Saints Anne and Joachim: Traditional account and legends: She married Joachim, and, although they shared a wealthy and devout life at Nazareth, they eventually lamented their childlessness. Joachim, reproached at the Temple for his sterility, retreated into the countryside to pray, while Anne, grieved by his disappearance and by her barrenness, solemnly promised God that,…

Jáchymov, spa town, western Czech Republic. It lies at the foot of Mount Klínovec, the highest summit in the Ore Mountains (Krušné hory), just north of Karlovy Vary and near the border with Germany. A silver-mining centre for the Holy Roman Empire, the town reached its peak in the 16th century,

Jáchymov: …German monetary unit taler, or thaler, from which the English word dollar is derived, refers to the Joachimsthaler, a coin first minted in Jáchymov in 1517.

Jehoiachin, in the Old Testament (II Kings 24), son of King Jehoiakim and king of Judah. He came to the throne at the age of 18 in the midst of the Chaldean invasion of Judah and reigned three months. He was forced to surrender to Nebuchadrezzar II and was taken to Babylon (597 bc), along with

Joad family, fictional family of dispossessed tenant farmers, the main characters in The Grapes of Wrath (1939), John Steinbeck’s novel of the Great

C.E.M. Joad was a British philosopher, author, teacher, and radio personality. He was one of Britain’s most colourful and controversial intellectual figures of the 1940s. He was a pacifist and an agnostic until the last years of his life, a champion of unpopular causes, and a writer of popular

C.E.M. Joad was a British philosopher, author, teacher, and radio personality. He was one of Britain’s most colourful and controversial intellectual figures of the 1940s. He was a pacifist and an agnostic until the last years of his life, a champion of unpopular causes, and a writer of popular

Jehoiakim, in the Old Testament (II Kings 23:34–24:17; Jeremiah 22:13–19; II Chronicles 36:4–8), was son of King Josiah and king of Judah (c. 609–598 bce). When Josiah died at Megiddo, his younger son, Jehoahaz (or Shallum), was chosen king by the Judahites, but the Egyptian conqueror Necho II took

Joan was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain). Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and

Philip V: …1316, leaving an infant daughter Joan by his adulterous first wife, and a pregnant widow, Philip won recognition as regent for the unborn child and then, upon its death in November 1316, five days after birth, declared himself king. Anointed at Reims in January 1317, Philip quickly moved to consolidate…

Spain: Castile and León, 1252–1479: …the legitimacy of the infanta Joan, who they declared was the child of the queen and of the king’s most recent favourite, Beltrán de la Cueva. Because of that account, the young girl was derided as “La Beltraneja.” Henry IV repudiated her and recognized his sister Isabella as heir to…

novel: Apprenticeship: …The Dream (1924) and, in Joan and Peter (1918), concentrates on the search for the right modes of apprenticeship to the complexities of modern life.

Joan Armatrading: …solo, winning critical acclaim with Joan Armatrading (1976), which cracked the British top 20 and featured the top 10 single “Love and Affection.” Armatrading’s romantic, bittersweet lyrics conveyed in her rounded, expressive voice dominated a series of best-selling albums, namely Show Some Emotion (1977), To the Limit (1978), Me Myself…

Joan Baez: …subject of an acclaimed documentary, Joan Baez: I Am a Noise; among the film’s executive producers was the singer and musician Patti Smith.

Joan Didion: Slouching Towards Bethlehem and family life: …moment in an interview for Joan Didion: The Center Will Not Hold, a documentary directed by her nephew, actor Griffin Dunne. “Let me tell you, it was gold,” she said. “You live for moments like that, if you’re doing a piece. Good or bad.”

