Parasite: Premise and plot: …(Song Kang-Ho), mother Chung-Sook (Jang Hye-Jin), son Ki-Woo (Choi Woo-Shik), and daughter Ki-Jung (Park So-Dam). The family members live in a bug-infested semi-basement apartment in Seoul, where they struggle to pay their bills doing menial work such as folding pizza boxes for a delivery company. An opportunity arises when…

Chang Sŭng-ŏp was an outstanding painter of the late Chosŏn dynasty (1392–1910) in Korea. An orphan, Chang worked as a servant to a wealthy family, learning his art by watching the master’s son study painting. Although he later worked with Chinese painting manuals, he had no formal teachers, and

Kim Jong-Un: Leader of North Korea: …2013 Kim executed his uncle Jang Song-Thaek, saying that he had “removed the scum” from the KWP. Jang was a member of Kim Jong Il’s inner circle and had served as a virtual regent for the younger Kim after his father’s death. Jang’s execution also marked a break with Beijing,…

janggu, hourglass-shaped (waisted) drum used in much of Korea’s traditional music. It is about 66 cm (26 inches) long and has two heads stretched over hoops; one of them is struck with a hand and the other with a stick. An early Japanese variant of the janggu is the san no tsuzumi, used in

Indonesia: Government and politics: …other over the northern part, Janggala. Erlangga’s sons refused to honour their father’s intentions. Fighting broke out, and the Kadiri rulers were unable to establish their uneasy domination over the kingdom until the early 12th century. The consequences of Erlangga’s decision to split the kingdom are mourned in the Nagarakertagama,…

janggu, hourglass-shaped (waisted) drum used in much of Korea’s traditional music. It is about 66 cm (26 inches) long and has two heads stretched over hoops; one of them is struck with a hand and the other with a stick. An early Japanese variant of the janggu is the san no tsuzumi, used in

MacCarthy Island, island, in the Gambia River, 176 miles (283 km) upstream from Banjul, central Gambia. It was ceded in 1823 to Captain Alexander Grant of the African Corps, who was acting for the British crown. Designated as a site for freed slaves, the island was renamed for Sir Charles

João Goulart was a reformist president of Brazil (1961–64) until he was deposed. The son of a wealthy rancher, Goulart graduated from the law school of Porto Alegre University in 1939. As a protégé of Getúlio Vargas, the populist president of Brazil (1930–45, 1951–54), Goulart was elected to the

Russia: Tatar rule: …death of Öz Beg’s son Jani Beg in 1357, however, the empire began to reveal serious internal strains. The tribes of the west paid little heed to the khans who appeared in dizzying succession in Sarai; the northern Russian princes fell to quarreling and to maneuvering for their own advantage…

Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan to c. 1700 ce: …the leadership of Karay and Jani Beg, some 200,000 dissatisfied subjects of the Uzbek khan Abū’l-Khayr (Abū al-Khayr) moved into Mughulistān, whose khan, Esen Bogha (Buga), settled them between the Chu and Talas rivers. These separatist Uzbeks became known as Kazakh (“Independent” or “Vagabond”) Uzbeks, and over time a significant…

Russia: Tatar rule: …death of Öz Beg’s son Jani Beg in 1357, however, the empire began to reveal serious internal strains. The tribes of the west paid little heed to the khans who appeared in dizzying succession in Sarai; the northern Russian princes fell to quarreling and to maneuvering for their own advantage…

Polish literature: The Renaissance period: …verse, and religious poems; and Klemens Janicki (Janicius), a peasant who studied in Italy and won there the title of poet laureate. Janicki was the most original Polish poet of the age.

Polish literature: The Renaissance period: …verse, and religious poems; and Klemens Janicki (Janicius), a peasant who studied in Italy and won there the title of poet laureate. Janicki was the most original Polish poet of the age.

Rome: Other hills: …Trastevere, is the Gianicolo (Janiculum Hill). The Janiculum crest was made into a park in 1870 to honour Giuseppe Garibaldi for his heroic but unsuccessful defense of the short-lived Roman Republic of 1849.

history of Central Asia: The Uzbeks: …and even more under the Ashtarkhanids (also known as Astrakhanids, Tuquy-Timurids, or Janids) who succeeded them during the 1600s, Central Asia experienced a decline in prosperity compared with the preceding Timurid period, in part because of a marked reduction in the transcontinental caravan trade following the opening of new oceanic…

Janie Porter Barrett: …the school was renamed the Janie Porter Barrett School for Girls.

