Julian period, chronological system now used chiefly by astronomers and based on the consecutive numbering of days from Jan. 1, 4713 bc. Not to be confused with the Julian calendar, the Julian period was proposed by the scholar Joseph Justus Scaliger in 1583 and named by him for his father, Julius

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Henri Matisse: Formative years: …enrolled in the privately run Académie Julian, where the master was the strictly academic William-Adolphe Bouguereau. That Matisse should have begun his studies in such a conservative school may seem surprising, and he once explained the fact by saying that he was acting on the recommendation of a Saint-Quentin painter,…

George W. Julian was an American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, and later championed woman suffrage and other liberal measures. After a public school education and a brief stint as a

George W. Julian was an American reform politician who began as an abolitionist, served in Congress as a Radical Republican during the American Civil War and Reconstruction eras, and later championed woman suffrage and other liberal measures. After a public school education and a brief stint as a

Percy Julian was an American chemist, known for his synthesis of cortisone, hormones, and other products from soybeans. Percy Julian attended De Pauw University (A.B., 1920) and Harvard University (M.A., 1923) and studied under Ernst Späth, who synthesized nicotine and ephedrine, at the University

Percy Julian was an American chemist, known for his synthesis of cortisone, hormones, and other products from soybeans. Percy Julian attended De Pauw University (A.B., 1920) and Harvard University (M.A., 1923) and studied under Ernst Späth, who synthesized nicotine and ephedrine, at the University

Juliana was the queen of The Netherlands from 1948 to 1980. Juliana, the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, studied law at the University of Leiden (1927–30) and in 1931 helped form the Nationaal Crisis Comité to foster measures by private enterprise to

Julian of Norwich was a celebrated mystic whose Revelations of Divine Love (or Showings) is generally considered one of the most remarkable documents of medieval religious experience. She spent the latter part of her life as a recluse at St. Julian’s Church, Norwich. On May 13, 1373, Julian was

Cynewulf: …also called Christ II) and Juliana are in the Exeter Book. An epilogue to each poem, asking for prayers for the author, contains runic characters representing the letters c, y, n, (e), w, u, l, f, which are thought to spell his name. A rhymed passage in the Elene shows…

canals and inland waterways: Major inland waterways of Europe: …between Roermond and Maastricht, the Juliana Canal was built in 1935 and improved after World War II. The Twente Canal, opened in 1936, improved communication with the industrial east. Most important of the postwar projects was the building of the Amsterdam-Rhine Canal to enhance the capital’s value as a transshipment…

Juliana was the queen of The Netherlands from 1948 to 1980. Juliana, the only child of Queen Wilhelmina and Prince Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, studied law at the University of Leiden (1927–30) and in 1931 helped form the Nationaal Crisis Comité to foster measures by private enterprise to

Suriname: Relief: …4,035 feet (1,230 metres), is Juliana Top, in the Wilhelmina Mountains. In the southwest near the Brazilian border is the Sipaliwini Plain, another savanna area.

Cynewulf: Juliana, a poem of 731 lines, is a retelling of a Latin prose life of St. Juliana, a maiden who rejected the suit of a Roman prefect, Eleusius, because of her faith and consequently was made to suffer numerous torments.

Feast of Corpus Christi: …to initiate the feast by St. Juliana, prioress of Mont Cornillon near Liège (1222–58), who had experienced a vision. It did not spread until 1261, when Jacques Pantaléon, formerly archdeacon of Liège, became pope as Urban IV. In 1264 he ordered the whole church to observe the feast. Urban’s order…

Qaqortoq, principal town in southwestern Greenland, on Julianehåb Bugt, an inlet in the Davis Strait. Founded in 1755 by Anders Olsen, a Norwegian merchant, and named for Queen Juliana Maria of Denmark, it is a seaport and trading station supported by an airport. Fish and shrimp processing,

John XXI was the pope from 1276 to 1277, and he was one of the most scholarly pontiffs in papal history. Educated at the University of Paris (c.. 1228–35), where he received his master’s degree c. 1240, John taught medicine at the new University of Siena, Italy. In 1272 Pope Gregory X, who made