Joan I was the countess of Provence and queen of Naples (1343–82) who defended her claim as well as that of the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, only to lose it to Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples). Beautiful and intelligent, she was also a patron of the poets and scholars of her

Joan I was the queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285), and mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Joan was the sole daughter and heir of Henry I, king of Navarre, her brother Theobald (Thibaut) having died at an

Joan II was the queen of Naples whose long reign (1414–35) was marked by a succession of love affairs, by continual intrigues, and by power struggles over her domain between the French house of Anjou and that of Aragon, in Spain. After her first husband, William of Austria, died in 1406, Joan is

Joan Jett is an American singer and musician whose raucous, three-chord guitar-playing and rebellious image made her a trailblazer in the male-dominated genre of rock music. She was a member of the all-female, teenage punk-rock band the Runaways in the 1970s before becoming a successful solo artist

Joan Jett: Solo career: The first album by Joan Jett and the Blackhearts, I Love Rock ‘N’ Roll (1981), spawned a number-one hit in the title song, which was originally recorded by the British rock group the Arrows in 1975. Jett was one of only a few female rockers at the time to…

Kate Grenville: Joan Makes History (1988) considers the subject of Australian history and identity through the story of Joan, born in 1901, the year of Australia’s federation. As Joan moves through her life, she imagines a multiplicity of other Joans present at different moments in Australia’s history,…

Victor Fleming: The 1940s: His next—and final—movie was Joan of Arc (1948), a rather plodding adaptation of Maxwell Anderson’s stage epic, though Bergman and costar José Ferrer both received Oscar nominations.

St. Joan of Arc ; canonized May 16, 1920; feast day May 30; French national holiday, second Sunday in May) is a national heroine of France, a peasant girl who, believing that she was acting under divine guidance, led the French army in a momentous victory at Orléans that repulsed an English attempt

Fiona Apple: Fetch the Bolt Cutters and soundtrack work: …in such TV series as Joan of Arcadia, Girls, The Handmaid’s Tale, Euphoria, and Ted Lasso.

Richard I: Sicily: …imprisoned the late king’s wife, Joan of England (Richard’s sister), and denied her possession of her dower. By the Treaty of Messina Richard obtained for Joan her release and her dower, acknowledged Tancred as king of Sicily, declared Arthur of Brittany (Richard’s nephew) to be his own heir, and provided…

Joan I was the queen of Navarre (as Joan I, from 1274), queen consort of Philip IV (the Fair) of France (from 1285), and mother of three French kings—Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV. Joan was the sole daughter and heir of Henry I, king of Navarre, her brother Theobald (Thibaut) having died at an

Joan of Navarre was the wife of Henry IV of England and the daughter of Charles the Bad, king of Navarre. In 1386 Joan was married to John IV (or V), duke of Brittany; they had eight children. John died in 1399, and Joan was regent for her son John V (or VI) until 1401. During his banishment

Robert Stevenson: Early films: Joan of Paris (1942) was one of the best early World War II action movies and starred Michèle Morgan, Paul Henreid, and Laird Cregar. Stevenson then contributed a segment to the episodic drama Forever and a Day (1943). The intergenerational family saga featured an all-star…

Joan was the queen of Castile (from 1504) and of Aragon (from 1516), though power was exercised for her by her husband, Philip I, her father, Ferdinand II, and her son, the emperor Charles V (Charles I of Spain). Joan was the third child of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile and

Pope Joan, legendary female pontiff who supposedly reigned, under the title of John VIII, for slightly more than 25 months, from 855 to 858, between the pontificates of St. Leo IV (847–855) and Benedict III (855–858). It has subsequently been proved that a gap of only a few weeks fell between Leo

Happy Days: …Out of the Blue (1979), Joanie Loves Chachi (1982–83), Laverne and Shirley (1976–83), and Mork and Mindy (1978–82), the last two of which, like Happy Days, were produced by Garry Marshall, who went on to direct motion pictures such as Pretty Woman (1990). Howard, who had received his start in…

Sheila Kaye-Smith: Tamarisk Town (1919) and Joanna Godden (1921) similarly deal with struggle and survival in rural Sussex.

