gossamer-winged butterfly, (family Lycaenidae), any of a group of small, often brightly coloured butterflies (order Lepidoptera) that includes several hundred species commonly called coppers, blues, hairstreaks, harvesters, and metal marks. All are small to medium-sized butterflies (wingspan 1–3 cm

gossan, rust-coloured oxide and hydroxide minerals of iron and manganese that cap an ore deposit. Gossans form by the oxidation of the sulfide minerals in an ore deposit and they thus may be used as clues to the existence of subsurface ore deposits, especially if distinctive boxworks are present.

Pearl Jam: …vocalist Eddie Vedder, rhythm guitarist Stone Gossard, bassist Jeff Ament, lead guitarist Mike McCready, and drummer Dave Krusen.

Jan Gossart was a Netherlandish painter who was one of the first artists to introduce the style of the Italian Renaissance into the Low Countries. Gossart is most likely to be identified with Jennyn van Hennegouwe, who is registered as a master in the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1503. His most

Jan Gossart was a Netherlandish painter who was one of the first artists to introduce the style of the Italian Renaissance into the Low Countries. Gossart is most likely to be identified with Jennyn van Hennegouwe, who is registered as a master in the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1503. His most

Philip Henry Gosse was an English naturalist who invented the institutional aquarium. In 1827 Gosse became a clerk in a seal-fishery office at Carbonear, Nfd., Can., where he spent much of his free time investigating natural history. After an unsuccessful interlude of farming in Canada he traveled

Sir Edmund Gosse was an English translator, literary historian, and critic who introduced the work of Henrik Ibsen and other continental European writers to English readers. Gosse was the only child of the naturalist Philip Henry Gosse. His mother having died when he was young, he was taken by his

Musgrave Ranges: …1873 by the English explorer William C. Gosse and crossed in that year by Gosse and Ernest Giles, the hills were named for Sir Anthony Musgrave, then lieutenant governor of South Australia. In the mid-1980s much of the area was the subject of an Aboriginal land-rights claim, the ranges having…

François-Joseph Gossec was one of the principal composers of 18th-century France, whose symphonies and chamber works helped shape the orchestral forms of the Classical period in France. Gossec went to Paris in 1751 and in 1754 succeeded Jean-Philippe Rameau as director of the orchestra of the

utility and value: Cost-of-production analysis: …theory of utility, developed by H.H. Gossen in Germany (1854), Karl Menger in Austria (1871), Léon Walras in France (1874–77), and W.S. Jevons in England (1871).

André Gill was a French caricaturist who used a style of enlarged heads dwarfing undersized bodies, often copied by later cartoonists. After studying at the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris, Gill pursued a career as an illustrator, becoming famous for portrait caricatures of his illustrious

Louis Gossett, Jr. was an actor who made history as the first African American man to win an Academy Award for best supporting actor. He was recognized for his portrayal of tough-hearted drill sergeant Emil Foley in An Officer and a Gentleman (1982). Gossett also earned acclaim for his work in

Thomas Keneally: His well-received Gossip from the Forest (1975) examines the World War I armistice through the eyes of a thoughtful, humane German negotiator. He was also praised for his treatment of the American Civil War in Confederates (1979). His later novels included A Family Madness (1985), To Asmara…

Blake Lively: Gossip Girl, The Town, and A Simple Favor: …appearing in the TV series Gossip Girl. The drama, which ran for six seasons, follows a group of conniving teenagers at an elite private school in New York City. Hugely popular, the show made Lively a star.

insurance: Russia: …offered by a single agency, Gosstrakh, and insurance on foreign risks by a companion company, Ingosstrakh. Ingosstrakh continues to insure foreign-owned property in Russia and Russian-owned property abroad. It accepts reinsurance from foreign insurers. However, following the movement toward a free market economy (perestroika) after 1985 and the breakup of…

cotton: …of plants of the genus Gossypium, widely cultivated for their seed-hair fibers. One of the world’s leading agricultural crops with a long history of use, cotton can be made into a variety of biodegradable fabrics. Although conventional cotton cultivation often requires significant agrochemical inputs, such as fertilizers and pesticides, organically…

evolution: Hybrid breakdown: Hybrids between the cotton species Gossypium barbadense, G. hirsutum, and G. tomentosum appear vigorous and fertile, but their progenies die in seed or early in development, or they develop into sparse, weak plants.

evolution: Hybrid breakdown: the cotton species Gossypium barbadense, G. hirsutum, and G. tomentosum appear vigorous and fertile, but their progenies die in seed or early in development, or they develop into sparse, weak plants.

evolution: Hybrid breakdown: hirsutum, and G. tomentosum appear vigorous and fertile, but their progenies die in seed or early in development, or they develop into sparse, weak plants.

oil cake: …to remove a toxic pigment, gossypol, before it can be used as feed for nonruminant livestock such as pigs and poultry.