Aerosmith: …featured the Grammy Award-winning “Janie’s Got a Gun,” and it marked a return to the hard rock success of Toys in the Attic. The band followed with Get a Grip (1993), an album that generated a pair of Grammys for the singles “Livin’ on the Edge” and “Crazy.” During…

Jenin, town in the West Bank. Originally administered as part of the British mandate of Palestine (1920–48), Jenin was in the area annexed by Jordan in 1950 following the first of the Arab-Israeli wars (1948–49). After the Six-Day War of 1967, it was part of the West Bank territory under Israeli

Ioánnina, city and dímos (municipality), periféreia (region) of Epirus (Modern Greek: Ípeiros), northwestern Greece. It is located on a plateau on the western side of Lake Ioánnina (ancient Pambotis), facing the gray limestone mass of Mount Mitsikéli. Ioánnina was first mentioned in ecclesiastical

groupthink: …developed by the social psychologist Irving Janis in his classic 1972 study, Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Foreign-Policy Decisions and Fiascoes, which focused on the psychological mechanism behind foreign policy decisions such as the Pearl Harbor bombing, the Vietnam War, and the Bay of Pigs invasion.

Janis Joplin: Legacy and honors: …correspondence in the documentary film Janis: Little Girl Blue (2015). She was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1995 and received a Grammy Award for lifetime achievement in 2005. In 2012 the U.S. Library of Congress added the album Cheap Thrills to the National Recording Registry,…

Janissary, member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826. Highly respected for their military prowess in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Janissaries became a powerful political force within the Ottoman state. During peacetime they were used

Janissary music, in a narrow sense, the music of the Turkish military establishment, particularly of the Janissaries, an elite corps of royal bodyguards (disbanded 1826); in a broad sense, a particular repertory of European music the military aspect of which derives from conscious imitation of the

Wacław Sierpiński: …might emerge, and Sierpiński, with Zygmunt Janiszewski and Stefan Mazurkiewicz, planned the future shape of the Polish mathematical community: it would be centred in Warsaw and Lvov, and, because resources for books and journals would be scarce, research would be concentrated in set theory, point-set topology, the theory of real…

Palmer Hayden: His best-known work, The Janitor Who Paints (c. 1937), shows an African American artist painting a mother and child in a cramped apartment that contains the tools necessary for both the artist’s work and that of the janitor. The original version of the painting, now painted over, included…

Janissary, member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826. Highly respected for their military prowess in the 15th and 16th centuries, the Janissaries became a powerful political force within the Ottoman state. During peacetime they were used

Georgetown, town, port on MacCarthy Island in the Gambia River in central Gambia. It was founded in 1823 by Captain Alexander Grant as a settlement for freed slaves. Georgetown’s Wesleyan Mission (1823) introduced the peanut (groundnut), a crop still exported downstream on the Gambia River.

Georgetown, town, port on MacCarthy Island in the Gambia River in central Gambia. It was founded in 1823 by Captain Alexander Grant as a settlement for freed slaves. Georgetown’s Wesleyan Mission (1823) introduced the peanut (groundnut), a crop still exported downstream on the Gambia River.

Janjaweed, Arab militia in Sudan, particularly in the Darfur region, that was most active in the first decade of the 2000s. The militia’s name is thought by many to be derived from the Arabic jinnī (spirit) and jawad (horse), although its etymological origins are not completely clear. The Rapid

Janjaweed, Arab militia in Sudan, particularly in the Darfur region, that was most active in the first decade of the 2000s. The militia’s name is thought by many to be derived from the Arabic jinnī (spirit) and jawad (horse), although its etymological origins are not completely clear. The Rapid

