Jurong: Jurong estate, one of the largest industrial sites (9,600 acres [3,900 hectares]) in Southeast Asia, occupies drained swampland near the mouth of the Jurong River. It has heavy and light industries and is served by access roads, a spur railway, and its own harbor.

Jurong Bird Park: …site on the slopes of Jurong Hill, which is located about 24 km (15 miles) from downtown Singapore. The park’s most spectacular exhibit is a 2-hectare (5-acre) free-flight aviary, and there are numerous other aviaries in the park. The park houses some 3,000 birds of more than 300 species. It…

Clint Eastwood: 2000 and beyond: In 2024 Eastwood directed Juror #2. In the courtroom drama, a man recovering from alcoholism (Nicholas Hoult) is selected to serve on the jury for a murder case, and he begins to think that he might be the killer. The cast included J.K. Simmons as a former detective also…

Juruá River, river that rises in the highlands east of the Ucayali River in east-central Peru. It flows northward through Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, it meanders eastward and then east-northeastward, emptying into the stretch of the Amazon River known as the Solimões River,

Juruá River, river that rises in the highlands east of the Ucayali River in east-central Peru. It flows northward through Acre state, Brazil. Entering Amazonas state, Brazil, it meanders eastward and then east-northeastward, emptying into the stretch of the Amazon River known as the Solimões River,

Juruena River, river, west-central Brazil, rising in the Serra dos Parecis and descending northward from the Mato Grosso Plateau for 770 miles (1,240 km), receiving the Arinos River and joining the Teles Pires, or São Manuel, to form the Tapajós River, a major affluent of the Amazon. A

jury, historic legal institution in which a group of laypersons participate in deciding cases brought to trial. Its exact characteristics and powers depend on the laws and practices of the countries, provinces, or states in which it is found, and there is considerable variation. Basically, however,

voir dire, in law, process of questioning by which members of a jury are selected from a large panel, or venire, of prospective jurors. The veniremen are questioned by the judge or by the attorneys for the respective parties. The voir dire attempts to detect bias or preconceived notions of guilt or

jury: The controversy over the jury: …(which is sometimes known as jury nullification), and hence will administer justice unevenly. They also allege that juries produce a government by individuals and not by the rule of law, against which Anglo-American political tradition is so steadfastly set. Supporters of the jury system offer this very flexibility as its…

grand jury: Although the jury works closely with the prosecutor, it is not formally under his control.

personal-liberty laws: …which did not provide for trial by jury, Indiana (1824) and Connecticut (1828) enacted laws making jury trials for escaped slaves possible upon appeal. In 1840 Vermont and New York granted fugitives the right of jury trial and provided them with attorneys. After 1842, when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled…

just war: …resort to armed force (jus ad bellum) is justified under certain conditions; also, the notion that the use of such force (jus in bello) should be limited in certain ways. Just war is a Western concept and should be distinguished from the Islamic concept of jihad (Arabic: “striving”), or…

canon law, body of laws made within certain Christian churches (Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, independent churches of Eastern Christianity, and the Anglican Communion) by lawful ecclesiastical authority for the government both of the whole church and parts thereof and of the behavior and

Roman law: Development of the jus civile and jus gentium: …the republic (753–31 bce), the jus civile (civil law) developed. Based on custom or legislation, it applied exclusively to Roman citizens. By the middle of the 3rd century bce, however, another type of law, jus gentium (law of nations), was developed by the Romans to be applied both to themselves…

international law: Hierarchies of sources and norms: Jus cogens (Latin: “compelling law”) rules are peremptory norms that cannot be deviated from by states; they possess a higher status than jus dispositivum (Latin: “law subject to the dispensation of the parties”), or normal international rules, and can be altered only by subsequent norms…

civil law: The historical rise of civil law: …thus emerged was called the jus commune. In actual practice it varied from place to place, but it was nevertheless a unit that was held together by a common tradition and a common stock of learning. Although the law of the Corpus Juris Civilis (especially its main part, the Digest—the…

international law: Hierarchies of sources and norms: …possess a higher status than jus dispositivum (Latin: “law subject to the dispensation of the parties”), or normal international rules, and can be altered only by subsequent norms of the same status. Rules in the former category include the prohibitions against genocide, slavery, and piracy and the outlawing of aggression.…

pontifex: …with the administration of the jus divinum (i.e., that part of the civil law that regulated the relations of the community with the deities recognized by the state), together with a general superintendence of the worship of gens and family. Whether the literal meaning of the name indicates any special…