Greta Garbo: …in Gösta Berlings Saga (The Saga of Gösta Berling). The film’s director, Mauritz Stiller, gave her the name Garbo, and in 1925 he secured her a contract with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) in Hollywood.

Selma Lagerlöf: …she wrote her first novel, Gösta Berlings saga, 2 vol. (1891). A chronicle of life in the heyday of her native Värmland’s history, the age of prosperous iron founders and small manors, the book recounts the story of the 12 Cavaliers, led by Gösta Berling, a renegade priest of weak…

St. Petersburg: Admiralty Side: …building is the department store Gostiny Dvor (1761–85), originally designed by Jean-Baptiste M. Vallin de la Mothe. This building forms an irregular square and opens onto four streets; formerly it was a mercantile centre. Other department stores line Nevsky Prospekt, as do many restaurants, cafés, and theatres—most notably the Pushkin…

123Movies, defunct movie and television show streaming website that enabled users to watch and download media for free in the 2010s. The site operated under numerous domain names during its existence, including 123movies.to, 0123movies.net, and 123movies.la, and went by several names, including

Roy William Neill was an Irish-born film director best known for his work with Basil Rathbone on a popular series of Sherlock Holmes movies. Sources provide conflicting information concerning Neill’s early life. Most give his birth name as Roland de Gostrie and state that he was born on a

Duma, elected legislative body that, along with the State Council, constituted the imperial Russian legislature from 1906 until its dissolution at the time of the March 1917 Revolution. The Duma constituted the lower house of the Russian parliament, and the State Council was the upper house. As a

Russian State Library, national library of Russia, located in Moscow, notable for its extensive collection of early printed books and a collection of manuscripts that includes ancient Slavonic codices. Originally founded in 1862 as the library of the Rumyantsev Museum, it was reorganized after the

Tretyakov Gallery, Moscow art museum founded by Pavel M. Tretyakov in 1856. It contains the world’s finest collection of 17th- and 18th-century Russian icons, having more than 40,000 of them. (Read Sister Wendy’s Britannica essay on art appreciation.) There are also 18th-century portraits,

Igor Moiseyev: …festival, he founded (1937) the State Academic Folk Dance Ensemble, which featured 35 dancers, principally amateurs, and dances from the 11 republics then forming the U.S.S.R. Subsequently he built a company of about 100 professional dancers trained by either the Bolshoi Theatre School or its National Dance Department, which Moiseyev…

Hermitage, art museum in St. Petersburg founded in 1764 by Catherine the Great as a court museum. It adjoined the Winter Palace and served as a private gallery for the art amassed by the empress. Under Nicholas I the Hermitage was reconstructed (1840–52), and it was opened to the public in 1852.

Pushkin Fine Arts Museum, collection in Moscow, Russia, of ancient and medieval art and western European painting, sculpture, and graphic arts. It was founded in the 1770s at Moscow University. Especially noteworthy are its holdings of French art from the late 19th and early 20th centuries gathered

Russian State Museum, museum opened in St. Petersburg in 1898 as the central museum of Russian art and life. It is housed in the buildings of the former Mikhailovsky Palace, designed by Karl Ivanovich Rossi and built in 1819–25. The buildings were converted to a museum in 1896–97, and the museum

GUM, the largest department store in Russia. Situated on a traditional market site on the northeast side of Red Square in Moscow, the building originally known as the Upper Trading Arcade was designed by A.N. Pomerantsev and built in 1889–93 in a pseudo-Russian style over a hidden metal skeleton.