Carlo Janka is a Swiss Alpine skier whose clean, efficient style and poised determination helped establish him as one of the sport’s top all-around competitors in the early 21st century. Janka was born in a mountain village in southeastern Switzerland and began skiing at age two. As a teenager he

history of Europe: The European war in Germany, 1635–45: …back in Bohemia, and at Jankov (March 6, 1645) they totally destroyed another imperial army. The emperor and his family fled to Graz, while the Swedes advanced to the Danube and threatened Vienna. Reinforcements were also sent to assist the French campaign against Bavaria, and on August 3 Maximilian’s forces…

folk dance: Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković and modern scholarship: Two sisters from Serbia, Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković, devoted much of their lives to collecting and analyzing folk dances from southeastern Europe. Between 1934 and 1964 they published eight volumes and several monographs of dance research. In the work…

folk dance: Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković and modern scholarship: Two sisters from Serbia, Ljubica Janković and Danica Janković, devoted much of their lives to collecting and analyzing folk dances from southeastern Europe. Between 1934 and 1964 they published eight volumes and several monographs of dance research.…

Janmashtami, Hindu festival celebrating the birth (janma) of the god Krishna on the eighth (ashtami) day of the dark fortnight (waning moon fortnight) of the Hindu calendar month Bhadrapada (August–September on the Gregorian calendar). The festival is a joyous time involving group dancing and

Alhambra: The palace and grounds: …of the Sun”) is the Generalife (from Arabic: Jannat al-ʿArīf [“Garden of the Architect”]), constructed in the early 14th century as a summer palace. The complex is centred on picturesque courtyards such as the Patio del Ciprés de la Sultana (Court of the Sultana’s Cypress). Terraced gardens, pools, and fountains…

Nawal El Saadawi: …institution, Jannāt wa Iblīs (1992; Jannāt and Iblīs). The female protagonists are Jannāt, whose name is the plural of the Arabic word for paradise, and Iblīs, whose name refers to the Devil.

Nawal El Saadawi: …institution, Jannāt wa Iblīs (1992; Jannāt and Iblīs). The female protagonists are Jannāt, whose name is the plural of the Arabic word for paradise, and Iblīs, whose name refers to the Devil.

Clément Janequin was a leading 16th-century French composer of chansons, famous for his program chansons, part-songs in which sounds of nature, of battles, and of the streets are imitated. He worked in Bordeaux in the service of Lancelot du Fau, who became bishop of Luçon, and later for the bishop

Allison Janney is an American actress who won acclaim on stage, film, and television but is perhaps best known for her portrayal of C.J. Cregg, the White House press secretary and chief of staff on the hit TV show The West Wing (1999–2006). She later won an Academy Award for her performance in the

Allison Janney is an American actress who won acclaim on stage, film, and television but is perhaps best known for her portrayal of C.J. Cregg, the White House press secretary and chief of staff on the hit TV show The West Wing (1999–2006). She later won an Academy Award for her performance in the

Emil Jannings was a German actor who was internationally known for his tragic roles in motion pictures. He was the recipient of the first Academy Award for best actor. Jannings was reared in Görlitz, Germany, where he began his stage career. He joined a traveling stock company and in 1906 began

Budapest: Transportation: …sightseers to the top of János Hill, which, at 1,729 feet (527 metres) above sea level, is the highest point in Budapest. The Children’s Railway (Gyermekvasút), which winds through the hills, is managed largely by children.

John was a king and counterking of Hungary (1526–40) who rebelled against the house of Habsburg. John began his public career in 1505 as a member of the Diet of Rákos; it was upon his motion that the Diet voted that no foreign prince would ever again be elected king of Hungary after the death of

Sándor Petőfi: Of his epic poems the János vitéz (1845), an entrancing fairy tale, is the most popular. Petőfi’s popularity has never diminished in Hungary.

John was a king and counterking of Hungary (1526–40) who rebelled against the house of Habsburg. John began his public career in 1505 as a member of the Diet of Rákos; it was upon his motion that the Diet voted that no foreign prince would ever again be elected king of Hungary after the death of

Jesse Ventura is a professional wrestler known as Jesse “the Body” Ventura and later entered politics, serving as governor of Minnesota (1999–2003). Ventura joined the U.S. Navy after high school, becoming a SEAL (sea, air, land) commando and serving in the Vietnam War before returning to Minnesota

Morris Janowitz was an innovative American sociologist and political scientist who made major contributions to sociological theory and to the study of prejudice, urban issues, and patriotism. His work in political science concentrated mainly on civil-military affairs. After earning his B.A. at New

Bret Easton Ellis: Literary stardom: …Ellis: Less Than Zero (1985) Tama Janowitz: Slaves of New York (1986) Jay McInerney: Bright Lights, Big City (1984) Susan Minot: Monkeys (1986) and Lust & Other Stories (1989) Donna Tartt:

Orchestre de la Suisse Romande: Luisi (1997–2002), Pinchas Steinberg (2002–05), Marek Janowski (2005–12), and Neeme Järvi (2012–15). Jonathan Nott came to the podium as music and artistic director in 2017.