Samuel, baron von Pufendorf: Career in Sweden: A posthumous work, Jus Feciale Sive de Consensu et Dissensu Protestantium (“Law of Diplomacy, or Agreement and Disagreement of Protestants”), was published in 1695 and expounded more of his ideas on ecclesiastical law, arguing in favour of the formation of a united Protestant church from the Reformed and…

Gnaeus Flavius: …work later known as the Jus Flavianum. From this work the Roman people for the first time could learn the legis actiones, or verbal formulas required to maintain legal proceedings, and the dies fasti, or specified days on which proceedings could be instituted.

jus gentium, (Latin: “law of nations”), in legal theory, that law which natural reason establishes for all men, as distinguished from jus civile, or the civil law peculiar to one state or people. Roman lawyers and magistrates originally devised jus gentium as a system of equity applying to cases

Emmerich de Vattel: …he acknowledged, a popularization of Jus gentium (1749; “The Law of Nations”), by the German philosopher Christian Wolff. Vattel, however, rejected Wolff’s conception of a regulatory world state, substituting national rights and duties proceeding from his own view of the law of nature.

jus gentium: …there is a distinction between jus gentium privatum, which denotes private international law, otherwise known as conflict of laws, and jus gentium publicum, which denotes the system of rules governing the intercourse of nations.

jus gentium: …as conflict of laws, and jus gentium publicum, which denotes the system of rules governing the intercourse of nations.

just war: …debate often has centred on jus in bello issues—especially the question of whether the use of nuclear weapons is ever just. The Hague Convention (1899 and 1907) and the Geneva Conventions attempted to regulate conflict and the treatment of prisoners of war and civilians by imposing international standards. Three principles…

jus Latii, in the Roman Republic and the Empire, certain rights and privileges, amounting to qualified citizenship, of a person who was not a Roman citizen. The rights were originally held only by the Latins, or inhabitants of Latium (the region around Rome), but they were later granted to other

natural law, in philosophy, system of right or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society, or positive law. There have been several disagreements over the meaning of natural law and its relation to positive law. Aristotle (384–322 bce) held

Roman law: Written and unwritten law: …jus scriptum (written law) and jus non scriptum (unwritten law). By “unwritten law” they meant custom; by “written law” they meant not only the laws derived from legislation but, literally, laws based on any written source.

droit du seigneur, (French: “right of the lord”), a feudal right said to have existed in medieval Europe giving the lord to whom it belonged the right to sleep the first night with the bride of any one of his vassals. The custom is paralleled in various primitive societies, but the evidence of its

Sir George Mackenzie: In Jus Regium (1684) and other works, he advocated doctrines of royal prerogative and the support of hereditary monarchy; yet he criticized intolerance and inhumanity. Mackenzie’s Vindication of the Government of Scotland During the Reign of Charles II (1691) is a valuable primary source for that…

Golden Bull of 1222: …the right to resist ( jus resistendi) without being subject to punishment for treason. After 1222 all Hungarian kings had to swear to uphold the Golden Bull.

citizenship: …regardless of parental citizenship; and jus sanguinis, whereby a person, wherever born, is a citizen of the state if, at the time of his or her birth, his or her parent is one. The United States and the countries of the British Commonwealth adopt the jus soli as their basic…

Roman law: Written and unwritten law: …Romans divided their law into jus scriptum (written law) and jus non scriptum (unwritten law). By “unwritten law” they meant custom; by “written law” they meant not only the laws derived from legislation but, literally, laws based on any written source.

jus soli, in legal theory, the rule or law that provides that citizenship is acquired by birth within the territory of the state, regardless of parental citizenship. Originating in English common law, jus soli serves as the basis for citizenship in nearly every nation-state in the Western

jusimpo style, Korean adaptation of the Chinese architecture of the Tang period (618–907 ce). Tang architecture was first introduced into Korea in the middle of the Goryeo period (935–1392). In southern China, particularly in Fujian province, the Tang architectural style underwent certain changes

