Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh was an Indian spiritual leader who preached an eclectic doctrine of Eastern mysticism, individual devotion, and sexual freedom. As a young intellectual, Rajneesh visited with and absorbed insights from teachers of the various religious traditions active in India. He studied

Native American art: Mexico and Middle America: …is the island cemetery of Jaina, from which have come magnificently modelled figurines that are certainly among the finest clay works of antiquity. These sacrificial burial figures, replicas of Mayan personages in ceremonial finery, provide a remarkable insight into the customs, lifestyles, and costumes of the Classic Mayan people.

Jaina canon, the sacred texts of Jainism, a religion of India, whose authenticity is disputed between sects. The Svetambara canon consists principally of 45 works divided as follows: (1) 11 Aṅgas, the main texts—a 12th has been lost for at least 14 centuries; (2) 12 Upāṅgas, or subsidiary texts;

Western Indian painting, a highly conservative style of Indian miniature painting largely devoted to the illustration of Jaina religious texts of the 12th–16th century. Though examples of the school are most numerous from Gujarāt state, paintings in Western Indian style have also been found in

Jainism, Indian religion teaching a path to spiritual purity and enlightenment through disciplined nonviolence (ahimsa, literally “non-injury”) to all living creatures. Along with Hinduism and Buddhism, Jainism is one of the three most ancient Indian religious traditions still in existence and an

Meghalaya: People: Khasi and Garo along with Jaintia and English are the state’s official languages; other languages spoken in the state include Pnar-Synteng, Nepali, and Haijong, as well as the plains languages of Bengali, Assamese, and Hindi.

Jaintia, in Indian history, a state in Assam, northeastern India, stretching from what is now the northern frontier between Bangladesh and India over the Jaintia Hills to the Kalong River in the Assam plain. The people were of Khasi origin. In 1824, when Myanmar (Burma) invaded Assam, the raja

Jaintia Hills, physiographic region, eastern Meghalaya state, northeastern India. The sparsely populated mountainous region—part of the Meghalaya plateau—has an average elevation of more than 3,000 feet (900 metres). It receives generally heavy rainfall and is densely forested. Fine timber woods

Jaintia Hills: …Jaintia Hills are primarily tribal Jaintias, who, like the Khasis to the west, are thought to be descendants of the first Mongolian migration to India. Until the 19th century these people had a three-tiered system of administration. Under British rule, however, this system was broken down, and after independence it…

Maḥmūd: Rise to power and expansion of his empire: …antagonist in northern India was Jaipal, the ruler of the Punjab. When, in 1001, Maḥmūd marched on India at the head of 15,000 horse troops, Jaipal met him with 12,000 horse troops, 30,000 foot soldiers, and 300 elephants. In a battle near Peshawar (now in Pakistan) the Indians, though superior…

George D. Widener: Among his best-known horses was Jaipur, who won the Travers Stakes and the Belmont Stakes in 1962. Other outstanding horses were Eight Thirty, Jamestown, What a Treat, and Bold Hour. Until his death at 82, Widener served as honorary chairman of the Jockey Club of New York City and of…

India: Rajasthan in the 18th century: …be placed the case of Jaipur (earlier Amber) in eastern Rajasthan, a Rajput principality controlled by the Kachwaha clan. From the 16th century the Kachwahas had been subordinate to the Mughals and had, as a consequence, gradually managed to consolidate their hold over the region around Amber in the course…

Jaipur, city, capital of Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated in the east-central part of the state, roughly equidistant from Alwar (northeast) and Ajmer (southwest). It is Rajasthan’s most-populous city. A walled town surrounded (except to the south) by hills, the city was founded

South Asian arts: Rajasthani style: Jaipur (Amber): The rulers of the state were closely allied to the Mughal dynasty, but paintings of the late 16th and early 17th centuries possessed all of the elements of the Rajasthani style. Little is known about the school until the opening years of the…

Rajasthan: Population composition: …are Marwari in western Rajasthan, Jaipuri or Dhundhari in the east and southeast, Malvi in the southeast, and in the northeast Mewati, which shades off into Braj Bhasa (a Hindi dialect) toward the border with Uttar Pradesh.