Joan I was the countess of Provence and queen of Naples (1343–82) who defended her claim as well as that of the house of Anjou to the throne of Naples, only to lose it to Charles of Durazzo (Charles III of Naples). Beautiful and intelligent, she was also a patron of the poets and scholars of her

Joan II was the queen of Naples whose long reign (1414–35) was marked by a succession of love affairs, by continual intrigues, and by power struggles over her domain between the French house of Anjou and that of Aragon, in Spain. After her first husband, William of Austria, died in 1406, Joan is

Lady Gaga: Later albums: The relatively understated Joanne (2016) performed poorly until Lady Gaga’s halftime Super Bowl performance in February 2017 brought it favorable attention. For her sixth studio album, Chromatica (2020), Lady Gaga returned to her earlier music, mixing disco and electronic pop. In 2025 she dropped Mayhem, which featured

decretal: …IX at Gregory’s direction; and Joannes Andreae (d. 1348), a married lay professor of the decretals at the University of Bologna, who is regarded as the father of the history of canon law.

Anthimus VI was an Eastern Orthodox patriarch of Constantinople who attempted to maintain his ecclesiastical authority over the rebellious Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and, with others, wrote an Orthodox encyclical letter repudiating Roman Catholic overtures toward reunion. In about 1840 Anthimus, a

Xai-Xai, port town, southern Mozambique. Located on the eastern bank of the Limpopo River near its mouth, the town is a market centre for cashew nuts, rice, corn (maize), cassava, and sorghum raised in the surrounding area, which is irrigated by the lower Limpopo irrigation project; dairy cattle

John I was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was

Saint John of God ; canonized 1690; feast day March 8) was the founder of the Hospitaller Order of St. John of God (Brothers Hospitallers), a Roman Catholic religious order of nursing brothers. In 1886 Pope Leo XIII declared him patron of hospitals and the sick. Formerly a shepherd and soldier, he

Kongo: …baptized and assumed Christian names—João I Nzinga a Nkuwu and Afonso I Mvemba a Nzinga, respectively. Afonso, who became manikongo c.1509, extended Kongo’s borders, centralized administration, and forged strong ties between Kongo and Portugal. He eventually faced problems with the Portuguese community that settled in Kongo regarding their handling…

João Lourenço is an Angolan politician and, since 2017, the president of Angola. He has been a longtime member of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola; MPLA), the former liberation movement that is now Angola’s ruling party, and in September

Rachel de Queiroz: …plot of her second novel, João Miguel (1932), ended her short-lived association with the Communist Party. Her third novel, Caminho de pedras (1937; “Rocky Road”), is the story of a woman rejecting her traditional role and embracing a new sense of independence. As três Marias (1939; The Three Marias), her…

John IV was the king of Portugal from 1640 as a result of the national revolution, or restoration, which ended 60 years of Spanish rule. He founded the dynasty of Bragança (Braganza), beat off Spanish attacks, and established a system of alliances. John, duke of Bragança, the wealthiest nobleman in

John I was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was

John I was the king of Portugal from 1385 to 1433, who preserved his country’s independence from Castile and initiated Portugal’s overseas expansion. He was the founder of the Aviz, or Joanina (Johannine), dynasty. John was the illegitimate son of King Pedro I and Teresa Lourenço. At age six he was

John III was the king of Portugal from 1521 to 1557. His long reign saw the development of Portuguese seapower in the Indian Ocean, the occupation of the Brazilian coast, and the establishment of the Portuguese Inquisition and of the Society of Jesus. Shortly after succeeding his father, Manuel I,

João Pessoa, port city, capital of Paraíba estado (state), northeastern Brazil. It is situated at an elevation of 148 feet (45 metres) above sea level on the right bank of the Paraíba do Norte River, 11 miles (18 km) above its mouth, 75 miles (121 km) north of Recife, and about 100 miles [160 km]

John VI was the prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816 and king from 1816 to 1826. His reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and

John VI was the prince regent of Portugal from 1799 to 1816 and king from 1816 to 1826. His reign saw the revolutionary struggle in France, the Napoleonic invasion of Portugal (during which he established his court in Brazil), and the implantation of representative government in both Portugal and

Recife: The independent Joaquim Nabuco Institute of social researches, which is distinguished for its anthropological studies, is also located there. Besides the State Museum, there are museums of sugarcane and of popular art. There are many historic churches and public buildings, including the Governor’s Palace and the Santa…

Costa Rica: Independence of Costa Rica: José Joaquín Rodríguez in what is considered the first entirely free and honest election in all of Central America.

