1983 Beirut barracks bombings: Background: …14, 1982, of Lebanese president-elect Bashir Gemayel—the Phalangist leader of the Lebanese Forces, a unified Maronite Christian militia—sparked a wave of violence. Christian militiamen retaliated for Gemayel’s death by killing hundreds of Palestinians (estimates range from several hundred to several thousand) at the Ṣabrā and Shātīlā refugee camps. In the…

Gemayel family: Pierre Gemayel (b. November 1/6, 1905, Bikfaya?, Lebanon—d. August 29, 1984, Bikfaya) was born into a Christian family already powerful in the region immediately north of Beirut. He attended St. Joseph University in Beirut and trained as a pharmacist. On a visit to Berlin to…

Gemayel family: Amin’s eldest son, Pierre Amin Gemayel, played a leading role in the Phalange Party until his assassination in 2006. After Amin stepped down as head of the Phalange Party in 2015, the position passed to another of his sons, Samy Gemayel.

Alessandro Farnese: Heritage and early career: …Farnese fought energetically in the Battle of Gembloux, in which the rebellious Dutch forces were routed, and punished a number of towns with a harshness that contrasts with his subsequent attitude.

pancreatic cancer: Targeted therapies and immunotherapy: …the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine (Gemzar), an antimetabolite that inhibits the synthesis of genetic material in dividing cells, patient survival is improved, although only modestly. Several other targeted drugs such as cetuximab (Erbitux), a monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR and thus prevents kinase activation and cell division, are being…

history of the Low Countries: Town opposition to the prince: …lower class formed, called the gemeen (“common,” in the strict sense of the word), which embraced the artisans and organized into crafts such tradesmen as butchers, bakers, tailors, carpenters, masons, weavers, fullers, shearers, and coppersmiths. These crafts, or guilds, originally developed out of charitable organizations of people in the same…

Germany: Regional and local government: …are further subdivided into the Gemeinden (roughly “communities” or “parishes”), which through long German tradition have achieved considerable autonomy and responsibility in the administration of schools, hospitals, housing and construction, social welfare, public services and utilities, and cultural amenities. Voters may pass laws on certain issues via referenda at the…

Marie, baroness von Ebner-Eschenbach: …her masterpiece, Das Gemeindekind (1887; The Child of the Parish), she graphically depicted the surroundings of her Moravian home and showed a true sympathy for the poor and an unsentimental understanding of children. Lotti, die Uhrmacherin (1879; “Lotti, the Watchmaker”), Zwei Comtessen (1885; “Two Countesses”), and Unsühnbar (1890; “Inexpiable,” or…

German Civil Code: …in the code was the gemeines Recht, the common law based on the 6th-century codification of Roman law put in force by the emperor Justinian. In family law and to some extent in the law of property, some elements of Germanic tribal law also influenced the code. Although altered to…

Dietrich Bonhoeffer: Opponent of the Nazis: …his book Gemeinsames Leben (1939; Life Together). From this period also dates Nachfolge (1937; The Cost of Discipleship), a study of the Sermon on the Mount and the Pauline epistles in which he attacked the “cheap grace” being marketed in Protestant (especially Lutheran) churches—i.e., an unlimited offer of forgiveness, which…

communitarianism: The common good versus individual rights: …oppressive but nurturing communities (Gemeinschaft) to liberating but impersonal societies (Gesellschaft). They warned of the dangers of anomie (normlessness) and alienation in modern societies composed of atomized individuals who had gained their liberty but lost their social moorings. Essentially the theses of Tönnies and Durkheim were supported with contemporary…

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, ideal types of social organizations that were systematically elaborated by German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies in his influential work Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887; Community and Society). Tönnies’s conception of the nature of social systems is based on his

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: …work Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft (1887; Community and Society).