Jean- Jules Jusserand was a French scholar and diplomat who, as French ambassador to Washington, D.C. (1902–25), helped secure the entry of the United States into World War I. He was a noted Middle English literature scholar. En Amérique jadis et maintenant (1916; With Americans of Past and Present

Jean- Jules Jusserand was a French scholar and diplomat who, as French ambassador to Washington, D.C. (1902–25), helped secure the entry of the United States into World War I. He was a noted Middle English literature scholar. En Amérique jadis et maintenant (1916; With Americans of Past and Present

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu: His son, Adrien-Laurent-Henri de Jussieu (1797–1853), is best known for his Embryons Monocotylédones (1844), on which he worked for more than 13 years, and Cours élémentaire de botanique (1842–44), which was translated into many languages.

Antoine de Jussieu was a French physician and botanist who wrote many papers on human anatomy, zoology, and botany, including one on the flower and fruit of the coffee shrub. After studying medicine at the University of Montpellier, he travelled through Spain, Portugal, and southern France, making

Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu was a French botanist who developed the principles that served as the foundation of a natural system of plant classification. Antoine-Laurent was brought in 1770 by his uncle Bernard to the Jardin du Roi, where he became demonstrator in botany. In 1773 his paper,

Bernard de Jussieu was a French botanist who founded a method of plant classification based on the anatomical characters of the plant embryo. After studying medicine at Montpellier, he became in 1722 subdemonstrator of plants in the Jardin du Roi, Paris. In 1759 he was invited to develop a

Joseph de Jussieu was a French botanist who accompanied the French physicist Charles-Marie de la Condamine’s expedition to Peru to measure an arc of meridian. He remained in South America for 35 years, returning to Paris in 1771. He introduced the common garden heliotrope (Heliotropium peruvianum)

Parlement: …to order it in a letter or appear in person before the Parlement in a special session called the lit de justice (literally “bed of justice,” a term originally used to describe the seat occupied by the king in these proceedings), where his presence would suspend any delegation of authority…

Danny Glover: …his feature-film directorial debut with Just a Dream in 2002.

Marlene Dietrich: …she appeared in the film Just a Gigolo (1978). The documentary film Marlene, a review of her life and career, which included a voice-over interview of the star by Maximilian Schell, was released in 1986. Her autobiography, Ich bin, Gott sei Dank, Berlinerin (“I Am, Thank God, a Berliner”; Eng.…

James Baldwin: Debate with Buckley, later career, and honors: …Street Could Talk (1974), and Just Above My Head (1979) as well as a collection of autobiographical writings, The Price of the Ticket (1985).

Jimmy Webb: Later hits and works: …Twilight of the Renegades (2005), Just Across the River (2010), and Still Within the Sound of My Voice (2013).

Stephen King: Short fiction: …in Atlantis (1999; film 2001), Just After Sunset (2008), and The Bazaar of Bad Dreams (2015). His collection You Like It Darker was released in 2024. Among its stories is “The Answer Man,” which King began writing in the 1970s but did not finish because he did not think the…

Irving Cummings: …then made the Depression-era comedy Just Around the Corner (1938), which also starred Bill Robinson. It marked the last collaboration between Cummings and Temple, whose popularity subsequently waned.

Tarana Burke: …grew into the nonprofit organization Just Be, Inc. It provides workshops and training dedicated to the health and well-being of young women of colour. During this time Burke first used the phrase “me too” while talking with a survivor of sexual assault. To further the Me Too movement, she created…

just compensation, Compensation for property taken under eminent domain that places a property owner in the same position as before the property was taken. It is usually the fair market value of the property taken. Attorney’s fees or expenses are usually

Lady Gaga: Success: The Fame and The Fame Monster: Her first single, “Just Dance,” became popular in clubs throughout the United States and Europe and eventually landed at number one on the Billboard Pop Songs chart (also called the radio chart). Three other singles off The Fame—“Poker Face,” “LoveGame,” and “Paparazzi”—also reached number one on the radio…

Robert Nozick: The entitlement theory of justice of Robert Nozick: …justice: they wrongly define a just distribution in terms of the pattern it exhibits at a given time (e.g., an equal distribution or a distribution that is unequal to a certain extent) or in terms of the historical circumstances surrounding its development (e.g., those who worked the hardest have more)…

Morgan Freeman: …plan a bank heist, and Just Getting Started (2017), in which two rivals at a retirement community team up to save the woman of both their affections from her kidnappers.

