garba, type of Indian dance commonly performed at festivals and on other special occasions in the state of Gujarat, India. It is a joyful style of dance, based on a circular pattern and characterized by a sweeping action from side to side. Garba performances often include singing and a musical

Karakum Desert: Physiography: …on the southeast by the Garabil uplands and Badkhyz steppe region. In the south and southwest the desert runs along the foot of the Kopet-Dag Mountains, and in the west and northwest it borders the course of the ancient valley of the Uzboy River. It is divided into three parts:…

Gustave Eiffel: …type, the 540-foot (162-metre) span Garabit viaduct over the Truyère River in southern France, for many years the highest bridge in the world, 400 feet (120 m) over the stream. He was one of the first engineers to employ compressed-air caissons in bridge building. He designed the movable dome of…

Kara-Bogaz-Gol Gulf, inlet of the eastern Caspian Sea in northwestern Turkmenistan. With an area of 4,600–5,000 square miles (12,000–13,000 square km), it averages only 33 feet (10 m) in depth and has a very high evaporation rate. The water is thus extremely saline, and 7,000–11,000 cubic feet

Karakum Desert, great sandy region in Central Asia. It occupies about 70 percent of the area of Turkmenistan. Another, smaller desert in Kazakhstan near the Aral Sea is called the Aral Karakum. The Turkmen Karakum is approximately 135,000 square miles (350,000 square km) in area, extending some 500

Madhumati River, distributary of the upper Padma River (Ganges [Ganga] River), flowing through southwestern Bangladesh. It leaves the Padma just north of Kushtia and flows 190 miles (306 km) southeast before turning south across the swampy Sundarbans region to empty into the Bay of Bengal. In its

Garajonay National Park, national park located at the centre of La Gomera island, Santa Cruz de Tenerife provincia (province), in the Canary Islands comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), Spain. The park, created in 1980, occupies about 15 square miles (40 square km) and encompasses the peak of

garam masala, a combination of ground spices that originated in India. The term garam masala is derived from the Hindi and Urdu words meaning “hot spices,” but most versions of garam masala vary around a central theme of cinnamon, cardamom, cumin, and peppercorn to obtain a balance between sweet

Akshay Kumar: Rise to stardom: …in a comedic role, for Garam Masala (2005; “Hot Spice”). Kumar’s comic roles are a big part of his mass appeal.

Fezzan: …of the territory of the Garamantes. The Romans conquered the Garamantes in 19 bc and annexed their country, which the Romans called Phazania, to the Roman Empire. In 666 the Arabs conquered Phazania and subjected it to Islām. Thereafter it was ruled by a succession of Arab and native dynasties…

Garamba National Park, large natural area in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, bordering on South Sudan. The park, created in 1938, has an area of 1,900 square miles (4,920 square km) and is a continuation of the South Sudanese savanna fed by the Garamba and Dungu rivers; it was

history of Mesopotamia: The Parthian period: …as the Parthian capital, was Garamea, with its capital at modern Kirkūk. Adiabene had Arbela as its capital, and farther north was a province called Beth Nuhadra in Aramaic, which seems to have been governed by a general who was directly responsible to the Parthian king, because this province bore…

typography: Mechanical composition: Among these types were Garamond, based upon a 17th-century French letter (see above); Bembo, after an Aldine roman; Centaur, an adaptation of Rogers’ foundry face; and Baskerville and Bell, based upon English models. Italics included Arrighi, a version of the letter used by the 16th-century papal writing master and…

Claude Garamond was a French type designer and publisher. Garamond was apprenticed about 1510 to Antoine Augerau and by 1520 was working with the typefounder Geoffroy Tory. His first romans and his grecs du roi were cut for the firm of Robert Estienne. In 1545 he began to publish books; apparently

Claude Garamond was a French type designer and publisher. Garamond was apprenticed about 1510 to Antoine Augerau and by 1520 was working with the typefounder Geoffroy Tory. His first romans and his grecs du roi were cut for the firm of Robert Estienne. In 1545 he began to publish books; apparently

Garand rifle, semiautomatic, gas-operated .30-calibre rifle adopted by the U.S. Army in 1936. It was developed by John C. Garand, a civilian engineer employed at the Springfield Armory, Springfield, Mass. The Garand was the first semiautomatic military rifle used as a standard combat shoulder