Anacardiaceae, the sumac family of flowering plants (order Sapindales), with about 80 genera and about 870 species of evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and woody vines. Most members of Anacardiaceae are native to tropical and subtropical areas of the world. A few species occur in temperate

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

mystery religion: Literature: …verse that was composed by Julianus the Theurgist and his son late in the 2nd century ad and had great influence on the Neoplatonists. The work combined Platonic elements with Persian or Babylonian creeds and was regarded by the later Neoplatonists as their basic religious book, something of a heathen…

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Julian was a Roman emperor from ad 361 to 363, nephew of Constantine the Great, and a noted scholar and military leader who was proclaimed emperor by his troops. A persistent enemy of Christianity, he publicly announced his conversion to paganism in 361, thus acquiring the epithet “the Apostate.”

Marcus Didius Severus Julianus was a wealthy Roman senator who became emperor (March 28–June 1, 193) by being the highest bidder in an auction for the support of the Praetorian Guard. A member of one of the most prominent families of Mediolanum (now Milan), Didius Severus Julianus had a long and

John XXI was the pope from 1276 to 1277, and he was one of the most scholarly pontiffs in papal history. Educated at the University of Paris (c.. 1228–35), where he received his master’s degree c. 1240, John taught medicine at the new University of Siena, Italy. In 1272 Pope Gregory X, who made

Jülich, former duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the town of Jülich, located now in the Aachen district of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The counts of Jülich inherited or were enfeoffed with most of the lands of the Rhenish Palatinate north of the Eifel Mountains,

Germany: Religion and politics, 1555–1618: …out in 1609–10 over the Jülich-Cleves succession crisis. When the Roman Catholic ruler of these counties, which formed the strategically most important block of territories on the lower Rhine, died without an heir, two Protestant claimants occupied his lands, aided not only by the German Protestant Union but also by…

Amy Adams: Breakthrough and stardom: …Smithsonian (2009), Adams starred in Julie & Julia (2009), portraying a frustrated secretary who turns to Julia Child (played by Meryl Streep) for inspiration. She then starred in the romantic comedy Leap Year (2010) and in The Fighter (2010), a drama in which she played against type as the street-smart…

Julie Andrews: …won a Grammy Award for Julie Andrews’ Collection of Poems, Songs, and Lullabies, a spoken-word album for children, and she was honoured with a special Grammy for lifetime achievement.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: …ou, la nouvelle Héloïse (1761; Julie; or, The New Eloise) came out within 12 months, all three works of seminal importance. The New Eloise, being a novel, escaped the censorship to which the other two works were subject; indeed, of all his books it proved to be the most widely…

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Years of seclusion and exile of Jean-Jacques Rousseau: …ou, la nouvelle Héloïse (1761; Julie; or, The New Eloise) came out within 12 months, all three works of seminal importance. The New Eloise, being a novel, escaped the censorship to which the other two works were subject; indeed, of all his books it proved to be the most widely…

Werner Herzog: …father in the experimental drama Julien Donkey-Boy (1999) and a criminal mastermind in the big-budget action movie Jack Reacher (2012). He also lent his voice to various movies, notably the animated comedy Penguins of Madagascar (2014).

Julien Levy: …in 1924, Levy opened the Julien Levy Gallery in late 1931 at 602 Madison Avenue, the first of the gallery’s three locations over the course of its 18-year existence. He intended to use his gallery as a forum for promoting photography as a fine art—a hotly debated topic in those…

History of film: Great Britain: …the black British Sankofa workshop, Isaac Julien made documentary and fiction films including Looking for Langston (1989), Young Soul Rebels (1991), Frantz Fanon: Black Skin, White Mask (1996), and BaadAsssss Cinema (2002), the latter a documentary on 1970s American blaxploitation films. Bullet Boy (2004), directed by Saul Dibb, John Akomfrah’s…

Neoclassical art: France: Augustin Pajou; and Pierre Julien. Pigalle’s pupil Jean-Antoine Houdon was the most famous 18th-century French sculptor, producing many Classical figures and contemporary portraits in the manner of antique busts. Other contemporary sculptors included Louis-Simon Boizot and Étienne-Maurice Falconet, who was director of sculpture at the Sèvres

salad: The julienne salad popular in the United States is a green salad garnished with narrow strips of cheese, chicken, ham, beef, and vegetables. The salade niçoise of France combines lettuce with potatoes, green beans, olives, tuna, tomatoes, and anchovies, all dressed with olive oil and vinegar.…

