolian Seljuqs achieved the zenith of their power. Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Kay-Khusraw I reunified the Seljuq state and began to expand at the expense of what was left of the Byzantine Empire in the west and north. His most important achievements included…

Anatolia: Division and decline: …IV (1248–65) and ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubādh II (1249–57) were installed east of the Kızıl. From this point onward the Seljuq sultans were essentially figureheads, while real power remained in the hands of administrators such as Shams al-Dīn Iṣfahānī (1246–49), Jalāl al-Dīn Qaraṭāy (1249–54), and especially Muʿīn al-Dīn Sulaymān Parvāna (1261–77).

Anatolia: Division and decline: …is recorded that ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn Kay-Qubādh III (1298–1303) was put to death by order of Ghazan, the Mongol khan, the fate of his son Ghiyās̄ al-Dīn Masʿūd III, who assumed the rule in 1307, is obscure. Though some sources mention the existence of Seljuq scions in later years in various…

Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, 1st Baronet was a physician, public-health reformer, and chief founder of the English system of publicly financed elementary education. Kay studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh and obtained his medical degree there in 1827. His subsequent work as a physician

Kaya, tribal league that was formed sometime before the 3rd century ad in the area west of the Naktong River in southern Korea. The traditional date for the founding of the confederation is given as ad 42, but this is considered to be highly unreliable. The confederation was sometimes known as

Bob Marley: Formation of the Wailers, role of Rastafari, and international fame: (1976), Exodus (1977), Kaya (1978), Uprising (1980), and the posthumous Confrontation (1983). Exploding in Marley’s reedy tenor, his songs were public expressions of personal truths—eloquent in their uncommon mesh of rhythm and blues, rock, and venturesome reggae forms and electrifying in their narrative might. Making music that transcended…

Japanese torreya, (Torreya nucifera), an ornamental evergreen timber tree of the yew family (Taxaceae), native to the southern islands of Japan. Although it is the hardiest species of its genus and may be 10 to 25 metres (about 35 to 80 feet) tall, it assumes a shrubby form in less temperate areas.

kayagŭm, Korean board zither with 12 silk strings, 12 movable bridges, and a convex upper surface. Fashioned from paulownia wood, it forms a rectangle about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 30 cm (12 inches) wide. The player, who is seated on the floor, places one end of the instrument on the right knee

Karen: …the White Karen and the Red Karen. The White Karen consist of the Sgaw and Pwo peoples, who typically live in lowland areas along river valleys, where they practice a mix of Christianity and traditional animism. The Red Karen, consisting of groups such as the Bre, Padaung, Yinbaw, and Zayein,…

kayak, one of the two common types of canoe used for recreation and sport. It originated with the Eskimos of Greenland and was later also used by Alaskan Eskimos. It has a pointed bow and stern and no keel and is covered except for a cockpit in which the paddler or paddlers sit, facing forward and

kayagŭm, Korean board zither with 12 silk strings, 12 movable bridges, and a convex upper surface. Fashioned from paulownia wood, it forms a rectangle about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 30 cm (12 inches) wide. The player, who is seated on the floor, places one end of the instrument on the right knee

Gert Fredriksson: …winning seven world championships in kayaking events and eight Olympic medals, including six gold.

kayagŭm, Korean board zither with 12 silk strings, 12 movable bridges, and a convex upper surface. Fashioned from paulownia wood, it forms a rectangle about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 30 cm (12 inches) wide. The player, who is seated on the floor, places one end of the instrument on the right knee

khayal, in Hindustani music, a musical form based on a Hindi song in two parts that recur between expanding cycles of melodic and rhythmic improvisation. In a standard performance a slow (vilambit) khayal is followed by a shorter, fast (drut) khayal in the same raga (melodic framework). The khayal

Kayan, indigenous people of central Borneo. They numbered about 27,000 in the late 20th century. The Kayan are settled mainly along the middle reaches of the Baram, Bintulu, and Rajang rivers in Sarawak, Malaysia. In Indonesian Borneo they live mainly near the headwaters of the Kayan River, in the

India: Social mobility: …new castes, such as the Kayasthas (scribes) and Khatris (traders), are mentioned in the sources of this period. According to the Brahminic sources, they originated from intercaste marriages, but this is clearly an attempt at rationalizing their rank in the hierarchy. Many of these new castes played a major role…