Gosplan, central board that supervised various aspects of the planned economy of the Soviet Union by translating into specific national plans the general economic objectives outlined by the Communist Party and the government. Established in February 1921, Gosplan was originally an advisory council

economic system: Centrally planned systems: In his pamphlet The State and Revolution, written before he came to power, Vladimir Lenin envisaged the task of coordinating a socialist economy as little more than delivering production to central collecting points from which it would be distributed according to need—an operation requiring no more than “the…

Chaitanya movement: …be known as the six gosvamins (religious teachers; literally, “lords of cows”). At Chaitanya’s request, that group of scholars remained in Vrindavana, near Mathura, the scene of the Krishna-Radha legends. The six gosvamins turned out a voluminous religious and devotional literature in Sanskrit, defining the tenets of the movement and…

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Jhulan Goswami: Jhulan Goswami is considered one of the greatest fast bowlers to play women’s cricket. She is the leading wicket taker in women’s ODIs, with 255 dismissals. Goswami also has 44 Test and 56 T20I wickets and has been a handy batter down the…

32 Notable Women Cricketers: Jhulan Goswami: Jhulan Goswami is considered one of the greatest fast bowlers to play women’s cricket. She is the leading wicket taker in women’s ODIs, with 255 dismissals. Goswami also has 44 Test and 56 T20I wickets and has been a handy batter down the…

You filed your tax return on time and did your best to ensure everything was accurate. But then a letter arrives from the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). What should you do? First, try not to stress about it. Although most returns are accepted as filed, the IRS does review others to verify

Sholem Asch: …play Got fun nekome (1907; The God of Vengeance), about a Jewish brothel owner whose daughter has a lesbian relationship with one of her father’s prostitutes. The play was produced in Berlin by Max Reinhardt in 1910 but banned elsewhere. Asch visited the United States in 1910, returned there in…

Clement V was the pope from 1305 to 1314 who, in choosing Avignon, France, for the papal residence—where it flourished until 1377—became the first of the Avignonese popes. Bishop of Comminges from March 1295, he became archbishop of Bordeaux in 1299. He was elected pope through the manipulation of

Göta Canal, artificial waterway that crosses southern Sweden to connect Lake Vänern with the Baltic Sea. For most of its course, the canal passes through lakes, providing inland navigation from Gothenburg to Stockholm, a distance of 558 km (347 miles) by the canal route and 950 km (590 miles) on

Göta Canal, artificial waterway that crosses southern Sweden to connect Lake Vänern with the Baltic Sea. For most of its course, the canal passes through lakes, providing inland navigation from Gothenburg to Stockholm, a distance of 558 km (347 miles) by the canal route and 950 km (590 miles) on

Sweden: Drainage: …longest, however, is the Klar-Göta River, which rises in Norway and flows 447 miles (719 km), reaching Lake Väner (Vänern) and continuing southward out of the lake’s southern end to the North Sea; along its southernmost course are the famous falls of Trollhättan. The Muonio and Torne rivers form…

Gotha, city, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest, 13 miles (21 km) west of Erfurt. First mentioned as the Frankish villa Gotaha in 775, when it was given to the abbey of Hersfeld, it was fortified in 930 and chartered in 1189–90. The city

Götaland, major region of southern Sweden, comprising the landskap (provinces) of Västergötland, Dalsland, Östergötland, Småland, Öland, Gotland, Bohuslän, Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge (qq.v.). In land area it is in between Sweden’s other two regions, the smaller Svealand in central Sweden and the

Buddha was the founder of Buddhism, one of the major religions and philosophical systems of southern and eastern Asia and of the world. Buddha is one of the many epithets of a teacher who lived in northern India sometime between the 6th and the 4th century before the Common Era. His followers,

Thomas Thorild: …to write poetry, including the Götamannasånger (written 1805; “Gothic Men’s Songs”), which comprised aphoristic formulations reminiscent of the ancient Swedish legal style. He pleaded for positive literary evaluation in his En critik öfver critiker (1791–92; “A Critique of Critics”), an advocacy of poetic freedom by the first Romanticist in Swedish…

Sweden: Settlement patterns: The Svear and the Götar (believed by some scholars to be the original Goths) were united into one state about 1000 ce. The Götar lived in Östergötland, Västergötland, and Småland, and the Svear around Lake Mälar. Certain differences remain in the dialects spoken in these two regions.