John C. Garand was a Canadian-born U.S. firearms engineer, inventor of the M1 semiautomatic rifle, with which U.S. infantrymen fought in World War II and the Korean War. In 1898 Garand’s family moved to Connecticut, where he learned the machinist’s trade in textile mills. As a young man he worked

John C. Garand was a Canadian-born U.S. firearms engineer, inventor of the M1 semiautomatic rifle, with which U.S. infantrymen fought in World War II and the Korean War. In 1898 Garand’s family moved to Connecticut, where he learned the machinist’s trade in textile mills. As a young man he worked

Abuk: …Creator made both Abuk and Garang, the first man, out of the rich clay of the Sudan. After making them, the Creator placed Abuk and Garang in a huge pot. When the Creator opened the pot, the man and woman were fully formed human beings, except that Abuk was much…

Garanhuns, city, eastern Pernambuco estado (state), northeastern Brazil. The city lies in the Garanhuns Mountains, at 2,841 feet (866 metres) above sea level. It was elevated to city status in 1874. Garanhuns is a trade and manufacturing centre serving the food-producing region of the state’s

Ilija Garašanin was a statesman and administrator of Serbia who was twice prime minister (1852, 1861–67). The son of a prominent merchant, Garašanin became a customs official in 1834 and joined the army in 1837, where he served as colonel and commander. Changing sides in the rivalry between the two

Valentino is an Italian fashion designer known for garments in his trademark “Valentino red” (rosso Valentino) and whose style was described as jet-set chic. As a child, Valentino was interested in both fashion and art. In 1949 he left his home in Voghera, a small town between Turin and Milan, to

Luis Garavito was a Colombian serial killer who was convicted of murdering 189 boys in the 1990s. Many of Garavito’s victims lived in poor neighbourhoods apart from their families, who could not afford to support them, leading observers to speculate that their disappearances were ignored or

Luis Garavito was a Colombian serial killer who was convicted of murdering 189 boys in the 1990s. Many of Garavito’s victims lived in poor neighbourhoods apart from their families, who could not afford to support them, leading observers to speculate that their disappearances were ignored or

Saint Peter of Alcántara ; canonized 1669; feast day October 19) was a Franciscan mystic who founded an austere form of Franciscan life known as the Alcantarines or Discalced (i.e., barefooted) Friars Minor. He is the patron saint of Brazil. Of noble birth, he entered the Franciscan order at

Mar del Plata: Juan de Garay, the second founder of Buenos Aires, first explored the coastal area of Mar del Plata in 1581. In 1746 Father Thomas Falkner and Father José Cardiel founded the Indian work mission Nuestra Señora del Pilar (“Our Lady of Pilar”) at the site…

garba, type of Indian dance commonly performed at festivals and on other special occasions in the state of Gujarat, India. It is a joyful style of dance, based on a circular pattern and characterized by a sweeping action from side to side. Garba performances often include singing and a musical

solid-waste management: Composition and properties: Refuse includes garbage and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste; rubbish is mostly dry material such as glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not. Trash is rubbish that includes bulky items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large…

refuse disposal system, technique for the collection, treatment, and disposal of the solid wastes of a community. The development and operation of these systems is often called solid-waste

grease: Bone grease, hide grease, and garbage grease are named according to their origin. In some factories, food offal is used along with animal carcasses, butcher-shop scraps, and garbage from restaurants for recovery of fats.

chickpea, (Cicer arietinum), annual plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), widely grown for its nutritious seeds. Chickpeas are an important food plant in India, Africa, and Central and South America. The seeds are high in fibre and protein and are a good source of iron, phosphorus, and folic acid.

Harvard University: Higher education attacks during the second administration of Pres. Donald Trump: Alan M. Garber agreed that the university had a “moral duty to fight antisemitism” and reported that efforts to do so were ongoing. However, he wrote, the demands of the Trump administration went far beyond combating antisemitism and included government regulation of “intellectual conditions,” a…

Cyril Forster Garbett was the archbishop of York and an ecclesiastical writer who promoted a social conscience among the membership of the Church of England by his reports on the human misery in the areas he administered as bishop, particularly London’s Southwark district (1919–32). Educated at