Nick Joaquin was a Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino people. Joaquin was awarded a scholarship to the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong after publication of his essay “La Naval de Manila” (1943), a description of

Nick Joaquin was a Filipino novelist, poet, playwright, essayist, and biographer whose works present the diverse heritage of the Filipino people. Joaquin was awarded a scholarship to the Dominican monastery in Hong Kong after publication of his essay “La Naval de Manila” (1943), a description of

Christianity: The Reformation: …1559, when Melanchthon and Patriarch Joasaph II of Constantinople corresponded, with the intention of using the Augsburg Confession as the basis of dialogue between Lutheran and Eastern Orthodox Christians. On the eve of the French wars of religions (1561), Roman Catholics and Protestants conferred without success in the Colloquy of…

Abundance and Unemployment: Our Future: …significant and rapid loss of jobs, from truck driver to anesthesiologist. Don’t get me wrong: it is not the magnitude of this change that worries me. I believe that people are continually losing their jobs to increasing technology and ultimately “upskilling” themselves (in partnership with technology) to become even better…

Job, is a biblical figure who appears most prominently as the titular character of the Book of Job in the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament). In that biblical text, Job is described as a righteous, god-fearing, and prosperous man. In a heavenly meeting God extols Job’s virtues, but Satan insists that Job

Eben Fardd: …at the Welshpool eisteddfod (1824); Job, which won at Liverpool (1840); and Maes Bosworth (“Bosworth Field”), which won at Llangollen (1858). In addition to his eisteddfodic compositions, he wrote many hymns, a collection of which was published in 1862. His complete works appeared under the title Gweithiau Barddonol Eben Fardd…

Job Corps, U.S. government residential education and job-training program for low-income at-risk young people. Funded by Congress and administered by the U.S. Department of Labor, Job Corps seeks to teach young people the academic and vocational skills they need to secure meaningful and lasting

labour economics: Job evaluation: This term covers a range of procedures used to develop and maintain a consistent internal pay structure that is acceptable to the work force. Ranking methods use surveys of the work force’s preconceptions of fairness to arrive at a comprehensive pay structure. Analytic…

an overview of the most common blunders job seekers make when interviewing for a

an overview of commonly asked questions, and appropriate answers to such questions, during job

A. Michael Spence: …his 1973 seminal paper “Job Market Signaling,” Spence demonstrated how a college degree signals a job seeker’s intelligence and ability to a prospective employer. Other examples of signaling included corporations giving large dividends to demonstrate profitability and manufacturers issuing guarantees to convey the high quality of a product.

accounting: Cost finding: A second method, job-order costing, is used when individual production centres or departments work on a variety of products rather than just one during a typical time period. Two categories of factory cost are recognized under this method: prime costs and factory overhead costs. Prime costs are those…

9to5, National Association of Working Women: …educational efforts, 9to5 established the Job Retention Project in 1987 to assist office workers in developing time-management, goal-setting, and problem-solving skills. In addition, the organization publishes fact sheets, newsletters, and books, such as The Job/Family Challenge: A 9to5 Guide (1995), by Ellen Bravo, that keep workers abreast of current issues.…

computer science: Operating systems: , handling sequences of jobs that are compiled and executed one at a time without intervention by the user. Accompanying each job in a batch were instructions to the operating system (OS) detailing the resources needed by the job, such as the amount of CPU time required, the files…

tool and die making: …machine shop was called a job shop, which meant that it had no product of its own but served large industrial facilities by fabricating tooling, machines, and machinepart replacements. Eventually, some machine shops began to specialize in tooling to the exclusion of other work.

employee training, vocational instruction for employed persons. During and after World War II, in-service training by employers became a common practice. The rapid changeover in industry from peace to war led to training schemes for semiskilled workers, for workers transferred to new jobs, and for

Job’s tears, (Coix lacryma-jobi), cereal grass of the family Poaceae, native to tropical Asia. Job’s tears receives its name from the hard shiny tear-shaped structures that enclose the seed kernels; those beadlike pseudocarps are sometimes used for jewelry and rosaries. Forms of the plant are