Gotarzes I was the king of Parthia (reigned 91–87 or 91–81/80 bc). Gotarzes first appeared as “satrap of satraps” under the Parthian king Mithradates II in a Greek inscription at Bīsitūn, Iran. A name carved nearby, Gotarses Geopothros (Son of Gew), may also represent him (or Gotarzes II, according

Gotarzes II was the king of Parthia (reigned c. ad 38–51). Gotarzes killed his brother Artabanus, but a second brother, Vardanes, was able to expel him to the province of Hyrcania. Although fear of the nobles reconciled the two for a time, they soon renewed their fighting, which continued until

Frank Gotch was an American professional freestyle, or catch-as-catch-can, wrestler, considered one of the greatest in the history of the sport. Gotch won the world championship from Tom Jenkins in 1905, lost to Fred Beall in 1906, but quickly recaptured the title from Beall and retained world

Gothenburg, Sweden’s chief seaport and second largest city. It lies along the Göta River estuary, about 5 miles (8 km) above that river’s mouth in the Kattegat. Gothenburg is the principal city on Sweden’s southwest coast and lies about 240 miles (390 km) southwest of Stockholm. It is the capital

Göteborg och Bohus, former län (county) of southwestern Sweden, located in a coastal area along the Skagerrak and Kattegat. Founded as a county in 1680, it was merged with Älvsborg and Skaraborg in 1998 to form the county of Västra

Gotemba, city, eastern Shizuoka ken (prefecture), central Honshu, Japan. It lies at the eastern foot of Mount Fuji. Gotemba is best known as a recreational and tourist centre. The city has a picturesque setting and serves as a base for the ascent of Fuji. Because of the high elevation of 1,500 feet

San Francisco Gotera, city, eastern El Salvador, on the Río Grande de San Miguel. Formerly called Gotera, its name was modified in 1887 to honour Francisco Morazán, the former president of the United Provinces of Central America. It is an agricultural and livestock-trading centre. Gold and silver

Goth, member of a Germanic people whose two branches, the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, for centuries harassed the Roman Empire. According to their own legend, reported by the mid-6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths originated in southern Scandinavia and crossed in three ships under

Amon Göth was an Austrian Nazi officer who was commandant of Plaszow concentration camp in Poland. Decades after his execution for war crimes, Göth became widely known as the principal adversary of Oskar Schindler, the industrialist who shielded a group of Jews during the Holocaust. Göth was the

Amon Göth was an Austrian Nazi officer who was commandant of Plaszow concentration camp in Poland. Decades after his execution for war crimes, Göth became widely known as the principal adversary of Oskar Schindler, the industrialist who shielded a group of Jews during the Holocaust. Göth was the

Mia Goth is an English actress best known for her roles in dark and disturbing auteur-directed films such as Lars von Trier’s Nymphomaniac: Volume II (2013), Stephen Fingleton’s The Survivalist (2015), and Ti West’s X horror trilogy (X [2022], Pearl [2022], and MaXXXine [2024]). Goth was born in

Mia Goth is an English actress best known for her roles in dark and disturbing auteur-directed films such as Lars von Trier’s Nymphomaniac: Volume II (2013), Stephen Fingleton’s The Survivalist (2015), and Ti West’s X horror trilogy (X [2022], Pearl [2022], and MaXXXine [2024]). Goth was born in

Gotha, city, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies on the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest, 13 miles (21 km) west of Erfurt. First mentioned as the Frankish villa Gotaha in 775, when it was given to the abbey of Hersfeld, it was fortified in 930 and chartered in 1189–90. The city

air warfare: Through World War I: …by aircraft such as the Gotha bomber, which, by flying at night and often as high as 20,000 feet (forcing the crew to breathe bottled oxygen through a tube in the mouth), operated beyond the ceiling of many defensive fighters.

Wilhelm Liebknecht: The Gotha Program, a compromise between the positions of the two parties—although criticized by Marx for its call for government-aided productive organizations—remained the charter of German socialism until the adoption of the Erfurt Program in 1891, which discarded the state-aid provisions of the Gotha Congress and…

Wise Men of Gotham, in English legend, wise fools, villagers of Gotham, Nottinghamshire, Eng. The story is that, threatened by a visit from King John (reigned 1199–1216), they decided to feign stupidity and avoid the expense entailed by the residence of the court. Royal messengers found them

San Francisco Giants, American professional baseball team based in San Francisco. The Giants have won eight World Series titles and 23 National League (NL) pennants. The franchise that would become the Giants was established in 1883 in New York City and was variously known as the Gothams or the New

Matthias Grünewald was one of the greatest German painters of his age, whose works on religious themes achieve a visionary expressiveness through intense colour and agitated line. The wings of the altarpiece of the Antonite monastery at Isenheim, in southern Alsace (dated 1515), are considered to