Giacomo Puccini: Early life and marriage: …Lucca with a married woman, Elvira Gemignani. Finding in their passion the courage to defy the truly enormous scandal generated by their illegal union, they lived at first in Monza, near Milan, where a son, Antonio, was born. In 1890 they moved to Milan, and in 1891 to Torre del…

gemilut ḥesed, (“bestowing kindnesses”), in Judaism, an attribute of God said to be imitated by those who in any of countless ways show personal kindness toward others. A Jew who does not manifest sensitive concern for others is considered no better than an atheist, regardless of his knowledge of

gemilut ḥesed, (“bestowing kindnesses”), in Judaism, an attribute of God said to be imitated by those who in any of countless ways show personal kindness toward others. A Jew who does not manifest sensitive concern for others is considered no better than an atheist, regardless of his knowledge of

Jumilla, city, Murcia provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southeastern Spain. It lies at the foot of Mount Castillo (near Mount Carche and Sierra de Santa Ana) and on the Arroyo del Judío, a tributary of the Segura River, northwest of Murcia city. The Roman author

organohalogen compound: Dehydrohalogenation of a dihalide: Treatment of a geminal dihalide (both halogens on the same carbon) or a vicinal dihalide (halogens on adjacent carbons) with a base such as sodium ethoxide (NaOCH2CH3) yields a vinylic halide.

Jumilla, city, Murcia provincia (province) and comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southeastern Spain. It lies at the foot of Mount Castillo (near Mount Carche and Sierra de Santa Ana) and on the Arroyo del Judío, a tributary of the Segura River, northwest of Murcia city. The Roman author

Geminga, isolated pulsar (a rapidly rotating neutron star) about 800 light-years from Earth in the constellation Gemini, unique in that about 99 percent of its radiation is in the gamma-ray region of the spectrum. Geminga is also a weak X-ray emitter, but it was not identified in visible light (as

Nikki Giovanni: In Gemini: An Extended Autobiographical Statement on My First Twenty-Five Years of Being a Black Poet (1971) she presents autobiographical reminiscences, and in Sacred Cows…and Other Edibles (1988) she proffers a collection of her essays.

Google Gemini, generative artificial intelligence (AI) model and chatbot created by the search engine company Google, which uses large language models (LLMs) to “converse” with users and generate content. Bard (Google Gemini’s original name) was announced by Google CEO Sundar Pichai in February

Gemini, in astronomy, zodiacal constellation lying in the northern sky between Cancer and Taurus, at about 7 hours right ascension and 22° north declination. Its brightest stars are Castor and Pollux (Alpha and Beta Geminorum); Pollux is the brighter of the two, with a magnitude of 1.15, and is the

Gemini, any of a series of 12 two-man spacecraft launched into orbit around Earth by the United States between 1964 and 1966. The Gemini (Latin: “Twins”) program was preceded by the Mercury series of one-man spacecraft and was followed by the Apollo series of three-man spacecraft. The Gemini

Michel Tournier: Les Météores (1975; Gemini) involves the desperate measures one man takes to be reunited with his identical twin brother, who has broken away from their obsessive, singular world. Tournier’s two subsequent novels recast ancient stories with a modern twist: Gaspard, Melchior & Balthazar (1980; The Four Wise Men)…

Ang Lee: …Smith in the action drama Gemini Man, in which a hit man is hunted by his clone.

Gemini Observatory: 1-metre (27-foot) telescopes: the Frederick C. Gillett Gemini Telescope (also called Gemini North), located on the dormant volcano Mauna Kea (4,213 metres [13,822 feet]) on the island of Hawaii in the Northern Hemisphere, and Gemini South, located at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory on Cerro Pachon (2,725 metres [8,940…

Gemini Observatory, observatory consisting of two 8.1-metre (27-foot) telescopes: the Frederick C. Gillett Gemini Telescope (also called Gemini North), located on the dormant volcano Mauna Kea (4,213 metres [13,822 feet]) on the island of Hawaii in the Northern Hemisphere, and Gemini South, located

Gemini Observatory: …in the Northern Hemisphere, and Gemini South, located at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory on Cerro Pachon (2,725 metres [8,940 feet]) in Chile in the Southern Hemisphere. The observatory is named after the constellation Gemini, which represents the twins Castor and Pollux. One telescope was built in each hemisphere so…