Japanese art: Esoteric Buddhism: …kongō-kai (“diamond world”) and the taizō-kai (“womb world”)—that organized the Buddhist divinities and their relationships in a prescribed gridlike configuration. The deities or spiritual entities portrayed in these paired paintings represent, in the kongō-kai, the realm of transcendent, clear enlightenment and, in the taizō-kai, the humane, compassionate aspects of the…

Japanese art: Esoteric Buddhism: …kongō-kai (“diamond world”) and the taizō-kai (“womb world”)—that organized the Buddhist divinities and their relationships in a prescribed gridlike configuration. The deities or spiritual entities portrayed in these paired paintings represent, in the kongō-kai, the realm of transcendent, clear enlightenment and, in the taizō-kai, the humane, compassionate aspects of the…

North Indian temple architecture: …plan, consists of a square garbhagriha preceded by one or more adjoining pillared mandapas (porches or halls), which are connected to the sanctum by an open or closed vestibule (antarala). The entrance doorway of the sanctum is usually richly decorated with figures of river goddesses and bands of floral, figural,…

garba, type of Indian dance commonly performed at festivals and on other special occasions in the state of Gujarat, India. It is a joyful style of dance, based on a circular pattern and characterized by a sweeping action from side to side. Garba performances often include singing and a musical

Greta Garbo was a Swedish American actress who was one of the most glamorous and popular motion-picture stars of the 1920s and ’30s. She was best known for her portrayals of strong-willed heroines, most of them as compellingly enigmatic as Garbo herself. The daughter of an itinerant laborer, Greta

Arne Evensen Garborg was a novelist, poet, playwright, and essayist, one of the first great writers to show the literary possibilities of Nynorsk, a language that many writers wished to establish in place of the standard Dano-Norwegian literary medium. The demand for social reform was central to

Arne Evensen Garborg was a novelist, poet, playwright, and essayist, one of the first great writers to show the literary possibilities of Nynorsk, a language that many writers wished to establish in place of the standard Dano-Norwegian literary medium. The demand for social reform was central to

Pedro António Correia Garção was one of Portugal’s principal Neoclassical poets. Garção studied law at Coimbra but apparently took no degree. His marriage in 1751 brought him a rich dowry, and he had a moderately lucrative government post in the India House as an administrator, but later a lawsuit

Gila Bend: …Bautista de Anza and Father Francisco Garcés, who called it Santos Apóstoles San Simón y Judas. A colony of white men began a settlement in 1865 at the site of the old rancheria, and the settlement came to be known as Gila Bend. The town location later shifted because a…

Gila Bend: …Bautista de Anza and Father Francisco Garcés, who called it Santos Apóstoles San Simón y Judas. A colony of white men began a settlement in 1865 at the site of the old rancheria, and the settlement came to be known as Gila Bend. The town location later shifted because a…

Eric Garcetti is an American Democratic politician. He served four terms as president of the Los Angeles City Council, before being elected and mayor of Los Angeles, a position he held from 2013 to 2022. Garcetti was the grandson of Mexican immigrants on one side of his family and Russian Jewish

Eric Garcetti is an American Democratic politician. He served four terms as president of the Los Angeles City Council, before being elected and mayor of Los Angeles, a position he held from 2013 to 2022. Garcetti was the grandson of Mexican immigrants on one side of his family and Russian Jewish

Western architecture: Europe: The villa, Les Terrasses, at Garches, France (1927), was a lively play of spatial parallelepipeds (six-sided solid geometric forms the faces of which are parallelograms) ruled by horizontal planes, but his style seemed to culminate in the most famous of his houses, the Villa Savoye at Poissy, France (1929–31). The…

García (I) was a self-styled king or chief of the Navarrese, centred in Pamplona. He is partly legendary, perhaps originally a count and vassal of Asturias, and is said to have reconquered many towns from the Moors. His son Fortún (or Fortunio) was captured and imprisoned by the Moors in 860, and

Gael García Bernal is a Mexican actor and director who became known for his work in films that portrayed men and women in taboo or nonconformist relationships. García Bernal’s parents—his mother was an actress and his father a director—involved him in theatrical productions at an early age. In 1989

Vicente García de la Huerta was a playwright, poet, and critic whose Neoclassical tragedy Raquel (1778) was once considered the most distinguished tragic drama of 18th-century Spain. García held a position in the Royal (later National) Library and was a political prisoner in Oran, where Raquel was

Spanish literature: Revival of the Spanish novel: Ana García de la Torre (Ana García del Espinar), a more progressive contemporary, treated problems of class, gender, and the proletariat, writing especially on the “working girl” and portraying utopian workers’ socialist movements.