Danny Kaye was an energetic, multitalented American actor and comedian who later became known for his involvement with humanitarian causes. The son of Ukrainian immigrants, Kaye began his performing career in the 1930s as a comic entertainer in hotels in the Catskill Mountains and in nightclubs

John Caius was a prominent humanist and physician whose classic account of the English sweating sickness is considered one of the earliest histories of an epidemic. Caius attended Gonville Hall (now Gonville and Caius College) in Cambridge, Eng., where he is believed to have studied the humanities

Patti Smith: …with the guitarist and critic Lenny Kaye. By 1973 they had formed a band and began performing widely in the downtown club scene. Smith’s mesmeric charisma, chantlike but hoarsely compelling musical declamation, visionary texts, and simple but ingenious rock music won her an intense cult following.

Nora Kaye was an American dramatic ballerina, often referred to as the “Duse of the Dance.” Nora Koreff began taking dance lessons at the Metropolitan Opera Ballet School at the age of eight. At age 15 she joined the Met’s corps de ballet, and, after further training under Michel Fokine and George

Sheila Kaye-Smith was a British novelist, best known for her many novels depicting life in her native rural Sussex. The daughter of a country doctor, Kaye-Smith began writing as a youth, publishing her first novel, The Tramping Methodist (1908), at age 21. Other novels and a book of verse were

Sheila Kaye-Smith was a British novelist, best known for her many novels depicting life in her native rural Sussex. The daughter of a country doctor, Kaye-Smith began writing as a youth, publishing her first novel, The Tramping Methodist (1908), at age 21. Other novels and a book of verse were

turtle: Origin and evolution: …the other turtle suborder, Cryptodira, Kayentachelys aprix of the Late Jurassic (some 150 million years ago) is almost assuredly a cryptodire; it is also the oldest known North American turtle. Other cryptodires are known from the Late Jurassic, although they are not representative of existing families. The largest known turtles…

Kayes, town, western Mali, western Africa. It lies along the Sénégal River. Kayes is both the terminus of Sénégal River traffic and an important stop on the Mali Railway (Regie des Chemins de Fer du Mali; in Senegal, Regie des Chemins de Fer du Senegal). Southeast of Kayes is the French fort of

Islamic arts: Influence of Yunus Emre: …the Bektashis may be mentioned Kaygusuz Abdal (15th century), who probably came from the European provinces of the Ottoman Empire. His verses are full of burlesque and even coarse images; in their odd mixture of worldliness and religious expression, they are often as amusing as they are puzzling. In the…

Juvénal Habyarimana: Education, military career, and 1973 coup: Grégoire Kayibanda. A civilian-military government was established, of which Habyarimana became president.

Rashid Ali al-Gaylani was an Iraqi lawyer and politician who was prime minister of Iraq (1933, 1940–41, 1941) and one of the most celebrated political leaders of the Arab world during his time. The scion of an aristocratic Sunni family, Gaylani studied law at Baghdad Law School. After several years

Tirthankara: …in the pose known as kayotsarga (“dismissing the body”) or seated cross-legged on a lion throne in the posture of meditation, dhyanamudra. The images are often carved out of marble or other highly polished stone or are cast in metal, the cold surfaces serving to emphasize the frozen detachment from…

Kekri, in ancient Finnish religion, a feast day marking the end of the agricultural season that also coincided with the time when the cattle were taken in from pasture and settled for a winter’s stay in the barn. Kekri originally fell on Michaelmas, September 29, but was later shifted to November

metalwork: 16th century to modern: The firm of Kayser in Oppum near Krefeld played a leading part in this revival. But the outbreak of World War I spelled the end of Art Nouveau—whose heady run of success had anyway been short-lived—and with it the end of old pewter.