Francesco Geminiani was an Italian composer, violinist, teacher, writer on musical performance, and a leading figure in early 18th-century music. Geminiani studied under Corelli. He established his reputation as a brilliant performer in England, publishing (1716) his Opus 1 sonatas for violin and

asteroid: Asteroids in unusual orbits: …the parent body of the Geminid meteor stream, the concentration of meteoroids responsible for the annual Geminid meteor shower seen on Earth each December. Because the parent bodies of all other meteor streams identified to date are comets, Phaethon is considered by some to be a defunct comet—one that has…

George Gemistus Plethon was a Byzantine philosopher and humanist scholar whose clarification of the distinction between Platonic and Aristotelian thought proved to be a seminal influence in determining the philosophic orientation of the Italian Renaissance. Plethon studied in Constantinople and at

George Gemistus Plethon was a Byzantine philosopher and humanist scholar whose clarification of the distinction between Platonic and Aristotelian thought proved to be a seminal influence in determining the philosophic orientation of the Italian Renaissance. Plethon studied in Constantinople and at

fern: Vegetative reproduction: …Hymenophyllaceae) produce specialized filaments, or gemmae, that break off and are carried away by water droplets, wind, or possibly insects or spiders to initiate new colonies.

Gemma Augustea, sardonyx cameo depicting the apotheosis of Augustus. He is seated next to the goddess Roma, and both are trampling the armour of defeated enemies. It is one of the most impressive carved cameos of a series of Roman gems representing imperial persons. The Gemma Augustea (now in the

liverwort: …in special organs known as gemma cups and are dispersed by rainfall. Fragmentation of the thallus can also result in new plants. Single-celled structures called rhizoids anchor most liverworts to their substrata.

fern: Vegetative reproduction: …Hymenophyllaceae) produce specialized filaments, or gemmae, that break off and are carried away by water droplets, wind, or possibly insects or spiders to initiate new colonies.

gemmail, in stained glass, technique employing fused layers of coloured glass fragments illuminated from behind, creating an illusion of three-dimensionality in the design. Gemmail is frequently used to reproduce works from other pictorial media. The technique was developed in the late 1930s by the

gemmail, in stained glass, technique employing fused layers of coloured glass fragments illuminated from behind, creating an illusion of three-dimensionality in the design. Gemmail is frequently used to reproduce works from other pictorial media. The technique was developed in the late 1930s by the

Matthias Grünewald: …elector of Mainz, the archbishop Uriel von Gemmingen.

sponge: Asexual reproduction: …best known method is called gemmulation. Gemmulation begins when aggregates of cells, mostly archaeocytes, which, when they become laden with reserve food granules become isolated at the surface of a sponge and surrounded by a protective covering. These so-called “gemmules” are expelled from the adult sponge and, in some marine…

sponge: Asexual reproduction: These so-called “gemmules” are expelled from the adult sponge and, in some marine species, serve as a normal reproductive process or, sometimes, as a means to carry the sponges over periods of unfavourable conditions when the adults degenerate; e.g., drought, temperature extremes.

Gempei War, (1180–85), final struggle in Japan between the Taira and Minamoto clans that resulted in the Minamoto’s establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, a military dictatorship that dominated Japan from 1192 to 1333. The Taira clan had dominated the Imperial government from 1160 to 1185.

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Gempylidae (snake mackerels) Eocene to present. Elongated, laterally compressed; mouth large, with large, cutting teeth; spinous part of dorsal fin longer than soft-rayed part, the latter often broken up into finlets posteriorly; pelvic fins usually not rudimentary. Some 24 species; tropical and temperate seas; down to…

gemsbok, (Oryx gazella), species of oryx, or large antelope, that lives in desert regions of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. Gemsbok are the largest species of oryx and are powerfully built, with sturdy, muscular bodies. They are known in particular for their striking coloration, being gray-brown

gemstone, any of various minerals highly prized for beauty, durability, and rarity. A few noncrystalline materials of organic origin (e.g., pearl, red coral, and amber) also are classified as gemstones. Gemstones have attracted humankind since ancient times, and have long been used for jewelry. The

pancreatic cancer: Targeted therapies and immunotherapy: …the chemotherapeutic agent gemcitabine (Gemzar), an antimetabolite that inhibits the synthesis of genetic material in dividing cells, patient survival is improved, although only modestly. Several other targeted drugs such as cetuximab (Erbitux), a monoclonal antibody that binds to EGFR and thus prevents kinase activation and cell division, are being…