Jaisalmer, town, western Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on a level plain in the Thar (Great Indian) Desert, about 135 miles (215 km) northwest of Jodhpur. The town, noted for its buildings of yellowish brown stone, was founded in 1156 by Rawal Jaisal, a chief of the Rajputs

Jaisamand Lake, large reservoir lake in the southeastern Aravalli Range, south-central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The lake, about 20 square miles (50 square km) in area when full, was originally named Jai Samand and was formed by a marble dam built across the Gomati River in the late 17th

Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), Islamist militant group, founded in Pakistan in 2000 by Masood Azhar, primarily known for its armed insurgency against Indian troops in the Kashmir region. The group is designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations and several countries, including India, the

S. Jaishankar is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) who was appointed India’s external affairs minister in 2019. Prior to entering politics, Jaishankar had a distinguished diplomatic career, serving as India’s foreign secretary, the highest bureaucratic position in

S. Jaishankar is an Indian politician and member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) who was appointed India’s external affairs minister in 2019. Prior to entering politics, Jaishankar had a distinguished diplomatic career, serving as India’s foreign secretary, the highest bureaucratic position in

Korea: The international power struggle and Korea’s resistance: …leadership of such figures as Seo Jae-Pil (Philip Jaisohn). Returning from many years of exile, Seo organized in 1896 a political organization called the Independence Club (Dongnip Hyeophoe). He also published a daily newspaper named Tongnip sinmun (“The Independent”) as a medium for awakening the populace to the importance of…

Yashasvi Jaiswal is an Indian professional cricket player. He plays franchise cricket for the Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League (IPL) and represented Mumbai in Indian domestic cricket from 2018 to 2025. He transferred from Mumbai to Goa for the start of the 2025–26 season. Jaiswal is a

Yashasvi Jaiswal is an Indian professional cricket player. He plays franchise cricket for the Rajasthan Royals in the Indian Premier League (IPL) and represented Mumbai in Indian domestic cricket from 2018 to 2025. He transferred from Mumbai to Goa for the start of the 2025–26 season. Jaiswal is a

Arun Jaitley was an Indian lawyer, politician, and government official who served as leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in the Rajya Sabha (upper chamber of the Indian parliament) in 2009–14. In 2014 he joined the cabinet of the BJP-led government of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Jaitley

Ikot Abasi: In 1870 Jubo Jubogha, a former Igbo (Ibo) enslaved person and ruler of the Anna Pepple house of Bonny (28 miles [45 km] west-southwest), came to Ikot Abasi and founded the kingdom of Opobo, which he named for Opobo the Great, a Pepple king (reigned 1792–1830). Also…

Battle of Jajau, (June 12, 1707), decisive engagement over succession to the Mughal throne of India following the death of the emperor Aurangzeb. It was fought at Jajau, a short distance south of Agra on the Yamuna (Jumna) River. Following the battle, the crown passed to Aurangzeb’s eldest

Jajce, town in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 29 miles (47 km) south of Banja Luka, on the Vrbas River. The ancient capital of the Bosnian kings, it fell to the Turks in 1461, when the last king was executed. It was taken again, by Hungary, and was the centre of the banat of Jajce in 1463–1528. The Turks

jajmani system, reciprocal social and economic arrangements between families of different castes within a village community in India, by which one family exclusively performs certain services for the other, such as ministering to the ritual or providing agricultural labour, in return for pay,

Alborz Mountains: Settlement and economy: …the Karaj Dam and the Jajrud Dam, used mainly for supplying water to Tehran and partly for irrigation; and a series of dams on other rivers of the Mazandaran ostān (province) also used for irrigation.