Jülich, former duchy of the Holy Roman Empire, centred on the town of Jülich, located now in the Aachen district of the Land (state) of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The counts of Jülich inherited or were enfeoffed with most of the lands of the Rhenish Palatinate north of the Eifel Mountains,

Juliet, daughter of the Capulets who is one of the two “star-crossed” lovers in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Juliet’s musing on the balcony— —is overheard by Romeo and sets in motion one of the most famous love stories in Western

Joliet, city, seat (1845) of Will county, northeastern Illinois, U.S. It lies on the Des Plaines River, about 40 miles (65 km) southwest of downtown Chicago. Settled in 1833, it was initially named Juliet by James B. Campbell, a settler from Ottawa and an official with the Board of Canal

Federico Fellini: Major works: …in Giulietta degli spiriti (1965: Juliet of the Spirits), with Masina as a simple bourgeois haunted by the supernatural.

Henry Peach Robinson: He created photographs such as Juliet with the Poison Bottle (1857), his earliest-known work, by combining separate negatives into a composite picture, utilizing a process known as combination printing. Although he sometimes used natural settings, he more often imitated the out-of-doors inside his studio. Costumed actors or society ladies modeled…

Nick Hornby: Other novels: …Slam (2007; film 2016), and Juliet, Naked (2009; film 2018). The latter revisits extreme fandom in the Internet age, centering on an insular online community of music fans and the reclusive rock musician whom they idolize. Funny Girl (2014) focuses on the star of a 1960s TV sitcom that becomes…

Ethan Hawke: …star in the romantic comedy Juliet, Naked, based on a novel by Nick Hornby, and played an eccentric bank robber in Stockholm, a farce about the 1973 hostage situation that gave rise to the term Stockholm syndrome. That year he also cowrote and directed Blaze, a biopic about a little-known…

History of film: European cinema: …The Skin I Live In), Julieta (2016), and Dolor y gloria (2019; Pain and Glory). Other Spanish filmmakers included Fernando León de Aranoa, director of Los lunes al sol (2002; Mondays in the Sun) and A Perfect Day (2015).

Western sculpture: The last century of the Republic: …republic is exemplified in a monument of the Julii, at Saint-Rémy (Glanum), France. The base of this structure carries four great reliefs with battle and hunt scenes that allude not only to the mundane prowess of the family but also to the otherworldly victory of the souls of the departed…

Julian Alps, range of the Eastern Alps, extending southeastward from the Carnic Alps and the town of Tarvisio in northeastern Italy to near the city of Ljubljana in Slovenia. Composed mainly of limestone, the mountains are bounded by the Fella River and Sella di (Pass of) Camporosso (northwest) and

Julio-Claudian dynasty, (ad 14–68), the four successors of Augustus, the first Roman emperor: Tiberius (reigned 14–37), Caligula (37–41), Claudius I (41–54), and Nero (54–68). It was not a direct bloodline. Augustus had been the great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar (of the Julia gens),

Lillebonne, town, Seine-Maritime département, Normandy région, northwestern France, lying north of the Seine River and east of Le Havre. The Romans called it Juliobona. Under Roman rule in the 2nd century it had baths and a great theatre; materials from the theatre were used to build fortifications

Bragança, city and concelho (municipality), northeastern Portugal. It lies on a branch of the Sabor River in the Culebra Mountains, 105 miles (170 km) northeast of Porto on the border with Spain. Originally, Bragança was a Celtic city known as Brigantia; it later became the Juliobriga of the

Angers, city, capital of Maine-et-Loire département, Pays de la Loire région, western France. Angers is the former capital of Anjou and lies along the Maine River 5 miles (8 km) above the latter’s junction with the Loire River, northeast of Nantes. The old city is on the river’s left bank, with

ancient Rome: The succession: …hatreds; the prefect of Egypt, Julius Alexander, prevented involvement of the Jews of the Diaspora. An army was sent to Judaea under Titus Flavius Vespasianus to restore order; but it had not completed its task when two provincial governors in the west rebelled against Nero—Julius Vindex in Gallia Lugdunensis and…