Jennifer Aniston: Rom-coms: …Hunter (2010), The Switch (2010), Just Go with It (2011), and Wanderlust (2012).

Notwithstanding that Europa and Enceladus (moons of Jupiter and Saturn, respectively) are both covered in ice, Earth is the true water world of the solar system. Some 71 percent of Earth’s surface is covered by saltwater oceans, and the continents themselves possess lakes, rivers, and, in some

In scientific classification, human beings are tagged with the name Homo sapiens (Latin: “wise man”). In his 10th edition of Systema Naturae, Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus coined the term (describing himself as the type specimen). The genus name Homo refers to the group in which

David Butler: …Gaynor and Charles Farrell, and Just Imagine (1930), an ambitious futuristic comedy starring comedian El Brendel as a man who awakes after 50 years and finds himself in 1980s New York City. Butler also directed Will Rogers in several movies, including A Connecticut Yankee (1931), an adaptation of Mark Twain’s…

just intonation, in music, system of tuning in which the correct size of all the intervals of the scale is calculated by different additions and subtractions of pure natural thirds and fifths (the intervals that occur between the fourth and fifth, and second and third tones, respectively, of the

Patti Smith: …2010 Smith published the memoir Just Kids, which focused on her relationship with Mapplethorpe. The critically acclaimed work won the National Book Award for nonfiction. Her other memoirs are M Train (2015), about her travels and other experiences, and Year of the Monkey (2019), which includes some of her photographs.…

Roberta Flack: Career: …singer Buffy Sainte-Marie, and “Just Like a Woman” by singer-songwriter Bob Dylan. Chapter Two was produced by Dorn and R&B pioneer King Curtis and arranged by Hathaway. On her 1971 album Quiet Fire, Flack explores the slower, softer side of soul music with renditions of “Bridge over Troubled Water,”…

Bonnie Raitt: Her 18th studio album, Just Like That… (2022), featured several Grammy-winning tracks, most notably the eponymous single, which was named song of the year. Raitt was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2000.

Nick Hornby: Other novels: In Just Like You (2020), a white middle-aged woman in the midst of a divorce falls in love with a much younger Black man.

Ashton Kutcher: Stardom: …in the popular romantic comedy Just Married. Also in 2003 he cocreated and began hosting the MTV reality show Punk’d, in which he and his fellow cast members played practical jokes on celebrities. The program ran until 2007, though it was later revived several times with different hosts.

Horace: Life: …principles taken from Hellenistic philosophy: metriotes (the just mean) and autarkeia (the wise man’s self-sufficiency). The ideal of the just mean allows Horace, who is philosophically an Epicurean, to reconcile traditional morality with hedonism. Self-sufficiency is the basis for his aspiration for a quiet life, far from political passions and…

al-Ghazālī: …Spanish), al-Iqtiṣād fī al-iʿtiqād (The Just Mean in Belief ), was probably written before he became a mystic, but there is nothing in the authentic writings to show that he rejected these doctrines, even though he came to hold that theology—the rational, systematic presentation of religious truths—was inferior to…

Jamie Foxx: Later credits: …Jefferson, and the film drama Just Mercy. The following year he starred in the Netflix action movie Project Power, which centers on a drug that temporarily gives users special powers. Foxx then voiced a jazz musician in the Pixar animated film Soul (2020). In the TV sitcom Dad Stop Embarrassing…

Lindsay Lohan: Mean Girls and celebrity: …she starred in the rom-com Just My Luck and then joined the ensemble casts of A Prairie Home Companion and the Robert F. Kennedy biopic Bobby.

Elizabeth George: … (2005), Careless in Red (2008), Just One Evil Act (2013), The Punishment She Deserves (2018), and Something to Hide (2022). Between 2001 and 2008 the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and the public television station WGBH in Boston coproduced a television series based on the Lynley novels.