Saint Job ; canonized Oct. 9, 1989) was the first Russian Orthodox patriarch of Moscow (1589–1605). Until Job’s election, the head of the Russian church had held the title metropolitan of Moscow and was, at least nominally, subordinate to the patriarch of Constantinople. Moscow, however, was eager

The Book of Job, book of Hebrew scripture that is often counted among the masterpieces of world literature. It is found in the third section of the biblical canon known as the Ketuvim (“Writings”). The book’s theme is the eternal problem of unmerited suffering, and it is named after its central

When you leave a job—whether by choice or not—rolling over your old 401(k) may be the last thing on your mind. Still, it’s an important step you shouldn’t overlook. The decisions you make about your 401(k) today could have a significant impact on your future and your ability to retire comfortably.

security: Brokers and jobbers: Trading on the London Stock Exchange is carried on through a unique system of brokers and jobbers. A broker acts as an agent for his customers; a jobber, or dealer, transacts business on the floor of the exchange but does not deal with the…

marketing: Wholesalers: …into one of three groups: merchant wholesalers, brokers and agents, and manufacturers’ and retailers’ branches and offices.

Viktor Orbán: Fourth term as prime minister and the EU backlash: The right-wing Jobbik party, which had tacked to the centre for the election, finished second with 26 seats. The Socialist-led leftist coalition took 20 seats. Voters cast one ballot for a list of national candidates to fill 93 seats and another to elect 106 local representatives. There…

Tommy John surgery: Origins: …September 1974, by orthopedic surgeon Frank Jobe on pitcher Tommy John, who was playing for the Los Angeles Dodgers. At that time, elbow soreness and subsequent surgery often meant the end of a baseball pitcher’s career. When Jobe examined John’s throwing arm, he noticed that the UCL was simply absent.…

Antônio Carlos Jobim was a Brazilian songwriter, composer, and arranger who transformed the extroverted rhythms of the Brazilian samba into an intimate music, the bossa nova (“new trend”), which became internationally popular in the 1960s. “Tom” Jobim—as he was popularly known—first began playing

Antônio Carlos Jobim was a Brazilian songwriter, composer, and arranger who transformed the extroverted rhythms of the Brazilian samba into an intimate music, the bossa nova (“new trend”), which became internationally popular in the 1960s. “Tom” Jobim—as he was popularly known—first began playing

Labor fuels the engines of economic production, and that’s precisely why the monthly Employment Situation Summary (aka the monthly jobs report) commands so much attention from investors and economists alike. In addition to serving as a barometer for the economy, it’s also one of the first major

Ashton Kutcher: Stardom: …several films, including the biopic Jobs (2013), in which he played Apple cofounder Steve Jobs. From 2016 to 2020, Kutcher portrayed a former Canadian professional football player in the Netflix sitcom The Ranch. Kutcher later starred opposite Reese Witherspoon in Your Place or Mine (2023), a rom-com about two best

Steve Jobs was the cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. Jobs was raised by adoptive parents in Cupertino, California, located in what is now known as Silicon Valley. Though he was interested in engineering, his passions of youth

Steve Jobs was the cofounder of Apple Computer, Inc. (now Apple Inc.), and a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer era. Jobs was raised by adoptive parents in Cupertino, California, located in what is now known as Silicon Valley. Though he was interested in engineering, his passions of youth

Roxy Music: …1951, Jarrow, Northumberland), and keyboardist Eddie Jobson (b. April 28, 1955, Billingham, Durham).

Jobst was a margrave of Moravia and Brandenburg and for 15 weeks the German king (1410–11), who, by his political and military machinations in east-central Europe, played a powerful role in the political life of Germany. A member of the Luxembourg dynasty, Jobst was a nephew of the Holy Roman

Martha Graham: Maturity of Martha Graham: …about the Greek legendary figure Jocasta, the whole dance-drama takes place in the instant when Jocasta learns that she has mated with Oedipus, her own son, and has borne him children. The work treats Jocasta rather than Oedipus as the tragic victim, and shows her reliving the events of her…