Slovenia: The postcommunist era: …government was eventually formed by Janez Janša of the Slovenian Democratic Party. Named prime minister in February 2012, Janša introduced a series of austerity measures that were intended to reduce Slovenia’s budget deficit. Tens of thousands of protesters took to the streets to demonstrate against the proposals as the Slovene…

Bert Jansch was a Scottish-born guitarist, singer, and songwriter whose innovative and influential guitar technique made him one of the leading figures in British folk music in the 1960s and early 1970s, both as a solo artist and as a member of the folk-rock group Pentangle. Influenced by American

Bert Jansch was a Scottish-born guitarist, singer, and songwriter whose innovative and influential guitar technique made him one of the leading figures in British folk music in the 1960s and early 1970s, both as a solo artist and as a member of the folk-rock group Pentangle. Influenced by American

Cornelius Otto Jansen was a Flemish leader of the Roman Catholic reform movement known as Jansenism. He wrote biblical commentaries and pamphlets against the Protestants. His major work was Augustinus, published by his friends in 1640. Although condemned by Pope Urban VIII in 1642, it was of

Dan Jansen is an American speed skater whose dominance in the sprint races of his sport was overshadowed by his misfortune in the Olympic Winter Games. Jansen grew up in a family of skating enthusiasts and competed in his first meets at the age of four. At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo,

Dan Jansen is an American speed skater whose dominance in the sprint races of his sport was overshadowed by his misfortune in the Olympic Winter Games. Jansen grew up in a family of skating enthusiasts and competed in his first meets at the age of four. At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo,

diagnosis: Historical aspects: …century by the Dutch optician Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias. In the early 17th century, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician Galileo constructed a microscope and a telescope. The utility of microscopes in the biological sciences and for diagnostic purposes was initially realized in the late 17th century, when Dutch…

Celtic: Wim Jansen, a player on the Dutch team Feyenoord that beat Celtic on that occasion, in 1997 became the club’s first manager from outside of Britain or Ireland. Six years later Celtic reached the 2003 Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) Cup final but lost…

diagnosis: Historical aspects: …Hans Jansen and his son Zacharias. In the early 17th century, Italian philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician Galileo constructed a microscope and a telescope. The utility of microscopes in the biological sciences and for diagnostic purposes was initially realized in the late 17th century, when Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek became…

Jansenism, in Roman Catholic history, a controversial religious movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that arose out of the theological problem of reconciling divine grace and human freedom. Jansenism appeared chiefly in France, the Low Countries, and Italy. In France it became connected with the

Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands, small independent Roman Catholic church in the Netherlands that dates from the early 18th century. A schism developed in the Roman Catholic Church in Holland in 1702 when Petrus Codde, archbishop of Utrecht, was accused of heresy for suspected sympathy with

Cornelius Otto Jansen was a Flemish leader of the Roman Catholic reform movement known as Jansenism. He wrote biblical commentaries and pamphlets against the Protestants. His major work was Augustinus, published by his friends in 1640. Although condemned by Pope Urban VIII in 1642, it was of

Karl Jansky: …emission strength was named the jansky.

Karl Jansky was an American engineer whose discovery of radio waves from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy, a new science that from the mid-20th century greatly extended the range of astronomical observations. In 1928 Jansky joined the Bell Telephone

Karl Jansky was an American engineer whose discovery of radio waves from an extraterrestrial source inaugurated the development of radio astronomy, a new science that from the mid-20th century greatly extended the range of astronomical observations. In 1928 Jansky joined the Bell Telephone

Cornelius Johnson was a Baroque painter, considered the most important native English portraitist of the early 17th century. Johnson was the son of Dutch parents living in London. He was patronized by James I and Charles I but seems to have lost his popularity with the court when Van Dyck went to

Mariss Jansons was a Latvian-born conductor, known for his expressive interpretations of the music of central and eastern Europe. The son of the respected conductor Arvid Jansons, Mariss was captivated by music as a child. He studied violin, piano, and conducting at the Leningrad (now St.