Kertanagara: Life.: …a meditative Buddha, known as Jaka Dolog, discovered in Surabaja (eastern Java), was also erected by Kertanagara. According to its inscription, the statue was erected for the benefit of the king, the royal family, and the unity of the kingdom. Because the statue was erected on the hermitage of Bharada,…

Zsuzsanna Jakab is a Hungarian epidemiologist who served as director of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) from 2005 to 2010. In 2019 she became deputy director general of the World Health Organization (WHO). Jakab’s father was a surgeon, and her mother was an agronomist.

Zsuzsanna Jakab is a Hungarian epidemiologist who served as director of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) from 2005 to 2010. In 2019 she became deputy director general of the World Health Organization (WHO). Jakab’s father was a surgeon, and her mother was an agronomist.

Zsuzsanna Jakab is a Hungarian epidemiologist who served as director of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) from 2005 to 2010. In 2019 she became deputy director general of the World Health Organization (WHO). Jakab’s father was a surgeon, and her mother was an agronomist.

Jakarta, largest city and capital of Indonesia. Jakarta lies on the northwest coast of Java at the mouth of the Ciliwung (Liwung River), on Jakarta Bay (an embayment of the Java Sea). It is coextensive with the metropolitan district of Greater Jakarta (Jakarta Raya) and nearly coextensive with the

Indonesia: Cultural institutions: …(1821) theatre to become the Jakarta Arts Building (Gedung Kesenian Jakarta); this institution also hosts major musical and theatrical productions from across the globe. Both institutions sponsor an array of international festivals featuring music, dance, film, spoken word, and other arts.

Ragunan Zoological Gardens, zoo in Jakarta, Indonesia, that is one of the world’s notable collections of Southeast Asian flora and fauna. More than 3,500 specimens of approximately 450 animal species are exhibited on the 200-hectare (494-acre) park grounds. Among these are the orangutan, Sumatran

moonshine: The spread of moonshine and the Prohibition era: A drink called jake caused the “jake walk,” a paralytic illness that sometimes led to permanent leg impairment. Contaminants and microorganisms in moonshine caused health issues as well. In addition, organized crime thrived during this era as criminal syndicates sought to control the production and sale of all…

W.O. Mitchell: Mitchell’s Jake and the Kid (1961) was later developed into a popular, long-running radio and television series. His novel The Kite (1962) is about a newsman’s interview with “Daddy Sherry,” supposedly the oldest and wisest man in western Canada. Another novel, The Vanishing Point (1973), deals…

moonshine: The spread of moonshine and the Prohibition era: …called jake caused the “jake walk,” a paralytic illness that sometimes led to permanent leg impairment. Contaminants and microorganisms in moonshine caused health issues as well. In addition, organized crime thrived during this era as criminal syndicates sought to control the production and sale of all forms of alcohol.…

Kingsley Amis: …were The Green Man (1969), Jake’s Thing (1978), and The Old Devils (1986). As a poet, Amis was a representative member of a group sometimes called “The Movement,” whose poems began appearing in 1956 in the anthology New Lines. Poets belonging to this school wrote understated and disciplined verse that…

jackfruit, (Artocarpus heterophyllus), evergreen tree (family Moraceae) native to tropical Asia and widely grown throughout the wetland tropics for its large fruits and durable wood. The greenish unripe fruit is cooked as a vegetable, and the brown ripened fruit is eaten fresh for the sweetly acid

Philip James de Loutherbourg was an early Romantic painter, illustrator, printmaker, and scenographer, especially known for his paintings of landscapes and battles and for his innovative scenery designs and special effects for the theatre. First trained under his father, a miniature painter from

Robert Walser: Jakob von Gunten), a work that defined his vision of day-to-day life in Berlin, where he moved in 1905. He continued to write after returning to Biel in 1913, when his mental disorder began to show its first signs. In 1929 he was admitted to…