George Gascoigne: Gascoigne’s Jocasta (performed in 1566) constituted the first Greek tragedy to be presented on the English stage. Translated into blank verse, with the collaboration of Francis Kinwelmersh, from Lodovico Dolce’s Giocasta, the work derives ultimately from Euripides’ Phoenissae. In comedy, Gascoigne’s Supposes (1566?), a prose translation…

Manta, port city, western Ecuador, on Manta Bay. Originally known as Jocay (“Golden Doors”), it was inhabited by 3000 bce and was a Manta Indian capital by 1200 ce. Under Spanish rule it was renamed Manta and was reorganized by the conquistador Francisco Pancheco in 1535. In 1565 families from

Alphonse de Lamartine: Political career: …it appeared in 1836 as Jocelyn. It is the story of a young man who intended to take up the religious life but instead, when cast out of the seminary by the Revolution, falls in love with a young girl; recalled to the order by his dying bishop, he renounces…

Vladimir Ilich Jochelson was a Russian ethnographer and linguist noted for his studies of Siberian peoples. Jochelson began his research while in exile in the Kamchatka region of eastern Siberia because of his activities with the revolutionary Narodnaya Volya (“People’s Will”) organization. He took

encyclopaedia: Biography: …Scholarly Lexicon”) was compiled by Christian Gottlieb Jöcher, a German biographer, and issued by Gleditsch, the publisher of both Hübner and Marperger’s work and the opponent of Zedler’s encyclopaedia. Jöcher’s work was continued by the German philologist Johann Cristoph Adelung and others and is still of value today. The field…

Jöchi was a Mongol prince, the eldest of Genghis Khan’s four sons and, until the final years of his life, a participant in his father’s military campaigns. Jöchi, like his brothers, received his own ulus (vassal kingdom to command), a yurt (a domain for his ulus), and an inju (personal domains to

Jōchō was a great Japanese Buddhist sculptor who developed and perfected so-called kiyosehō, or joined-wood techniques. The son (or pupil) of a famous sculptor, Kōshō, Jōchō chiefly worked for Fujiwara Michinaga, de facto ruler of Japan at that time, and his clan. In 1022 he was awarded the

Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra: …Bavarian state radio station, conductor Eugen Jochum organized the performing group in 1949, trained it to become a major orchestra, and took it to perform at the prestigious Edinburgh International Festival in 1957. Jochum continued to conduct the orchestra until 1960. In 1961 Raphael Kubelik became the orchestra’s second chief…

Matthías Jochumsson was an Icelandic poet, translator, journalist, dramatist, and editor whose versatility, intellectual integrity, and rich humanity established him as a national figure. The son of a poor farmer, Jochumsson at age 30 was ordained by the Lutheran theological college in Reykjavík

Young Christian Workers, Roman Catholic movement begun in Belgium in 1912 by Father (later Cardinal) Joseph Cardijn; it attempts to train workers to evangelize and to help them adjust to the work atmosphere in offices and factories. Organized on a national basis in 1925, Cardijn’s groups were

horse racing: Open field racing: …identified riders (in England called jockeys—if professional—from the second half of the 17th century and later in French racing), but their names were not at first officially recorded. Only the names of winning trainers and riders were at first recorded in the Racing Calendar, but by the late 1850s all…

jockey club, organization involved with or regulating horse-racing activities, often on a national level. The Jockey Club of Britain is the oldest such club. It reigned as the supreme authority in control of horse racing and breeding in Britain from 1750 until 2006, when regulatory power shifted to

horse racing: Jockey clubs and racing authorities: The (North American) Jockey Club, founded in 1894 in New York, at one time exercised wide but not complete control of American racing. It maintains The American Stud Book.

jockey club: …conference is hosted by the Jockey-Club de Paris. Founded in 1834, the club became famous as the meeting place of France’s cultural elite. It also hosts Europe’s premier race for three-year-old Thoroughbreds, the Prix du Jockey Club. Inaugurated in 1836 and held annually in June, the race is often called…

jockey club: The Jockey Club of Britain is the oldest such club. It reigned as the supreme authority in control of horse racing and breeding in Britain from 1750 until 2006, when regulatory power shifted to the Horseracing Regulatory Authority; it transferred to the British Horseracing Association in…