Joseph L. Mankiewicz: Films of the 1950s: For MGM he made Julius Caesar (1953), a stellar adaptation of Shakespeare’s play. In addition to deft direction, the drama featured fine performances from an all-star cast that included Marlon Brando (Oscar-nominated for his Mark Antony), John Gielgud, Mason, Deborah Kerr, Louis Calhern, and Greer

Marc-Antoine de Muret: During the 1540s his play Julius Caesar, written in Latin, was performed; it is the first tragedy on a secular theme known to have been written in France. In the early 1550s he lectured on philosophy and civil law in Paris. He became intimate with the poets of La Pléiade,…

Julius Caesar, tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, produced in 1599–1600 and published in the First Folio of 1623 from a transcript of a promptbook. Based on Sir Thomas North’s 1579 translation (via a French version) of Plutarch’s Bioi parallēloi (Parallel Lives), the drama takes place in

Charlton Heston: …twice played Mark Antony, in Julius Caesar (1970) and in Antony and Cleopatra (1973), which he also directed.

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: …Erasmus’s anonymously published satiric dialogue, Julius exclusus e coelis (written 1513–14). In Venice Erasmus was welcomed at the celebrated printing house of Aldus Manutius, where Byzantine émigrés enriched the intellectual life of a numerous scholarly company. For the Aldine press Erasmus expanded his Adagia, or annotated collection of Greek and…

Saint Julius I ; feast day April 12) was the pope from 337 to 352. The papacy had been vacant four months when he was elected as St. Mark’s successor on Feb. 6, 337. Julius then became the chief support of orthodoxy and the Nicene Creed against Arianism, a heresy that held Christ to have been

Julius II was the pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, from 1503 to 1513. The greatest art patron of the papal line, he was one of the most powerful rulers of his age. Although he led military efforts to prevent French domination of Italy, Julius is most important for his close friendship

Julius III was the pope from 1550 to 1555. As a cardinal, he served as co-president of the Council of Trent in 1545, with cardinals Cervini (later Pope Marcellus II) and Pole. Elected pope on Feb. 7, 1550, he realized that a reform of the church was urgent, and he appointed a commission that

Julius Rosenwald: In 1917 he established the Julius Rosenwald Fund (to be expended within 25 years after his death and liquidated in 1948), the chief purpose of which was the improvement of education for African American students. Augmented by local taxes and private gifts and working in partnership with Washington, the fund…

Johann Anton Leisewitz: …dramatist whose most important work, Julius von Tarent (1776), was the forerunner of Friedrich Schiller’s famous Sturm und Drang masterpiece Die Räuber (1781; The Robbers).

David Julius is an American physiologist known for his discovery of heat- and cold-sensing receptors in the nerve endings of the skin. His elucidation of a receptor known as TRPV1, along with his subsequent contributions to the discovery of additional temperature-sensitive receptor molecules, gave

David Julius is an American physiologist known for his discovery of heat- and cold-sensing receptors in the nerve endings of the skin. His elucidation of a receptor known as TRPV1, along with his subsequent contributions to the discovery of additional temperature-sensitive receptor molecules, gave

Italy: The Italian republics of 1796–99: …well as to the commissioner Marc-Antoine Jullien. Previously a follower of Babeuf, Jullien defied the wishes of the Directory in Paris for a moderate government. The Parthenopean Republic had the enthusiastic support of a number of southern intellectuals and notables (members of the social or economic elite).