Mariss Jansons was a Latvian-born conductor, known for his expressive interpretations of the music of central and eastern Europe. The son of the respected conductor Arvid Jansons, Mariss was captivated by music as a child. He studied violin, piano, and conducting at the Leningrad (now St.

COVID-19 vaccine: …recombinant version, known as the Janssen COVID-19 vaccine, developed by Johnson & Johnson. The Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech vaccines were about 95 percent effective in preventing infection with SARS-CoV-2; the Janssen vaccine was about 67 percent effective in preventing moderate to severe disease. Other vaccines included the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, a

Divine Word Missionary: , by Arnold Janssen to work in the foreign missions. Its members are engaged in all phases of missionary activity, from teaching in universities, colleges, and secondary schools to working among primitive peoples. In the late 20th century they were located in 14 European countries, in North…

Cornelius Johnson was a Baroque painter, considered the most important native English portraitist of the early 17th century. Johnson was the son of Dutch parents living in London. He was patronized by James I and Charles I but seems to have lost his popularity with the court when Van Dyck went to

The Pride of the Yankees: …to disappoint his mother (Elsa Janssen), Gehrig decides to remain in college, but after she falls ill, he signs with the Yankees to raise money for her medical care. Gehrig becomes a star player and earns the nickname “Iron Horse,” because of his streak of playing in 2,130 consecutive…

Johannes Janssen was a Roman Catholic German historian who wrote a highly controversial history of the German people, covering the period leading to and through the Reformation. Reared in a staunchly Catholic home, he attended local schools and then studied at Münster, the Catholic University of

Pierre Janssen was a French astronomer who in 1868 discovered the chemical element helium and how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same discoveries at about the same time. Janssen was

Pierre Janssen was a French astronomer who in 1868 discovered the chemical element helium and how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same discoveries at about the same time. Janssen was

Pierre Janssen was a French astronomer who in 1868 discovered the chemical element helium and how to observe solar prominences without an eclipse. His work was independent of that of the Englishman Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, who made the same discoveries at about the same time. Janssen was

Battersea enamelware: …a district in London, by Stephen Theodore Janssen between 1753 and 1756. This ware is variably composed of soft white enamel completely covering a copper ground. A design is applied to the white enamel either by painting by hand or by transfer printing, a process by which an impression from…

Abraham Janssens was a Flemish painter who was the leading exponent of the classical Baroque style in Flanders during the early 17th century. His stylistic development indicates that he was in Rome between 1598 and 1601 and probably revisited the city sometime between 1602 and 1610. His earliest

Abraham Janssens was a Flemish painter who was the leading exponent of the classical Baroque style in Flanders during the early 17th century. His stylistic development indicates that he was in Rome between 1598 and 1601 and probably revisited the city sometime between 1602 and 1610. His earliest

smorgasbord: … (marinated salmon), meatballs, and “Jansson’s temptation,” a casserole of potatoes, onions, anchovies, and cream.

Bishop Hill State Historic Site: …by Swedish immigrants led by Erik Jansson, who had been influenced by the Pietist movement in Sweden. Fearing persecution in Sweden because their beliefs contravened those of the Church of Sweden, Jansson and his followers emigrated to the United States. They named their new home for Biskopskulla, Sweden, Jansson’s birthplace.…

Tove Jansson was a Finnish artist and writer-illustrator of children’s books, written in Swedish. In her books, she created the fantastic self-contained world of Moomins, which became popular especially in northern and central Europe, although Jansson’s work was translated into more than 50

Tove Jansson was a Finnish artist and writer-illustrator of children’s books, written in Swedish. In her books, she created the fantastic self-contained world of Moomins, which became popular especially in northern and central Europe, although Jansson’s work was translated into more than 50

Australia: The Dutch: Late in 1605 Willem Jansz (Janszoon) of Amsterdam sailed aboard the Duyfken from Bantam in the Dutch East Indies in search of New Guinea. He reached the Torres Strait a few weeks before Torres and named what was later to prove part of the Australian coast—Cape Keer-Weer, on…

gastropod: Classification: …shallow to deep ocean waters; purple snails (Janthinidae) float on the ocean surface after building a raft of bubbles; large numbers of bubble shells occasionally blow ashore. Superfamily Aglossa Parasitic or predatory snails either with a reduced radula or with none, jaws often modified into a stylet-shaped structure; many occur…