Heinrich Kayser was a German physicist who discovered the presence of helium in the Earth’s atmosphere. Kayser’s early research work was on the properties of sound. In collaboration with the physicist and mathematician Carl D.T. Runge, Kayser carefully mapped the spectra of a large number of

Kayseri, city, central Turkey. It lies at an elevation of 3,422 feet (1,043 metres) on a flat plain below the foothills of the extinct volcano Mount Erciyes (ancient Mount Argaeus, 12,852 feet [3,917 metres]). The city is situated 165 miles (265 km) east-southeast of Ankara. It was originally known

Kayseri rug, floor covering handwoven in or around the city of Kayseri in central Turkey. The best-known rugs from this district are those produced in the 20th century, largely for sale to tourists and undiscriminating collectors. Free imitations of Ghiordes, Persian, or Cairene designs, they are

Kaysone Phomvihan was a Laotian political leader and revolutionary who was a communist leader from 1955 and, following the overthrow of the 600-year-old monarchy (1975), ruler of Laos. Kaysone was born in southern Laos of a Lao mother and a Vietnamese father, a civil servant in the French colonial

Ida, mountain range in northwestern Asia Minor (now Turkey), near the site of ancient Troy. A classic shrine, Ida was where Paris passed judgment on the rival goddesses and was the scene of the rape of Ganymede. From its highest peak, about 5,800 feet (1,800 m), the gods are said to have witnessed

Janus Friis: KaZaA: In 2000 Friis and Zennström created KaZaA, a second-generation peer-to-peer (P2P) file-sharing application that they distributed for free, though it was notoriously loaded with adware (typically, software that generates pop-up ads), spyware (programs that monitor users’ actions), and other malware applications that were secretly…

Shaquille O’Neal: Other activities: …films as Blue Chips (1994), Kazaam (1996), and Steel (1997). He voiced himself in the computer-animated The LEGO Movie (2014). His gregarious personality and charm made him a popular pitchman throughout his career and helped him to become a commentator on an NBA television studio show after his retirement.

branchiopod: Annotated classification: †Order Kazacharthra Early Jurassic; large carapace covers part of trunk; last 32–40 segments lack limbs; 6 pairs of large trunk limbs project beyond carapace; trunk ends in a large flat telson with a pair of long rami; overall length up to 10 cm. Some…

Kazakh Uplands, hilly upland in central and eastern Kazakhstan, occupying about one-fifth of the republic. It is a peneplain, the mountainous Paleozoic foundation of which had already been worn down into an undulating plain by the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, beginning about 250 million years

Cossack, (from Turkic kazak, “adventurer” or “free man”), member of a people dwelling in the northern hinterlands of the Black and Caspian seas. They had a tradition of independence and finally received privileges from the Russian government in return for military services. Originally (in the 15th

Kazakh, Turkic-speaking people of Central Asia inhabiting mainly Kazakhstan and the adjacent parts of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. The Kazakhs emerged in the 15th century from an amalgam of Turkic peoples who entered Transoxiana about the 8th century and Mongols who entered the area

Kazakh language, member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group, belonging to the northwestern, or Kipchak, branch. The Kazakh language is spoken primarily in Kazakhstan and in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China, but it is also found in Uzbekistan, Mongolia, and

Kazakh literature, the body of literature, both oral and written, produced in the Kazakh language by the Kazakh people of Central Asia. The Kazakh professional bard once preserved a large repertoire of centuries-old poetry. In the mid-19th century, for example, a bard might recite a number of works

Kazakh, Turkic-speaking people of Central Asia inhabiting mainly Kazakhstan and the adjacent parts of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region in China. The Kazakhs emerged in the 15th century from an amalgam of Turkic peoples who entered Transoxiana about the 8th century and Mongols who entered the area

Kazakh language, member of the Turkic language family within the Altaic language group, belonging to the northwestern, or Kipchak, branch. The Kazakh language is spoken primarily in Kazakhstan and in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in China, but it is also found in Uzbekistan, Mongolia, and

Kazakh literature, the body of literature, both oral and written, produced in the Kazakh language by the Kazakh people of Central Asia. The Kazakh professional bard once preserved a large repertoire of centuries-old poetry. In the mid-19th century, for example, a bard might recite a number of works

Kazakh rug, floor covering woven by villagers living in western Azerbaijan and in a number of towns and villages in northern Armenia and the adjacent southern part of Georgia. The weavers are probably mostly Azerbaijanian Turks, although it is clear that both Armenians and Georgians have taken part