Generation Alpha, term used to describe the generation of people born (or who will be born) between 2010 and 2025. Some researchers, however, consider slightly different ranges. The term was introduced by Australian social researcher Mark McCrindle in a 2008 report on the subject. Generation Alpha

Generation X, a term typically used to describe the generation of Americans born between 1965 and 1980, although some sources use slightly different ranges. It has sometimes been called the “middle child” generation, as it follows the well-known baby boomer generation and precedes the millennial

millennial, term used to describe a person born between 1981 and 1996, though different sources can vary by a year or two. It was first used in the book Generations (1991) by William Strauss and Neil Howe, who felt it was an appropriate name for the first generation to reach adulthood in the new

Generation Z, term used to describe Americans born during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Some sources give the specific year range of 1997–2012, although the years spanned are sometimes contested or debated because generations and their zeitgeists are difficult to delineate. Generation Z follows

Jubba River, principal river of Somalia in northeastern Africa. Originating via its headwater streams in the Mendebo Mountains of southern Ethiopia, it flows about 545 miles (875 km) from Doolow on the Ethiopian frontier to the Indian Ocean just north of Kismaayo, one of Somalia’s three main ports.

Dag Solstad: …Prize; Genanse og verdighet (1994; Shyness and Dignity); Professor Andersens natt (1996; Professor Andersen’s Night); and 17. Roman (2009; “Novel 17”). He won the Swedish Academy’s Nordic Prize in 2017.

Hiroshima Peace Memorial, ruins of a building that was destroyed by an atomic bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, and that is preserved as a memorial to those killed and as a reminder. At 8:15 AM on August 6, 1945, the U.S. B-29 bomber Enola Gay dropped the world’s first atomic bomb used in war on the city

Osman II was an Ottoman sultan who came to the throne as an active and intelligent boy of 14 and who during his short rule (1618–22) understood the need for reform within the empire. Ambitious and courageous, Osman undertook a military campaign against Poland, which had interfered in the Ottoman

Genda Minoru was a Japanese naval officer and air strategist who was chosen by Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku to draft the plan for the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor (in Oahu Island, Hawaii, U.S.), which crippled the American Pacific Fleet and precipitated the entry of the United States into World War

Noh theatre: …varied in content, includes the gendai mono (“present-day play”), in which the story is contemporary and “realistic” rather than legendary and supernatural, and the kyōjo mono (“madwoman play”), in which the protagonist becomes insane through the loss of a lover or child; and the fifth type, the kiri or kichiku…

History of film: Japan: …of the feudal shogunate), or gendai-geki, films of contemporary life, set any time thereafter. Although, as a matter of geopolitical circumstance, there was hardly any export market for Japanese films prior to World War II, the domestic popularity of sound films enabled the Japanese motion-picture industry to become one of…

Pontifical Gendarmerie, former police force of Vatican City. The Pontifical, or Papal, Gendarmerie was created in the 19th century under the formal supervision of the pope. The gendarmes were responsible for maintaining the internal order and security of Vatican City. In the late 19th and early

France: Military and financial organization: …d’ordonnance, known collectively as the gendarmerie, consisted of noble volunteers. The infantry, however, was made up of non-nobles, and by the middle of the 16th century there were more than 30,000 infantrymen to a mere 5,000 noble horsemen. As this infantry force grew in number, its organization changed. After a…

Third Department: …functioned in conjunction with the Corps of Gendarmes (formed in 1836), a well-organized military force that operated throughout the empire, and with a network of anonymous spies and informers.