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: …neurologists Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt and Alfons Maria Jakob. CJD is similar to other neurodegenerative diseases such as kuru, a human disorder, and scrapie, which occurs in sheep and goats. All three diseases are types of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, so called because of the characteristic spongelike pattern of neuronal destruction that…

protozoan: Annotated classification: Jakobida Although not a unique characteristic, all jakobids possess tubular mitochondrial cristae and a multilayered structure associated with basal bodies. The jakobic mitochondrial genome is ancestral. Euglenozoa Paraxial rod associated with at least 1 flagellum and 2 functional basal bodies, each with a corresponding flagellum;…

Franz Werfel: …1940 (reflected in his play Jakobowsky und der Oberst, written in 1944 and successfully produced in New York City that year as Jakobowsky and the Colonel), he fled to the United States. In the course of his journey, he found solace in the pilgrimage town of Lourdes, France, where St.…

Franz Werfel: …1940 (reflected in his play Jakobowsky und der Oberst, written in 1944 and successfully produced in New York City that year as Jakobowsky and the Colonel), he fled to the United States. In the course of his journey, he found solace in the pilgrimage town of Lourdes, France, where St.…

Ilulissat, town on the west coast of Greenland, near the mouth of Jakobshavn Fjord on Qeqertarsuup (Disko) Bay. The Greenlandic name of the town means “icebergs.” The town’s first permanent houses were built by Danes in 1741 on the site of a Greenlandic (Eskimo) settlement. It was named in honour

Greenland: Land: …to the peripheral glaciers; the Jakobshavn Glacier, often moving 100 feet (30 metres) a day, is among the world’s fastest glaciers. The remaining ice-free land area occupies the country’s coastal areas and consists largely of highlands; mountain chains parallel the island’s east and west coasts, rising to 12,139 feet (3,700…

Roman Jakobson was a Russian born American linguist and Slavic-language scholar, a principal founder of the European movement in structural linguistics known as the Prague school. Jakobson extended the theoretical and practical concerns of the school into new areas of study. Jakobson left Moscow

Roman Jakobson was a Russian born American linguist and Slavic-language scholar, a principal founder of the European movement in structural linguistics known as the Prague school. Jakobson extended the theoretical and practical concerns of the school into new areas of study. Jakobson left Moscow

Pietarsaari, town, western Finland, northeast of the city of Vaasa. Pietarsaari, which was formerly mainly Swedish-speaking, was founded in 1652; it became an important commercial centre because of its location on the Gulf of Bothnia. The poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg (who wrote in Swedish but is

Hussite: The movement’s chief supporters were Jakoubek of Stříbro (died 1429), Hus’s successor as preacher at the Bethlehem chapel in Prague; Václav Koranda, leader of the Taborites (extreme Hussites named for Tábor, their stronghold, south of Prague); and Jan Želivský, who organized the extreme reform party in Prague.

Sumalia Ndewura Jakpa was an African king who founded a dynasty in Gonja, in what is now northern Ghana, in the early 17th century. Originally a Mande invader, Jakpa established a loosely knit federation of states that extended over the entire northern part of present-day Ghana and parts of Togo

Slovakia: Motion pictures: …recognized Slovak film directors is Juraj Jakubisko, who first gained acclaim during the late 1960s as part of the Czech New Wave. His strongly visual, metaphorical films include It’s Better to Be Healthy and Wealthy Than Poor and Ill (1993) and An Ambiguous Report About the End of the World…

Jakun, any member of an aboriginal people found in the interior eastern portions of the Malay Peninsula. The major Jakun subgroups include the Biduanda, Mantera, Orang Laut, Orang Kanak, and Orang Ulu. The combined population was about 20,000 in the late 20th century. Later invaders from the highly

Japan Airlines (JAL), Japanese airline that became one of the largest air carriers in the world. Founded in 1951, it was originally a private company. It was reorganized in 1953 as a semigovernmental public corporation and was privatized in 1987. It is headquartered in Tokyo. At first a domestic