Spanish literature: Revival of the Spanish novel: Ana García de la Torre (Ana García del Espinar), a more progressive contemporary, treated problems of class, gender, and the proletariat, writing especially on the “working girl” and portraying utopian workers’ socialist movements.

García IV (or V) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón. When Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre died in 1134 and the Aragonese proclaimed the succession for his brother Ramiro II, the

García II (or III) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) and of Aragon from about 994 to about 1000, son of Sancho II Garcés. Coming to the aid of besieged Castile, García fought against the Muslim forces of Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr. Manṣūr then turned his armies against Navarre (1002), burning the

Guatemala: The postcolonial period: …1871 a revolution headed by Miguel García Granados and Justo Rufino Barrios overthrew Gen. Vicente Cerna, Carrera’s conservative successor in office, and inaugurated a period of liberal ascendancy that extended almost unbroken to 1944. After a brief period in the presidency, García Granados ceded to Barrios (1873), who became known…

Antonio García Gutiérrez was a dramatist whose play El trovador (1836; “The Troubadour”) was the most popular and successful drama of the Romantic period in Spain. It formed the basis for the Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi’s opera Il trovatore (performed 1853). After studying medicine briefly, he

Spain: The Christian states, 711–1035: …of the Asturian kingdom encouraged García I (910–914) to transfer the seat of his power from Oviedo southward to the city of León. Nevertheless, any expectation that Islamic rule was set to end was premature. During the 10th century the caliphs of Cordóba (Qurṭabah) not only restored order and unity…

García I (or II) Sanchez was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 925 to 970, son of Sancho I Garcés and Queen Toda Aznar. He owed his throne to the support of his cousin ʿAbd ar-Rahman III, the Umayyad caliph of Cordoba. The end of his reign was taken up with wars against the count of Castile,

García II (or III) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) and of Aragon from about 994 to about 1000, son of Sancho II Garcés. Coming to the aid of besieged Castile, García fought against the Muslim forces of Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr. Manṣūr then turned his armies against Navarre (1002), burning the

García II was the king of Galicia from 1065 to 1071. His father, Ferdinand I the Great, divided his lands among his three sons: Alfonso VI received Leon; Sancho II received Castile; and García II, the youngest, received Galicia with a portion of Portugal (1065). Despotic and suspicious, García was

Kongo: Later, Garcia II Nkanga a Lukeni (reigned 1641–61) sided with the Dutch against Portugal when the former country seized portions of Angola from 1641 to 1648. Further disputes between Kongo and Portugal over joint claims in the region led to skirmishes in the small district of…

García III (or IV) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1035 to 1054. Following an old custom, Sancho III the Great divided his Spanish lands among his four sons: Ferdinand I received Castile; Gonzalo received Sobrarbe and Ribagorza (modern Huesca); Ramiro I received Aragon; and García III

García (I) was a self-styled king or chief of the Navarrese, centred in Pamplona. He is partly legendary, perhaps originally a count and vassal of Asturias, and is said to have reconquered many towns from the Moors. His son Fortún (or Fortunio) was captured and imprisoned by the Moors in 860, and

Andrew Summers Rowan: Calixto Garcia y Íñiguez to determine the strength of the insurgent armies and obtain their cooperation. After completing his mission, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Rowan’s exploit was somewhat imaginatively described in Elbert Hubbard’s oft-reprinted essay “ A Message to Garcia ” (1899).

García IV (or V) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón. When Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre died in 1134 and the Aragonese proclaimed the succession for his brother Ramiro II, the

Federico García Lorca was a Spanish poet and playwright who, in a career that spanned just 19 years, resurrected and revitalized the most basic strains of Spanish poetry and theatre. He is known primarily for his Andalusian works, including the poetry collections Romancero gitano (1928; Gypsy

Gabriel García Márquez was a Colombian novelist and one of the greatest writers of the 20th century. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982, mostly for his masterpiece Cien años de soledad (1967; One Hundred Years of Solitude). He was the fourth Latin American to be so honored,

Bolivia: Transition to civilian rule: Luis García Meza committed widespread murders, incidents of torture, forced exiles, and political persecution. The government hired militant fascists (including ex-Nazis) and other paramilitary groups to attack opposition political and labor leaders, and corruption was widespread among military officers.