Jalandhar, city, north-central Punjab state, northwestern India. It lies on a level plain about 20 miles (32 km) east of the Beas River. Jalandhar is an ancient city. In the 7th century ce it was the capital of a Rajput kingdom. The third largest city in the state, it is an important rail and road

Johnny Clegg: …they assembled a band called Juluka (Zulu: “Sweat”). In 1979 Juluka released Universal Men, an album that spoke to the divided lives of the migrant workers who reside and work in the city, separated from their families and homes. Stylistically, the album was a fusion of Zulu music and various…

millipede: …to many gardens, such as Julus (sometimes spelled Iulus) terrestris, a 25-mm (1-inch) species native to Europe and introduced into North America, and smooth-bodied forms often called wireworms. Some millipedes lack eyes and are brightly coloured; an example is the 25-mm greenhouse millipede (Oxidus gracilis). One of the most common…

July, seventh month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Julius Caesar in 44 bce. Its original name was Quintilis, Latin for the “fifth month,” indicating its position in the early Roman

Colombia: Cultural institutions: The July 20 Museum contains documents from the period of independence.

Oslo and Utøya attacks of 2011, terrorist attacks on Oslo and mass shooting on the island of Utøya in Norway on July 22, 2011, in which 77 people were killed—the deadliest incident on Norwegian soil since World War II. At 3:26 pm an explosion rocked downtown Oslo, shattering windows and damaging

Independence Day, in the United States, the annual celebration of nationhood held on July 4. It commemorates the passage of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This document announced the separation of the 13 North American colonies from Great Britain. In

July Revolution, (1830), insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. The revolution was precipitated by Charles X’s publication (July 26) of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814. Protests and demonstrations were followed by three days of

July Days, (July 16–20 [July 3–7, old style], 1917), a period in the Russian Revolution during which workers and soldiers of Petrograd staged armed demonstrations against the Provisional Government that resulted in a temporary decline of Bolshevik influence and in the formation of a new Provisional

Lubelskie: History: …of National Liberation issued the July Manifesto, which established a communist system, with the government seated in Lublin. Soon after the war ended, much of the population left the region’s ruined cities and towns and moved to land to the west that had been gained from defeated Germany.

July monarchy, In French history, the reign of Louis-Philippe (1830–48), brought about by the July Revolution. Also known as the “bourgeois monarchy,” the new regime rested on a broad social base centred on the wealthy bourgeoisie. Two factions emerged in the Chamber of Deputies: the centre-right

June Offensive, (June [July, New Style], 1917), unsuccessful military operation of World War I, planned by the Russian minister of war Aleksandr Kerensky. The operation not only demonstrated the degree to which the Russian army had disintegrated but also the extent of the Provisional Government’s

France: Charles X, 1824–30: These July Ordinances, made public on the 26th, completed the polarization process and ensured that the confrontation would be violent.

July Plot, abortive attempt on July 20, 1944, by German military leaders to assassinate Adolf Hitler, seize control of the government, and seek more favourable peace terms from the Allies. During 1943 and early 1944, opposition to Hitler in high army circles increased as Germany’s military

July Revolution, (1830), insurrection that brought Louis-Philippe to the throne of France. The revolution was precipitated by Charles X’s publication (July 26) of restrictive ordinances contrary to the spirit of the Charter of 1814. Protests and demonstrations were followed by three days of

July’s People, alternate history novel written by South African author Nadine Gordimer and published in 1981. Set in an imaginary near future in which the apartheid system (still a decade from being abolished when the book was written) has come to a sudden and violent end, July’s People explores

Independence Day, in the United States, the annual celebration of nationhood held on July 4. It commemorates the passage of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. This document announced the separation of the 13 North American colonies from Great Britain. In

Tim O’Brien: Other works: …the search for love, and July, July (2002), whose disillusioned characters gather for a college class reunion. In the nonfiction Dad’s Maybe Book (2019), O’Brien combines memoir with a discussion of parenting, including advice to his sons. In 2023 he published America Fantastica, his first novel in more than 20…

Lydia Davis: Franzen, Dave Eggers, Miranda July, and David Foster Wallace.