Japan Airlines (JAL), Japanese airline that became one of the largest air carriers in the world. Founded in 1951, it was originally a private company. It was reorganized in 1953 as a semigovernmental public corporation and was privatized in 1987. It is headquartered in Tokyo. At first a domestic

Abū Kālījār al-Marzubān: …Iraqi lands of another uncle, Jalāl al-Dawlah, and had precipitated a civil war between the Iraqi and the Iranian branches of the Buyid family that lasted until 1037, when the two made peace. With the death of Jalāl al-Dawlah in March 1044, Abū Kālījār was recognized as the Buyid ruler…

al-Suyūṭī was an Egyptian writer and teacher whose works deal with a wide variety of subjects, the Islamic religious sciences predominating. The son of a judge, al-Suyūṭī was tutored by a Sufi (Muslim mystic) friend of his father. He was precocious and was already a teacher in 1462. A controversial

India: The Muslim states of southern India, c. 1350–1680: …by the erstwhile Tughluq general Jalāl al-Dīn Aḥsan Shah in 1335. Lasting only 43 years, with seven rulers in quick succession, Maʿbar covered the mainly Tamil region between Nellore and Quilon and contributed to the commercial importance of south India by encouraging Muslim traders from the Middle East and even…

Iran: The Mongol invasion: His son Jalāl al-Dīn survived until murdered in Kurdistan in 1231. He had eluded Genghis Khan on the Indus River, across which his horse swam, enabling him to escape to India. He returned to attempt restoring the Khwārezmian empire over Iran. However, he failed to unite the…

Moẓaffarid Dynasty: …Shāh Maḥmūd (reigned 1358–75) and Jalāl od-Dīn Shāh Shojāʿ (reigned 1358–84), who divided the Moẓaffarid territories between them.

Arabic literature: Literary drama: …such popular fare, the translator Muḥammad ʿUthmān Jalāl “Egyptianized” several plays by Molière, including, most famously, a version of Tartuffe, Al-Shaykh Matlūf. The Egyptian public thus found an evening’s entertainment might consist of a serious text-based drama based on the fabled Arabian past, a popular farce with strong political overtones,…

Jalal-Abad, city, western Kyrgyzstan. Though made a city in 1877, it remained essentially a large village. Given city status again in 1927, it now is a regional centre for food processing and other light industries and has a theatre and a museum. Pop. (2006 est.)

Jalālābād, town, eastern Afghanistan, on the Kabul River, at an elevation of 1,940 feet (590 meters). It lies on the route from Kabul, the Afghan capital (110 miles [177 km] north-northwest), via the Khyber Pass to Peshawar, Pakistan, and handles much of Afghanistan’s trade with Pakistan and India.

Jalālābād, town, eastern Afghanistan, on the Kabul River, at an elevation of 1,940 feet (590 meters). It lies on the route from Kabul, the Afghan capital (110 miles [177 km] north-northwest), via the Khyber Pass to Peshawar, Pakistan, and handles much of Afghanistan’s trade with Pakistan and India.

Jalandhar, city, north-central Punjab state, northwestern India. It lies on a level plain about 20 miles (32 km) east of the Beas River. Jalandhar is an ancient city. In the 7th century ce it was the capital of a Rajput kingdom. The third largest city in the state, it is an important rail and road

Ipomoea: Major species: Jalap (I. purga), native to tropical Mexico, is an upright herb with solitary reddish flowers. Its apple-sized turnip-shaped roots are the source of an ancient purgative, still in use.