African art: African art in the 20th century and beyond: In Gavin Jantjes’s work, the conditions of a racially segregated state were directly addressed in silkscreened “cartoons” that juxtaposed bright blocks of colour with the harsh realities of South African life in the apartheid era. Moshekwa Langa’s collaged media elements similarly presented a haunting vision of…

John Amos Comenius: Educational reform: To this end he wrote Janua Linguarum Reserata, a textbook that described useful facts about the world in both Latin and Czech, side by side; thus, the pupils could compare the two languages and identify words with things. Translated into German, the Janua soon became famous throughout Europe and was…

Saint Januarius ; feast day September 19) was the bishop of Benevento and patron saint of Naples. He is believed to have been martyred during the persecution under the Roman emperor Diocletian. His fame rests on the relic, allegedly his blood, which is kept in a glass vial in the Naples Cathedral.

January, first month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named after Janus, the Roman god of all beginnings. January replaced March as the first month of the Roman year no later than 153

Los Angeles wildfires of 2025, series of wildfires that scorched parts of the Los Angeles region in January to early February 2025. The episode was marked by the emergence of two major conflagrations—the Pacific Palisades Fire (also known as the Palisades Fire) and the Eaton Fire—and several other

United States: Stalled voting rights legislation, the fate of the filibuster, and the appointment of Ketanji Brown Jackson to the U.S. Supreme Court: …prevented the establishment of an independent commission to investigate the United States Capitol attack of 2021. Thirty-five Republicans joined all the Democratic members of the House in voting 252–175 to authorize the creation of a commission modeled on the one that investigated the September 11 attacks. However, the measure to…

January 6 U.S. Capitol attack, storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, by a mob of supporters of Republican Pres. Donald J. Trump. The attack disrupted a joint session of Congress convened to certify the results of the presidential election of 2020, which Trump had lost to his

January 6 U.S. Capitol attack, storming of the United States Capitol on January 6, 2021, by a mob of supporters of Republican Pres. Donald J. Trump. The attack disrupted a joint session of Congress convened to certify the results of the presidential election of 2020, which Trump had lost to his

January Insurrection, (1863–64), Polish rebellion against Russian rule in Poland; the insurrection was unsuccessful and resulted in the imposition of tighter Russian control over Poland. After Alexander II became emperor of Russia and king of Poland in 1855, the strict and repressive regime that

Catherine de’ Medici: Civil wars: …most concrete achievement was the Edict of January 1562, which followed the failure of reconciliation. This afforded the Calvinists licensed coexistence with specific safeguards. Unlike the proposals of Poissy, the edict was law, which the Protestants accepted and the Catholics rejected. This rejection was one basic element in the outbreak…

Janūb Sīnāʾ, muḥāfaẓah (governorate), southern part of Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. The governorate was created out of Sīnāʾ muḥāfaẓah in late 1978, after the first stages of the Israeli withdrawal from the peninsula were initiated. The northern boundary of the governorate roughly follows the old

Johann Joseph Ignaz von Döllinger was a German historical scholar and a prominent Roman Catholic theologian who refused to accept the doctrine of papal infallibility decreed by the first Vatican Council (1869–70). He joined the Old Catholics (Altkatholiken), those who separated from the Vatican

Janus, in Roman religion, the animistic spirit of doorways (januae) and archways (jani). Janus and the nymph Camasene were the parents of Tiberinus, whose death in or by the river Albula caused it to be renamed Tiber. The worship of Janus traditionally dated back to Romulus and a period even before

Saturn: Orbital and rotational dynamics: Janus and Epimetheus are co-orbital moons—they share the same average orbit. Every few years they make a close approach, interacting gravitationally in such a way that one transmits angular momentum to the other, which forces the latter into a slightly higher orbit and the former…

Janus: …janus in Rome was the Janus Geminus, which was actually a shrine of Janus at the north side of the Forum. It was a simple rectangular bronze structure with double doors at each end. Traditionally, the doors of this shrine were left open in time of war and were kept…