War on Drugs: …on Drugs with her “Just Say No” campaign, which was a privately funded effort to educate schoolchildren on the dangers of drug use. The expansion of the War on Drugs was in many ways driven by increased media coverage of—and resulting public nervousness over—the crack epidemic that arose in…

Just So Stories, collection of children’s animal fables linked by poems by Rudyard Kipling, published in 1902. Most of the stories include far-fetched descriptions of how certain animals developed their peculiar physical characteristics, as in “How the Leopard Got His Spots.” In the stories,

Bruno Mars: Doo-Wops & Hooligans, Unorthodox Jukebox, and Uptown Funk: …introduced the hit singles “Just the Way You Are,” “Grenade,” and “The Lazy Song.” The album made him a star and garnered him his first Grammy Award, for best male pop vocal performance (for “Just the Way You Are”). Unorthodox Jukebox appeared in December 2012, two months after he…

Billy Joel: Multimillion-selling albums and signature songs: …singles (one of which, “Just the Way You Are,” won Grammy Awards for song of the year and record of the year), it sold five million copies, surpassing Simon and Garfunkel’s Bridge over Troubled Water to become Columbia’s best-selling album at the time.

Claudia Rankine: …bias were also discussed in Just Us: An American Conversation (2020), a collection that included essays and poems.

just war, notion that the resort to armed force (jus ad bellum) is justified under certain conditions; also, the notion that the use of such force (jus in bello) should be limited in certain ways. Just war is a Western concept and should be distinguished from the Islamic concept of jihad (Arabic:

the Cars: Origins and early years: …sent a demo of “Just What I Needed” to the Boston radio stations WBCN and WCOZ in early 1977, and news of the song’s overwhelming listener response attracted the attention of Elektra Records, which signed them to a record contract.

Lily James: Early television and stage roles: …in 2010 in the series Just William, a comedy following the exploits of a young boy in 1950s England. The following year she had a recurring role in the saucy TV series Secret Diary of a Call Girl (2007–11). Meanwhile, James appeared in a series of stage productions, including an…

Queen Latifah: …romantic comedies Valentine’s Day (2010), Just Wright (2010), and The Dilemma (2011). In Joyful Noise (2012) Queen Latifah starred opposite Dolly Parton as the director of a competitive church gospel choir. She followed that performance with a role as a Southern matriarch in the TV movie Steel Magnolias (2012), which,…

Karl Marx: Brussels period of Karl Marx: …1847 a secret society, the League of the Just, composed mainly of emigrant German handicraftsmen, met in London and decided to formulate a political program. They sent a representative to Marx to ask him to join the league; Marx overcame his doubts and, with Engels, joined the organization, which thereupon…

human intelligence: Cognitive theories: The psychologists Marcel Just and Patricia Carpenter, for example, showed that complicated intelligence-test items, such as figural matrix problems involving reasoning with geometric shapes, could be solved by a sophisticated computer program at a level of accuracy comparable to that of human test takers. It is in…

just-in-time manufacturing (JIT), Production-control system, developed by Toyota Motor Corp. and imported to the West, that has revolutionized manufacturing methods in some industries. By relying on daily deliveries of most supplies, it eliminates waste due to overproduction and lowers warehousing

dress: Europe, 1500–1800: …a knee-length coat called a justaucorps, an idea deriving from the Persian caftan. It had no collar and was worn open in front. The short sleeves ended in cuffs. By 1680 the sleeves were longer, and under the coat was worn a slightly shorter waistcoat together with close-fitting knee-breeches. At…

Justus of Ghent was a Netherlandish painter who has been identified with Joos van Wassenhove, a master of the painters’ guild at Antwerp in 1460 and at Ghent in 1464. In Justus’s earliest known painting, the Crucifixion triptych (c. 1465), the attenuated, angular figures and the barren landscape

children’s literature: Contemporary times: …The Phantom Tollbooth (1961) by Norton Juster, a fantasy about a boy “who didn’t know what to do with himself.” Not entirely unjustly, it has been compared to Alice. The second received less attention but is more remarkable: The Mouse and His Child (1969), by Russell Hoban, who had been…

judge, public official vested with the authority to hear, determine, and preside over legal matters brought in a court of law. In jury cases, the judge presides over the selection of the panel and instructs it concerning pertinent law. The judge also may rule on motions made before or during a