Kazakh Uplands, hilly upland in central and eastern Kazakhstan, occupying about one-fifth of the republic. It is a peneplain, the mountainous Paleozoic foundation of which had already been worn down into an undulating plain by the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, beginning about 250 million years

Kazakh Uplands, hilly upland in central and eastern Kazakhstan, occupying about one-fifth of the republic. It is a peneplain, the mountainous Paleozoic foundation of which had already been worn down into an undulating plain by the beginning of the Mesozoic Era, beginning about 250 million years

Kazakhstan, landlocked country of Central Asia. It is bounded on the northwest and north by Russia, on the east by China, and on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, the Aral Sea, and Turkmenistan; the Caspian Sea bounds Kazakhstan to the southwest. Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia

Kazakhstan: Education: The institutes in the National Academy of Sciences (founded 1946) focus their research on subjects important to Kazakhstan, in science as well as in the humanities. During the Soviet era, scholars faced restrictions that hampered their research and interpretation of findings, but many serious works long proscribed by communist…

national flag consisting of a light blue field with a yellow sun and flying eagle in the centre and a yellow ornamental band at the hoist. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is approximately 1 to 2.The Kazakhs are (in part) descended from the “Blue Horde”—Turkic-Mongol peoples who, centuries ago,

history of Kazakhstan, survey of the notable events and people in the history of Kazakhstan, from the Bronze Age to the present day. The immense size and varied landscape of modern Kazakhstan—the ninth largest country in the world by land area—precluded the possibility of a unified culture covering

Kazakhstan, landlocked country of Central Asia. It is bounded on the northwest and north by Russia, on the east by China, and on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, the Aral Sea, and Turkmenistan; the Caspian Sea bounds Kazakhstan to the southwest. Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia

Silurian Period: Siberia, Kazakhstania, and other continents: Similarly, Kazakhstania was a neighbouring continent to the east in the same northern middle latitudes. North China (including Manchuria and Korea) and South China (the Yangtze platform) were two separate continents situated in a more equatorial position. In contrast to Siberia and Kazakhstania, most of North…

Leo Tolstoy: First publications of Leo Tolstoy: …dominates Tolstoy’s novel Kazaki (1863; The Cossacks). The hero of this work, the dissolute and self-centered aristocrat Dmitry Olenin, enlists as a cadet to serve in the Caucasus. Living among the Cossacks, he comes to appreciate a life more in touch with natural and biological rhythms. In the novel’s central…

Matvey Fyodorovich Kazakov was one of the first Russian architects of Neoclassicism, often called the “master of the rotunda” because of his use of that architectural feature. At age 13 Kazakov began to study under the architect Dmitry Ukhtomsky, a devotee of the Baroque, and from 1768 he served as

Yury Pavlovich Kazakov was a Soviet short-story writer who worked in the classic Russian lyrical style of Anton Chekhov and Ivan Bunin. Kazakov was initially a jazz musician, but he began to publish short stories in 1952. He graduated from the Gorky Institute of World Literature in 1958 and

Kazakhstan, landlocked country of Central Asia. It is bounded on the northwest and north by Russia, on the east by China, and on the south by Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, the Aral Sea, and Turkmenistan; the Caspian Sea bounds Kazakhstan to the southwest. Kazakhstan is the largest country in Central Asia

national flag consisting of a light blue field with a yellow sun and flying eagle in the centre and a yellow ornamental band at the hoist. The flag’s width-to-length ratio is approximately 1 to 2.The Kazakhs are (in part) descended from the “Blue Horde”—Turkic-Mongol peoples who, centuries ago,

Kazan, capital city, Tatarstan republic, western Russia. It lies just north of the Samara Reservoir on the Volga River, where it is joined by the Kazanka River. The city stretches for about 15 miles (25 km) along hills, which are much dissected by ravines. Ancient Kazan (Iske Kazan) was founded in

Permian Period: Basin sedimentation: … of northwestern Europe; and the Kazan Basin of eastern Europe—show similar general changes. In most basins the inner parts became sites of red bed deposition during the Early Permian, followed by periods of extensive evaporite production. Sand sources along the ancestral Rocky Mountains supplied eolian sand and silt in great…