Jalapa, city, southeastern Guatemala, located in a picturesque valley of the central highlands at an elevation of 4,469 feet (1,362 metres) above sea level. Jalapa functions as a commercial, manufacturing, and administrative centre for the fertile agricultural and pastoral hinterland. Because of

Xalapa, city, capital of Veracruz estado (state), east-central Mexico. About 55 miles (90 km) northwest of Veracruz city, Xalapa is located beneath towering volcanic peaks in the Sierra Madre Oriental, at an elevation of about 4,680 feet (1,425 metres). Known for its scenic backdrop and its lush

woodland vole: …closest living relative is the Jalapan pine vole (M. quasiater), which inhabits cool and wet forests of eastern Mexico in the states of San Luis Potosí and Oaxaca.

Jalaun, district, southwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is on the Indo-Gangetic Plain alluvial lowland and is bounded by the Yamuna River to the north and east and by the Betwa River to the south. The Betwa Canal system provides irrigation water for extensive agriculture. Crops

Sudan: Ethnic groups: …the two largest are the Jalayin and the Juhaynah. The Jalayin encompasses the sedentary agriculturalists along the middle Nile from Dongola south to Khartoum and includes such tribes as the Jalayin tribe proper, the Shāyqiyyah, and the Rubtab. The Juhaynah, by contrast, traditionally consisted of nomadic tribes, although some of…

Jalāyirid, Mongol tribe that supported the Il-Khan Hülegü’s rise to power and eventually provided the successors to the Il-Khan dynasty as rulers of Iraq and Azerbaijan. A Jalāyirid dynasty made its capital at Baghdad (1336–1432). Ḥasan Buzurg, founder of the dynasty, had served as governor of

Jalāyirid school, school of miniature painting that flourished in Baghdad, Iraq, under the Jalāyirids, a local dynasty of governors in power from 1336 to 1432. Along with their contemporaries, the Moẓaffarids of southern Iran, the Jalāyirid school developed a system of perspective, though in a

Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary, wildlife preserve in West Bengal state, northeastern India. The preserve was established in 1941 mainly for the protection of the great Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). It extends over an area of 84 square miles (217 square km) in the northern part of the

merengue: …three sections: paseo, merengue, and jaleo. There are several varieties, some with other names, e.g., jaleo and juangomero. The traditional accompaniment, which often combines duple and triple meters and sometimes produces 5 8 effects, is an ensemble consisting of guitar, metal scraper (charrasca), and two drums (one single-headed, the other…

Jalgaon, city, northern Maharashtra state, western India. It lies in an upland area just south of the Tapti River. Although Jalgaon was insignificant before the 19th century, it then began attracting merchants and weavers and could boast of more than 400 hand looms by 1860. From the late 1800s it

griot, West African troubadour-historian. The griot profession is hereditary and has long been a part of West African culture. The griots’ role has traditionally been to preserve the genealogies, historical narratives, and oral traditions of their people; praise songs are also part of the griot’s

Jalīlī Family, prominent Iraqi family that ruled the Ottoman pașalik (province) of Mosul (in modern Iraq) in the period 1726–1834. Although the founder of the Jalīlī line, ʿAbd al-Jalīl, was a Christian slave, his son Ismāʿīl distinguished himself as a Muslim public official and became wālī

Saeed Jalili is a fundamentalist Iranian political figure and academic who is best known for his role under Pres. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (2005–13) as the chief nuclear negotiator and the secretary of the Supreme National Security Council (2007–13). He has since run for president three times (in 2013,

Jalingo, town, capital of Taraba state, eastern Nigeria. It became a state capital in 1991 after Gongola state was divided into Adamawa and Taraba states. Jalingo lies in the savanna-covered foothills of the Shebshi Mountains about 25 miles (40 km) southeast of the Benue River. It is a market town,

Jalisco, estado (state), west-central Mexico. It is bounded by the states of Nayarit to the northwest, Zacatecas and Aguascalientes to the north, San Luis Potosí and Guanajuato to the east, and Michoacán and Colima to the south and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. Its capital and largest city is

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, incident on April 13, 1919, in which British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in a garden called the Jallianwala Bagh (bagh meaning “garden”) in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in Punjab state) of colonized India, killing several hundred people