Kazakhstan: Cultural life: …Bukeikhanov), Mırjaqyb Dülatūly, and, later, Mağjan Jumabayev (Magzhan Zhumabayev), represented the cream of Kazakh modernism in literature, publishing, and cultural politics in the reformist decades before Sovietization set in after 1920. All these figures disappeared into Soviet prisons and never returned, as a result of Joseph Stalin’s purges, which destroyed…

Arabic literature: Beginnings: …to al-Aṣmaʿī and his student Ibn Sallām al-Jumaḥī; the latter’s Ṭabaqāt fuḥūl al-shuʿarāʾ (“Classes of Champion Poets”) categorizes poets by both period and theme without providing any principles for his judgments. It fell to their successors to provide such criteria and the theoretical justification for them. Ibn Qutaybah, for example,…

Ukko, in Finnish folk religion, the god of thunder, one of the most important deities. The name Ukko is derived from ukkonen, “thunder,” but it also means “old man” and is used as a term of respect. Ukko had his abode at the centre of the heavenly vault, the navel of the sky; hence he was often

Chris Van Allsburg: …Medal for his second work, Jumanji (1981), a story about two children whose boring afternoon ends when their jungle board game comes to life in their house. The idea grew out of an assignment he had given his class while teaching at the Rhode Island School of Design: to draw…

Danny Glover: Pig (2016), and Jumanji: The Next Level (2019). Glover made his feature-film directorial debut with Just a Dream in 2002.

Jack Black: Superstardom: …in the fantasy adventure film Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle.

Xinkan languages: Jumaytepeque Xinka, and Yupiltepeque Xinka. Extinct and poorly attested Jutiapa Xinka may have been a dialect of Yupiltepeque Xinka or possibly an additional distinct language. Chiquimulilla Xinka and Yupiltepeque Xinka are extinct. The last speaker of Chiquimulilla Xinka died in the late 1970s. There are…

Tanzania: Tanzania under Nyerere: His successor, Aboud Jumbe, had been a leading member of Karume’s government, and, while his policies did not differ markedly from those of Karume, they appeared to be moving gradually closer into line with mainland practices. The amalgamation of TANU and the ASP under the title of…

Camille Chamoun: …had made an alliance with Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Progressive Socialist Party, and had won extensive support throughout the country. That September a general strike forced Khuri’s resignation, and Chamoun was elected president. Although Jumblatt had helped secure his election, Chamoun ignored him when it came to formulating government…

Druze: The Druze in Lebanon: …assassination in 1977, his son Walid took over the political leadership of the Druze community in Lebanon. Like his father, he was often placed in the position of kingmaker in the country. His opposition to Syrian interference in Lebanon tended to give him a markedly pro-Western orientation. In 2011, however,…

circus: History: …Bailey circus was the legendary Jumbo, the largest elephant in the world, which Barnum acquired in 1882.

Jim Parker was an American professional gridiron football player who, during his 11-year career with the Baltimore Colts, established himself as one of the finest offensive linemen in National Football League (NFL) history. Parker played collegiate football at the Ohio State University under

If you’re in the market for a home—and a mortgage—you may soon find yourself inundated with unfamiliar terms. The jargon doesn’t stop with the mechanics of a mortgage (interest, principal, escrow, and more). There’s also the question of whether you’re looking for a conventional mortgage or a jumbo

Charleroi: Jumet, a northern suburb of Charleroi, was world famous for its glassmakers in the 19th century and sent some to the United States, where a similar and later competing industry was founded. Charleroi also became known as a centre for coal mining and the iron,…

Tajikistan, landlocked country lying in the heart of Central Asia. It is bordered by Kyrgyzstan on the north, China on the east, Afghanistan on the south, and Uzbekistan on the west and northwest. Tajikistan includes the Gorno-Badakhshan (“Mountain Badakhshan”) autonomous region, with its capital

United Arab Republic (U.A.R.), political union of Egypt and Syria proclaimed on February 1, 1958, and ratified in nationwide plebiscites later that month. It ended on September 28, 1961, when Syria, following a military coup, declared itself independent of Egypt. Years of political turmoil in

Yemen: Two Yemeni states: …the Yemen Arab Republic (North Yemen). The young imam escaped from his battered palace, fled into the northern highlands, and began the traditional process of rallying the tribes to his cause. The new republic called upon Egypt for assistance, and Egyptian troops and equipment arrived almost immediately to defend…

Comoros, an independent state comprising three of the main Comoro Islands in the Indian Ocean, off the coast of East Africa. The fourth main island of the Comorian archipelago, Mayotte, is claimed by the country of Comoros but administered by France. The volcanic islands of the Comorian archipelago