South Asian arts: Masked drama: …the Sandakinduru Katava and the Gothayimbala Katava. The former deals with the legendary idyllic love between a half-human, half-bird couple singing and dancing in a forest. The King of Banaras comes hunting and, attracted by the beautiful Kinduri, kills her husband and makes advances to her. Rejected, he is ready…

Gothenburg, Sweden’s chief seaport and second largest city. It lies along the Göta River estuary, about 5 miles (8 km) above that river’s mouth in the Kattegat. Gothenburg is the principal city on Sweden’s southwest coast and lies about 240 miles (390 km) southwest of Stockholm. It is the capital

Gustavo Dudamel: …named principal conductor of the Gothenburg Symphony, the national orchestra of Sweden; he became music director the following year. His first appearances in an opera house took place in 2006 in two prestigious venues—the Staatsoper in Berlin and La Scala in Milan—and he returned to both houses in 2008 to…

typography: Typography as a useful art: …to the West’s roman, and Gothic, functionally a Japanese sans serif. In the 1960s a group of Japanese designers produced a third typeface called Typos.

Gothic alphabet, writing system invented in the 4th century ad by Ulfilas, an Arian bishop, for recording the Gothic language; this writing system should not be confused with “Gothic script,” a way of writing the Latin alphabet. The Gothic alphabet had 27 letters, 19 or 20 of which were derived

Gothic architecture, architectural style in Europe that lasted from the mid-12th century to the 16th century, particularly a style of masonry building characterized by cavernous spaces with the expanse of walls broken up by overlaid tracery. In the 12th–13th century, feats of engineering permitted

Gothic art, the painting, sculpture, and architecture characteristic of the second of two great international eras that flourished in western and central Europe during the Middle Ages. Gothic art evolved from Romanesque art and lasted from the mid-12th century to as late as the end of the 16th

Germanic languages: …Germanic text is the (incomplete) Gothic Bible, translated about 350 ce by the Visigothic bishop Ulfilas (Wulfila) and written in a 27-letter alphabet of the translator’s own design. Later versions of the runic alphabet were used sparingly in England and Germany but more widely in Scandinavia—in the latter area down…

frame harp: …was superseded by the so-called Gothic harp, having a taller, shallow soundbox; a short, less deeply curved neck; and a more slender, almost straight forepillar. By the 16th century this instrument normally had gut strings. The earlier form gave rise to the medieval Irish harp, or clairseach, the second to…

Gothic language, extinct East Germanic language spoken by the Goths, who originally lived in southern Scandinavia but migrated to eastern Europe and then to southern and southwestern Europe. The language is especially important for the study of the history of the Germanic language family because

World War II: The Italian front, 1944: …another chain of defenses, the Gothic Line, running from the Tyrrhenian coast midway between Pisa and La Spezia, over the Apennines in a reversed S curve, to the Adriatic coast between Pesaro and Rimini.

biblical literature: The Gothic version: …all that is left of Gothic literature. The translation of the Old Testament has entirely disappeared except for fragments of Ezra and Nehemiah. Though a Greek base is certain, some scholars deny the attribution of these remnants to Ulfilas.

Gothic novel, Romantic pseudomedieval fiction having a prevailing atmosphere of mystery and terror. Its heyday was the 1790s, but it underwent frequent revivals in subsequent centuries. Such fiction is called Gothic because its imaginative impulse was drawn from medieval buildings and ruins; Gothic

Barcelona: The city layout: …of the city lies the Gothic Quarter. Located between the Ramblas, a series of connected boulevards, going southeastward to the sea, and the Via Laietana, it is a close-packed maze of narrow streets punctuated by magnificent medieval buildings. The cathedral, episcopal palace, and churches bear witness to Barcelona’s importance as…

Gothic Revival, architectural style that drew its inspiration from medieval architecture and competed with the Neoclassical revivals in the United States and Great Britain. Only isolated examples of the style are to be found on the Continent. The earliest documented example of the revived use of

black letter, in calligraphy, a style of alphabet that was used for manuscript books and documents throughout Europe—especially in German-speaking countries—from the end of the 12th century to the 20th century. It is distinguished by a uniform treatment of vertical strokes that end on the baseline

Erik Gustaf Geijer: …founders, in 1811, of the Götiska Förbundet (“Gothic Society”), which aimed at furthering national feeling through historical study. In 1817 Geijer became professor of history at Uppsala University where he was in close contact with the New Romantic Group, which briefly led him into a political conservatism. His main historical…

Havergal Brian: His most famous work, Gothic Symphony (1919–27; first performance 1961), requires an orchestra of 200 performers and choirs of 400 to 600. Between 1959 and 1968—i.e., between the ages of 83 and 92—Brian wrote 20 more symphonies, bringing the total to 33.