percussion instrument: Idiophones: …Java, and the frame metallophone gender, now usually supplied with tubular resonators, which has been known since the 12th century. Introduced to China by a Turkic people in the 7th century, the horizontal type of metallophone reached Korea in the 12th century and is still occasionally played there. In Japan…

gender, in language, a phenomenon in which the words of a certain part of speech, usually nouns, require the agreement, or concord, through grammatical marking (or inflection), of various other words related to them in a sentence. In languages that exhibit gender, two or more classes of nouns

gender-affirming surgery, medical procedure in which the physical sex characteristics of an individual are modified. Gender-affirming surgery typically is undertaken when an individual chooses to align their physical appearance with their gender identity, enabling the individual to achieve a

gender binary, system that classifies sex and gender into a pair of opposites, often imposed by culture, religion, or other societal pressures. Within the gender binary system, all of the human population fits into one of two genders: man or woman. Proponents of the system consider the gender

gender-affirming surgery, medical procedure in which the physical sex characteristics of an individual are modified. Gender-affirming surgery typically is undertaken when an individual chooses to align their physical appearance with their gender identity, enabling the individual to achieve a

gender continuum, in the study of human sexuality, the thesis that gender is not “binary,” or limited to the specific genders “man” and “woman” (or “boy” and “girl”), but continuous, forming a spectrum of differing degrees and combinations of the mental, emotional, behavioral, and biological traits

sex determination, the establishment of the sex of an organism, usually by the inheritance at the time of fertilization of certain genes commonly localized on a particular chromosome. This pattern affects the development of the organism by controlling cellular metabolism and stimulating the

androgyny: …in which characteristics of both sexes are clearly expressed in a single individual. In biology, androgyny refers to individuals with fully developed sexual organs of both sexes, also called hermaphrodites. Body build and other physical characteristics of these individuals are a blend of normal male and female features.

gender dysphoria (GD), formal diagnosis given by mental health professionals to people who experience distress because of a significant incongruence between the gender with which they personally identify and the gender with which they were born. The GD diagnosis appears in the Diagnostic and

gender equality, condition of parity regardless of an individual’s gender. Gender equality addresses the tendency to ascribe, in various settings across societies, different roles and status to individuals on the basis of gender. In this context, the term gender generally refers to an individual’s

gender equality, condition of parity regardless of an individual’s gender. Gender equality addresses the tendency to ascribe, in various settings across societies, different roles and status to individuals on the basis of gender. In this context, the term gender generally refers to an individual’s

drag queen: …premised on the belief in gender fluidity. Dragging is intended to make this fluidity visible through performance.

gender gap, Difference in opinions or attitudes between men and women concerning a variety of public and private issues, including political candidates, parties, or programs. Until the 1980s men and women in the U.S. exhibited similar voting habits. Since then, however, women have been more likely

gender identity, an individual’s self-conception as a man or woman or as a boy or girl or as some combination of man/boy and woman/girl or as someone fluctuating between man/boy and woman/girl or as someone outside those categories altogether. It is distinguished from actual biological sex—i.e.,

gender dysphoria (GD), formal diagnosis given by mental health professionals to people who experience distress because of a significant incongruence between the gender with which they personally identify and the gender with which they were born. The GD diagnosis appears in the Diagnostic and

In Malawi, the male-female ratio in schools, universities, and higher positions in public service and industry generally favours the male gender. In the past, parents assumed that the destiny of daughters was to get married, have children, and serve their husbands and society. Although such

Judith Butler: …most-overt examples of such “gender parody” involve cross-dressing, especially drag (see transvestism). According to Butler:

gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. As more women

The infographic contains a bar graph showing what a woman in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and the country as a whole loses in average pay over a 40-year career, based on the 2020 wage gap—the difference between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. The graph is ordered from

Afro-Asiatic languages: The nominal system: …a feature known as “gender polarity.” For example, in the Cushitic language Burunge, kori ‘year’ is a masculine noun, but korara ‘years’ is feminine. Other languages use common gender in the plural (i.e., there is no gender distinction in the plural).

gender role, a culturally and socially determined set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and characteristics based on concepts of masculinity and femininity. A gender role should not be confused with gender identity, which refers to an individual’s internal sense of being masculine, feminine, on a

gender continuum, in the study of human sexuality, the thesis that gender is not “binary,” or limited to the specific genders “man” and “woman” (or “boy” and “girl”), but continuous, forming a spectrum of differing degrees and combinations of the mental, emotional, behavioral, and biological traits