Amritsar: …complex is a spacious park, Jallianwalla Bagh, where on April 13, 1919, British colonial government troops fired on a crowd of unarmed Indian protesters, killing 379 of them and wounding many more. The site of the Massacre of Amritsar—as that incident came to be called—is a national monument. Another violent…

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, incident on April 13, 1919, in which British troops opened fire on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in a garden called the Jallianwala Bagh (bagh meaning “garden”) in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in Punjab state) of colonized India, killing several hundred people

bullfighting: Origins and early forms: …“running of the bulls,” called jallikattu, occurs among the Tamil of southern India as part of the annual Hindu festival of Pongal.)

Mazo de la Roche: De la Roche’s first success, Jalna (1927), ended with the 100th birthday of Grandmother Adeline Whiteoak, a lusty character later celebrated in a long-run play, Whiteoaks (1936), and a film, Jalna (1935). Though not written in chronological order, the saga continues with 15 other books, covering 100 years of Whiteoak…

Jalore, town, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies just south of the Sukri River, which is a tributary of the Luni River. Jalore was a medieval stronghold that served as the 12th-century capital of the Chauhan Rajputs (the warrior rulers of the historic region of Rajputana). It

Jalore, town, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It lies just south of the Sukri River, which is a tributary of the Luni River. Jalore was a medieval stronghold that served as the 12th-century capital of the Chauhan Rajputs (the warrior rulers of the historic region of Rajputana). It

novel: Antinovel: …writers like Alain Robbe-Grillet in Jealousy (1957), Nathalie Sarraute in Tropisms (1939) and The Planetarium (1959), and Michel Butor in Passing Time (1957) and Degrees (1960) wish mainly to remove the pathetic fallacy from fiction, in which the universe, which is indifferent to man, is made

Murad II: …and were soundly defeated at Jalowaz (1444). After signing a peace treaty at Edirne (June 12, 1444), Murad abdicated in favour of his 12-year-old son, Mehmed II.

Jalpaiguri, city, northern West Bengal state, northeastern India, on the west bank of the Tista River, a major tributary of the Brahmaputra River. Jalpaiguri is the chief agricultural distribution centre of the state. It is connected by road and rail with Darjiling (Darjeeling), Siliguri, and

Yalta, city, Crimea, southern Ukraine. It faces the Black Sea on the southern shore of the Crimean Peninsula. Settlement on the site dates from prehistoric times, but modern Yalta developed only in the early 19th century, becoming a town in 1838. Its favourable climate, with mild winters, and its

percussion instrument: Idiophones: But the jaltarang, also South Asian, makes use of water for fine tuning and for the playing of gamakas (ornaments) by carefully bringing the sticks into contact with the surface of the water. Similar musical cups are played in Japan in Buddhist temples and in the music…

Jaluit Atoll, coral formation in the Ralik (western) chain of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, situated in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Jabor is the chief settlement. The atoll has a total land area of 4.4 square miles (11.4 square km) and a lagoon that is easily accessible and provides a

Iraq War: Occupation and continued warfare: …such Shiʿi militia group, the Mahdi Army, formed by cleric Muqtadā al-Ṣadr in the summer of 2003, was particularly deadly in its battle against Sunnis and U.S. and Iraqi forces and was considered a major destabilizing force in the country.

fruit processing: Fruit preserves, jams, and jellies: Jams are made from the entire fruit, including the pulp, while preserves are essentially jellies that contain whole or large pieces. Marmalade, usually made from citrus fruit, is a jellylike concentrate of prepared juice and sliced peel.

Islamic arts: Architecture in Iran: … (such as the one at Jām). Shorter and squatter towers were mausoleums. Those were particularly typical of northern Iran. The other characteristic architectural type exists only in Eṣfahān in a much-damaged state. It is the pīshṭāq, a formal gateway that served to emphasize a building’s presence and importance.