Gabriel García Moreno was the initiator of a church-oriented dictatorship in Ecuador (1861–75). His rule, oppressive but often effective in its reformist aims, eventually cost him his life. García Moreno was educated at the university in Quito and in Europe. Versed in political theory, he early

Puerto Rico: The debate over political status: Alejandro García Padilla announced that Puerto Rico could no longer meet its debt obligations. Although not a U.S. state, Puerto Rico was treated like a state (and not a municipality) under the U.S. federal bankruptcy code and therefore could not declare bankruptcy. Repeated attempts to…

Alan García was a Peruvian politician who twice served as president of Peru (1985–90; 2006–11). García studied at Pontifical Catholic University in Lima and earned a law degree (1971) from the Main National University of San Marcos of Lima. After several years of additional study in Madrid and

García IV (or V) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón. When Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre died in 1134 and the Aragonese proclaimed the succession for his brother Ramiro II, the

Alfonso García Robles was a Mexican diplomat and advocate of nuclear disarmament. He was a corecipient with Alva Myrdal of Sweden of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1982. After receiving his law degree in Mexico and completing graduate study at the University of Paris and at the International Law

Luis Garcia was a Spanish right winger (midfielder) who gained fame in the sport of football (soccer) for his versatility with his body—he could use both feet equally in play and had good aerial skills. Although he was known around the world, he was especially popular in Spain and England. Garcia

García IV (or V) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) from 1134 to 1150, grandson of Sancho IV and son of El Cid’s daughter Cristina and Ramiro Sánchez, lord of Monzón. When Alfonso I of Aragon and Navarre died in 1134 and the Aragonese proclaimed the succession for his brother Ramiro II, the

García II (or III) was the king of Pamplona (Navarre) and of Aragon from about 994 to about 1000, son of Sancho II Garcés. Coming to the aid of besieged Castile, García fought against the Muslim forces of Abū ʿĀmir al-Manṣūr. Manṣūr then turned his armies against Navarre (1002), burning the

Alan García was a Peruvian politician who twice served as president of Peru (1985–90; 2006–11). García studied at Pontifical Catholic University in Lima and earned a law degree (1971) from the Main National University of San Marcos of Lima. After several years of additional study in Madrid and

Anastasio Somoza was a soldier-politician who was dictator of Nicaragua for 20 years. Preferring the use of patronage and bribery to violence, he established a family dynasty in which he was succeeded by his son Luis Somoza Debayle as president (1956–63) and by another son, Anastasio Somoza

Carlos P. Garcia was the fourth president of the Republic of the Philippines. After graduating from law school in 1923, he became, successively, a schoolteacher, representative in the Philippine Congress, governor of his province (Bohol), and then (1941–53) senator. During the Japanese occupation

Carlos P. Garcia was the fourth president of the Republic of the Philippines. After graduating from law school in 1923, he became, successively, a schoolteacher, representative in the Philippine Congress, governor of his province (Bohol), and then (1941–53) senator. During the Japanese occupation

Chicago: Renewal: …and faced his nearest challenger, Jesús (“Chuy”) García, a longtime public servant, in the city’s first-ever mayoral runoff election. Emanuel was victorious, however, in the April contest. Emanuel’s second term was dominated by controversy surrounding the shooting of Laquan McDonald, a Black teenager killed by a Chicago police officer. Video…

American literature: Multicultural writing: …Songs of Love [1989]) and Cristina Garcia (Dreaming in Cuban [1992] and The Agüero Sisters [1997]); the Antigua-born Jamaica Kincaid, author of Annie John (1984), Lucy (1990), the AIDS memoir My Brother (1997), and See Now Then (2013); the Dominican-born Junot Díaz, who won acclaim for Drown (1996), a collection…

Argentina: Discovery and settlement: …another expedition from Spain under Diego García, commander of a ship from the Solís expedition. Both Cabot and García had planned to sail for the Moluccas but altered their courses, influenced by excited tales about an “enchanted City of the Caesars” (a variant of the Eldorado legend), which later incited…