Afro-Asiatic languages: The nominal system: …notable historical feature is “gender stability,” meaning that words for common things tend to share the same gender across the languages of the Afro-Asiatic phylum, no matter whether or not the particular words are cognate across the specific languages in question. For instance, the word for “blood” is always…

William Shakespeare: Feminist criticism and gender studies: Gender studies such as those of Bruce R. Smith and Valerie Traub also dealt importantly with issues of gender as a social construction and with changing social attitudes toward “deviant” sexual behaviour: cross-dressing, same-sex relationships, and bisexuality.

gender symbol, visual signifier of an individual’s self-conception as male or female, as some combination thereof, or as someone outside those categories altogether. Gender symbols are frequently used to represent and distinguish individuals based on their gender identity or biological sex. The

Judith Butler: In their best-known work, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (1990), and its sequel, Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of ‘Sex’ (1993), Butler built upon the familiar cultural-theoretic assumption that gender is socially constructed (the result of socialization, broadly conceived) rather than innate and that…

gender wage gap, in many industrialized countries, systemic differences between the average wages or salaries of men and those of women. One of the most important economic trends of the late 20th century was the dramatic increase in the number of women entering the paid labour force. As more women

gender-affirming hormone therapy, medical treatment that uses hormones to help transgender, nonbinary, and gender-expansive individuals align their physical characteristics with their gender. Gender-affirming hormone therapy often is associated with significant alleviation of gender dysphoria,

gender-affirming surgery, medical procedure in which the physical sex characteristics of an individual are modified. Gender-affirming surgery typically is undertaken when an individual chooses to align their physical appearance with their gender identity, enabling the individual to achieve a

genderqueer, identity adopted by individuals who characterize themselves as neither female nor male, as both, or as somewhere in between. The term was coined in the 1990s. Although genderqueer individuals describe and express their identities differently and may or may not consider themselves to be

Genje carpet, floor covering handwoven in Azerbaijan in or near the city of Gäncä (also spelled Gendje or Gänjä; in the Soviet era it was named Kirovabad, and under Imperial Russia, Yelizavetpol). The carpets are characterized by simple, angular designs and saturated (intense) colours. Genje

Émile Augier: His best-known play, Le Gendre de Monsieur Poirier (1854; “Monsieur Poirier’s Son-in-Law”), written in collaboration with Jules Sandeau, advocated the fusion of the new prosperous middle class with the dispossessed nobility.

gene, unit of hereditary information that occupies a fixed position (locus) on a chromosome. Genes achieve their effects by directing the synthesis of proteins. In eukaryotes (such as animals, plants, and fungi), genes are contained within the cell nucleus. The mitochondria (in animals) and the

cancer: Gene amplification: Gene amplification is another type of chromosomal abnormality exhibited by some human tumors. It involves an increase in the number of copies of a proto-oncogene, an aberration that also can result in excessive production of the protein encoded by the proto-oncogene. Amplification of…

Kew Gardens: In 1996 the seed bank endeavor grew to become the Millennium Seed Bank Project (later the Millennium Seed Bank Partnership) to mitigate the extinction of at-risk and useful plants through seed preservation. Kew’s Millennium Seed Bank is the largest wild plant seed bank in the world. By 2024…

cloning, the process of generating a genetically identical copy of a cell or an organism. Cloning happens often in nature—for example, when a cell replicates itself asexually without any genetic alteration or recombination. Prokaryotic organisms (organisms lacking a cell nucleus) such as bacteria

nucleic acid: General recombination: …of the other—a process called gene conversion.

radiation: Damage to chromosomes: …of genetic material is called gene deletion. A germ cell thus affected may be capable of taking part in the fertilization process, but the resulting zygote may be incapable of full development and may therefore die in an embryonic state.

recombinant DNA: In vitro mutagenesis: …of in vitro mutagenesis is gene disruption, or gene knockout. Here the resident functional gene is replaced by a completely nonfunctional copy. The advantage of this technique over random mutagenesis is that specific genes can be knocked out at will, leaving all other genes untouched by the mutagenic procedure.