Isabelline, vigorous, inventive, and cosmopolitan architectural style created during the joint reign of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, which in turn formed the basis for the Plateresque style. The Isabelline style is not a pure style in that but few of the buildings created during the

Goth, member of a Germanic people whose two branches, the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths, for centuries harassed the Roman Empire. According to their own legend, reported by the mid-6th-century Gothic historian Jordanes, the Goths originated in southern Scandinavia and crossed in three ships under

Wilhelm Streitberg: …Elementarbuch (1897; “Gothic Primer”), and Die gotische Bibel (1908–10; “The Gothic Bible”), which presents the extant biblical texts written in the Gothic language. During his academic career he held professorships at Freiburg (1889–98), Münster (1899–1909), Munich (1909–20), and Leipzig (1920 until his death).

Erik Gustaf Geijer: …founders, in 1811, of the Götiska Förbundet (“Gothic Society”), which aimed at furthering national feeling through historical study. In 1817 Geijer became professor of history at Uppsala University where he was in close contact with the New Romantic Group, which briefly led him into a political conservatism. His main historical…

Gotland, island, län (county), and coextensive landskap (province), Sweden, in the Baltic Sea. Several wide bays indent the island’s low coastline, which is characterized by limestone columns, while the interior is an undulating plateau of Silurian limestone, some of which lacks good drainage. Bogs

Baltic Sea: Physiography: …between Gotland and Latvia in Gotland Deep (817 feet [249 metres]); and also in the Gulf of Bothnia in the Åland Sea between Sweden and the Åland Islands. A deepwater channel also extends along most of the Gulf of Finland. The Baltic Sea proper contains a series of basins (e.g.,…

Silurian Period, in geologic time, the third period of the Paleozoic Era. It began 443.8 million years ago and ended 419.2 million years ago, extending from the close of the Ordovician Period to the beginning of the Devonian Period. During the Silurian, continental elevations were generally much

Gotō Islands, archipelago, northeastern East China Sea, lying off the western coast of Kyushu, Japan, and administratively part of Nagasaki ken (prefecture). The chain consists of more than 100 islands (about one-third of which are inhabited) that stretch about 60 miles (100 km) from northeast to

Gotō Shimpei was a statesman, who, together with General Kodama Gentarō, successfully modernized the Taiwanese economy and made the island of Taiwan a financially independent colony of Japan. After receiving his M.D. degree in Germany, Gotō became a member of the Public Health Bureau in Japan.

Gotō Shimpei was a statesman, who, together with General Kodama Gentarō, successfully modernized the Taiwanese economy and made the island of Taiwan a financially independent colony of Japan. After receiving his M.D. degree in Germany, Gotō became a member of the Public Health Bureau in Japan.

Gotō Shōjirō was one of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration, the 1868 overthrow of feudal authority in Japan, and a major proponent of restructuring the new government along Western parliamentary lines. He was the cofounder of the first political party in Japan. The chief councillor to the head of

Gotō Shōjirō was one of the leaders of the Meiji Restoration, the 1868 overthrow of feudal authority in Japan, and a major proponent of restructuring the new government along Western parliamentary lines. He was the cofounder of the first political party in Japan. The chief councillor to the head of

Gotō Islands, archipelago, northeastern East China Sea, lying off the western coast of Kyushu, Japan, and administratively part of Nagasaki ken (prefecture). The chain consists of more than 100 islands (about one-third of which are inhabited) that stretch about 60 miles (100 km) from northeast to

gotra, system of identifying family ancestry or clans primarily in the Hindu society of India. A gotra traces back to the earliest known male ancestors. This lineage segment within an Indian caste is said to have originated from ancient seers. The gotra system has been integral to Hindu culture,

Joseph Haydn: The late Esterházy and Viennese period: …nation the stirring song “Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser” (“God Save Emperor Francis”). It was used for more than a century as the national anthem of the Austrian monarchy and as the patriotic song “Deutschland, Deutschland über alles” (“Germany, Germany Above All Else”) in Germany, where it remains the…