Jerry Garcia was the singer, songwriter, and lead guitarist of the Grateful Dead, a San Francisco-based group that emerged from the Haight-Ashbury psychedelic-drug-and-music scene in the mid-1960s. He personified the hippie counterculture for three decades as the mellow leader of the band. Known

Chicago: Renewal: …and faced his nearest challenger, Jesús (“Chuy”) García, a longtime public servant, in the city’s first-ever mayoral runoff election. Emanuel was victorious, however, in the April contest. Emanuel’s second term was dominated by controversy surrounding the shooting of Laquan McDonald, a Black teenager killed by a Chicago police officer. Video…

Luis Garcia was a Spanish right winger (midfielder) who gained fame in the sport of football (soccer) for his versatility with his body—he could use both feet equally in play and had good aerial skills. Although he was known around the world, he was especially popular in Spain and England. Garcia

Manuel García was the most renowned European teacher of singing in the 19th century. The son of the celebrated tenor Manuel del Popolo Vicente García, he began a singing career in 1825 in New York City as Figaro in his father’s company’s production of Rossini’s The Barber of Seville. In 1825 in

Manuel del Popolo García was a Spanish tenor and composer, one of the finest singers of his time. At age 17 García made his stage debut at Cádiz, Spain, in an operetta that included songs he had composed. In 1800 the first of his more than 90 operas, El preso, was produced in Madrid. García was

Manuel del Popolo García was a Spanish tenor and composer, one of the finest singers of his time. At age 17 García made his stage debut at Cádiz, Spain, in an operetta that included songs he had composed. In 1800 the first of his more than 90 operas, El preso, was produced in Madrid. García was

One-Eyed Jacks: …a local woman, Maria (Katy Jurado), and he prides himself on being a good stepfather to her daughter, Louisa (Pina Pellicer). Although initially wary of Rio’s motives, Dad accepts his former partner’s lies when he says that he bears Dad no malice. Rio subsequently seduces Louisa, outraging Dad. After…

Maria Malibran was a Spanish mezzo-soprano of exceptional vocal range, power, and agility. María and her mezzo-soprano sister Pauline Viardot were first instructed by their father, the tenor Manuel García, and at five years of age María sang a child’s part in Ferdinando Paer’s Agnese in Naples. She

Pauline Viardot was a French mezzo-soprano, best known for her highly dramatic operatic roles. As a child Viardot studied piano with Franz Liszt, composition with Anton Reicha, and voice with her mother. She was the sister of Maria Malibran, the celebrated soprano, and of the great voice teacher

Mia Hamm: …her husband, former baseball player Nomar Garciaparra, and numerous others—of the Los Angeles Football Club of Major League Soccer; the team began play in 2018.

Garcilaso de la Vega was one of the great Spanish chroniclers of the 16th century, noted as the author of distinguished works on the history of the Indians in South America and the expeditions of the Spanish conquistadors. Garcilaso was the illegitimate son of a Spanish conquistador, Sebastian

Garcilaso de la Vega was the first major poet in the Golden Age of Spanish literature (c. 1500–1650). Garcilaso was born into an aristocratic family that had been prominent in Spanish letters and politics for several centuries. Entering court life at an early age, he distinguished himself as a

Garcinia, genus in the family Clusiaceae with about 250 species of trees and shrubs found throughout the tropics but especially in the Paleotropics. Given the extreme diversity of floral structure across the genus, its taxonomy is contentious. A number of species are important in local medicine,

Garcinia: xanthochymus and G. cowa. A number of species are listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, and at least two, G. cadelliana and G. tanzaniensis, are critically endangered.

Clusiaceae, the garcinia family (order Malpighiales), comprising about 14 genera and some 800 species of tropical trees and shrubs. Several are important for their fruits, resins, or timbers, and a number of species are cultivated as ornamentals. Members of the Clusiaceae family usually have

Garcinia: Bacupari (G. gardneriana) is native to South America and produces an edible aril. Garlic fruit, or bitter garcinia (G. spicata), is planted as an ornamental in tropical salt-spray oceanfront areas. Orange dyes (gamboge) are extracted from the bark of G. xanthochymus and G. cowa. A…

Clusiaceae: Waika plum, or lemon drop mangosteen (G. intermedia), native to Central America, has a small, oval, yellow fruit. There are about 250 species in the tropics, especially common in Indo-Malesia.