English literature: The Edwardians: …capital and labor, and in Justice (1910) he lent his support to reform of the penal system, while Harley Granville-Barker, whose revolutionary approach to stage direction did much to change theatrical production in the period, dissected in The Voysey Inheritance (performed 1905, published 1909) and Waste (performed 1907, published 1909)…

justice, In philosophy, the concept of a proper proportion between a person’s deserts (what is merited) and the good and bad things that befall or are allotted to him or her. Aristotle’s discussion of the virtue of justice has been the starting point for almost all Western accounts. For him, the

Justin Bieber: Marriage to Hailey Baldwin, Changes, Justice, and SWAG: Bieber’s sixth studio album, Justice, was released in 2021 and garnered eight Grammy nominations, including song of the year and record of the year for the chart-topping single “Peaches.” Bieber had another global smash hit in 2021 with “Stay,” a collaboration with Australian rapper The Kid LAROI. He released…

Justice and Development Party (AKP), political party, led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2001–14; 2017– ), that came to power in Turkey (Türkiye) in the general elections of 2002. In spite of the party’s nonconfessional mandate, the AKP draws significant support from nonsecular Turks and has faced

Morocco: The reign of Muḥammad VI: The Justice and Development Party (Parti de la Justice et du Développement; PJD), a moderate Islamist party that had campaigned on economic reform and against corruption, won 107 out of 395 seats in parliamentary elections held in November 2011. In accordance with the new constitution, Muḥammad…

Pierre-Paul Prud’hon: …honour with an allegorical work, Justice and Divine Vengeance Pursuing Crime (1808). The elegance, fancy, and grace of his work, reminiscent of the pre-Revolutionary era, prompted David to compare him unfavourably with the Rococo master François Boucher. Because of his imperfect understanding of the aging of pigment, Prud’hon’s paintings have…

Janjaweed: Campaign in Darfur: …most prominent rebel groups, the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) and the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA), mounted a joint raid on the Sudanese air base at Al-Fāshir in April 2003, destroying aircraft and capturing dozens of prisoners. The Al-Fāshir raid was a psychological blow to the government in Khartoum, and…

Italy: Anti-Fascist movements: Apart from the Communists, only Justice and Liberty, an alliance of republicans, democrats, and reformist Socialists founded by Carlo Rosselli and others in 1929, managed to build up a clandestine organization in Italy and a strong organization abroad, above all in France and Switzerland. Most prominent anti-Fascists were in prison,…

Morocco: The reign of Muḥammad VI: The Justice and Development Party (Parti de la Justice et du Développement; PJD), a moderate Islamist party that had campaigned on economic reform and against corruption, won 107 out of 395 seats in parliamentary elections held in November 2011. In accordance with the new constitution, Muḥammad…

Old Bailey, byname of the Central Criminal Court in London. It is perhaps the best known of several buildings housing the Crown Court, which handles the most serious criminal offenses in England and Wales. The present building (opened in 1907) is a familiar part of London’s skyline, with its copper

Amy Adams: Stage debut and later career: …Dawn of Justice (2016) and Justice League (2017); a different cut of the latter was released in 2021 as Zack Snyder’s Justice League. Her other roles from 2013 include a con artist in director David O. Russell’s American Hustle and the neighbor of a man who falls in love with…

Zatara and Zatanna: …various guest appearances with the Justice League, Zatanna finally joined the team in 1978. Zatanna wore costumes that more closely fit the superhero mold before resuming her iconic top hat and tails. Zatara sacrificed his life to save Zatanna in Swamp Thing no. 50 (July 1986), although his ghost made…

Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), political party of Pakistan founded in 1996 by Imran Khan, a popular cricketer and philanthropist, with the goals of fighting corruption and promoting social welfare. After becoming the second largest party in the 2013 legislative elections, Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf

justice of the peace, in Anglo-American legal systems, a local magistrate empowered chiefly to administer criminal or civil justice in minor cases. A justice of the peace may, in some jurisdictions, also administer oaths and perform marriages. In England and Wales a magistrate is appointed on

Bülent Ecevit: …to Süleyman Demirel of the Justice Party. After further crises in 1977, during which Ecevit briefly formed a government (June 21–July 3), he was again prime minister in January 1978. Acute economic and social difficulties, however, led to the fall of his government in October 1979.