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …Catholic Church (1763–83), and the Kazan Cathedral (1801–11). The last edifice, undoubtedly the street’s finest feature, was designed by Andrey Voronikhin in Russian Neoclassical style and has an interior rich in sculptures and paintings. A magnificent semicircular Corinthian colonnade dominates its exterior. Another interesting building is the department store Gostiny…

Kazan River, river in Nunavut, Canada. It is a major tributary of the Thelon River, draining part of the Barren Grounds (a subarctic prairie region). Arising from Snowbird and Kasba lakes, north of the Manitoba-Saskatchewan provincial boundary, the river flows northeastward for 455 miles (730 km)

Vladimir Lenin: The making of a revolutionary: …imperial Kazan University (later renamed Kazan [V.I. Lenin] State University), but within three months he was expelled from the school, having been accused of participating in an illegal student assembly. He was arrested and banished from Kazan to his grandfather’s estate in the village of Kokushkino, where his older sister…

history of Central Asia: Tsarist rule: …been carried out through intermediaries—Kazan Tatars, who, paradoxically, had contributed to strengthening the Kazakhs’ awareness of being part of a greater Muslim world community and their sense of being a “nation” rather than a welter of tribes and clans. Moreover, through the Tatars they were exposed to current Pan-Turkic and…

Tatar language: The major Tatar dialects are Kazan Tatar (spoken in Tatarstan) and Western or Misher Tatar. Other varieties include the minor eastern or Siberian dialects, Kasimov, Tepter (Teptyar), and Astrakhan and Ural Tatar. Kazan Tatar is the literary language.

Elia Kazan was a Turkish-born American film director and author noted for his successes on the stage—especially with plays by Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller—as well as for his critically acclaimed films and for his role in developing a revolutionary style of acting that embodied psychological

Volcano Islands, archipelago, Tokyo to (metropolis), far southern Japan. The islands lie in the western Pacific between the Bonin Islands (north) and the Mariana Islands (south). The three small volcanic islands are, in north–south sequence, Kita-Iō (San Alexander) Island, Iō Island (Iō-tō;

Piotr Skarga: Kazania sejmowe (1597; “Diet Sermons”) is considered Skarga’s best work. These sermons are said to have been delivered before the King and his Diet. Other works include Żywoty świętych (1579; “The Lives of Saints”), still widely read in Poland today, and collections of sermons such…

Polish literature: Religious writings: …example of Polish prose, the Kazania świętokrzyskie (“Sermons of the Holy Cross”), dating from the end of the 13th or the beginning of the 14th century, was discovered in 1890. Among many similar works, a partial translation of the Bible, made about 1455 for Queen Sophia, widow of Władysław Jagiełło,…

Permian Period: Early work: The Ufimian-Kazanian Stage (a regional stage overlapping the current Roadian Stage and the remainder of the Wordian Stage) in between Murchison’s upper and lower parts of the Permian System was considered to be a close lithologic and age equivalent of the Zechstein of northwestern Europe.

Elia Kazan was a Turkish-born American film director and author noted for his successes on the stage—especially with plays by Tennessee Williams and Arthur Miller—as well as for his critically acclaimed films and for his role in developing a revolutionary style of acting that embodied psychological

Tatyana Kazankina is a Soviet athlete who won three Olympic gold medals and set seven world records in women’s running events during the 1970s and ’80s. A seemingly fragile individual standing 1.61 metres (5 feet 3 inches) tall and weighing just 48 kg (106 pounds), Kazankina made an international

Tatyana Kazankina is a Soviet athlete who won three Olympic gold medals and set seven world records in women’s running events during the 1970s and ’80s. A seemingly fragile individual standing 1.61 metres (5 feet 3 inches) tall and weighing just 48 kg (106 pounds), Kazankina made an international

Kazanlŭk, town, central Bulgaria. It lies in the Kazanlŭk basin, 2 miles (3 km) north of the Tundzha River. The area is famous for its roses, which are made into attar of roses for the perfume industry. This industry, which developed in the 17th century, now uses approximately 20,000 acres (8,000

Kazanlŭk: The Kazanlŭk Tomb, discovered in 1944 on the outskirts of town, is a Thracian burial tomb of an unknown ruler from the 4th or 3rd century bc. The fine murals that decorate the entire tomb distinguish it from 13 similar known examples. The town also has…