biosphere: Nutrient cycling: The cells of all organisms are made up primarily of six major elements that occur in similar proportions in all life-forms. These elements—hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur—form the core protoplasm of organisms, and the

food desert, an impoverished area where residents lack access to healthy foods. Food deserts may exist in rural or urban areas and are associated with complex geographic and socioeconomic factors, as well as with poor diet and health disorders such as obesity. Most knowledge of food deserts has

Philadelphia: Research of Philadelphia: The unique Food Distribution Center, a nonprofit corporation managed by a board of directors representing city government and private enterprise, is a prime example of how Philadelphia has joined the work of the private and public sectors to serve the best interests of both. Covering more than…

food coloring, any of numerous dyes, pigments, or other additives used to enhance the appearance of fresh and processed foods. Coloring ingredients include natural colors, derived primarily from vegetable sources and sometimes called vegetable dyes; inorganic pigments; combinations of organic and

human nutrition: Adapting guidelines to culture: The Food Guide Pagoda, a graphic display intended to help Chinese consumers put the dietary recommendations into practice, rested on the traditional cereal-based Chinese diet. Those who could not tolerate fresh milk were encouraged to consume yogurt or other dairy products as a source of calcium.…

human nutrition: Food guide pyramids and other aids: Different formats for dietary goals and guidelines have been developed over the years as educational tools, grouping foods of similar nutrient content together to help facilitate the selection of a balanced diet. In the United States, the four food-group…

food insecurity, the limited or uncertain access to nutritious food, which also includes limitations on the ability to obtain nutritious food in ways that are socially acceptable. Approximately 2.4 billion people worldwide (some 29.6 percent of the human population) experience moderate or severe

daily reference value: …played an important role in food labeling. In the United States the DRV is one of two types of reference values, the second being the reference daily intake (RDI) for vitamins and minerals. RDI and DRV are combined under daily value (DV) on food labels. The fat content in a…

microbiology: Food microbiology: Microorganisms are of great significance to foods for the following reasons: (1) microorganisms can cause spoilage of foods, (2) microorganisms are used to manufacture a wide variety of food products, and (3) microbial diseases can be transmitted by foods.

Paula Deen: …more cooking shows for the Food Network: Paula’s Party (2006–08) and Paula’s Best Dishes (2008–13).

H.G. Wells: Early writings: …satire and sometimes, as in The Food of the Gods, destroying its credibility. Eventually, Wells decided to abandon science fiction for comic novels of lower middle-class life, most notably in Love and Mr. Lewisham (1900), Kipps: The Story of a Simple Soul (1905), and The History of Mr. Polly (1910).…

food poisoning, acute gastrointestinal illness resulting from the consumption of foods containing one or more representatives of three main groups of harmful agents: natural poisons present in certain plants and animals, chemical poisons, and microorganisms (mainly bacteria) and their toxic

food preservation, any of a number of methods by which food is kept from spoilage after harvest or slaughter. Such practices date to prehistoric times. Among the oldest methods of preservation are drying, refrigeration, and fermentation. Modern methods include canning, pasteurization, freezing,

food processing, any of a variety of operations by which raw foodstuffs are made suitable for consumption, cooking, or storage. A brief treatment of food processing follows. For fuller treatment of storage methods, see food preservation. Food processing generally includes the basic preparation of

food processor, electric appliance developed in the late 20th century, used for a variety of food-preparation functions including kneading, chopping, blending, and pulverizing. The food processor was invented by Pierre Verdon, whose Le Magi-Mix, a compact household version of his own earlier

food pyramid, a visual representation (in the shape of a pyramid) of the optimal number of servings of food a person should eat daily from each basic food group. The food pyramid first evolved in Sweden in the 1970s and was adapted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1992. The USDA

rationing, government policy consisting of the planned and restrictive allocation of scarce resources and consumer goods, usually practiced during times of war, famine, or some other national emergency. Rationing may be of several types. Informal rationing, which precedes the imposition of formal

entitlement: …Dependent Children [AFDC], and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), formerly known as food stamps), while others have been available to most or all people independent of means (social security and Medicare). Legally mandated employer-provided benefits have included workers’ compensation and unpaid leave

amoeba: The endoplasm contains food vacuoles, a granular nucleus, and a clear contractile vacuole. The amoeba has no mouth or anus; food is taken in and material excreted at any point on the cell surface. During feeding, extensions of cytoplasm flow around food particles, surrounding them and forming a…

food web, a complex network of interconnecting and overlapping food chains showing feeding relationships within a community. A food chain shows how matter and energy from food are transferred from one organism to another, whereas a food web illustrates how food chains intertwine in an ecosystem.

food desert: Improving access to healthy foods: …to healthy foods, introducing the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, which was followed by an evaluation of the prevalence of food deserts in the country. In 2010 U.S. Pres. Barack Obama proposed the Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI), which encouraged retailers to bring healthy foods to impoverished urban…

e-cigarette: …and drug-delivery devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA, FDCA, or FD&C), the organization initiated action against the import of e-cigarettes. In January 2010, following a lawsuit by an e-cigarette distributor, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia ruled that e-cigarettes did not meet the…

Food and Drug Administration (FDA), agency of the U.S. federal government authorized by Congress to inspect, test, approve, and set safety standards for foods and food additives, drugs, chemicals, cosmetics, and household and medical devices. First known as the Food, Drug, and Insecticide

John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns: …fame with the publication of Food, Health and Income (1936), a report of a dietary survey by income groups made during 1935 that showed that the cost of a diet fulfilling basic nutritional requirements was beyond the means of half the British population and that 10 percent of the population…

famine: Entitlement failure: …hypothesis,” the assumption that total food-availability decline (FAD) is the central cause of all famines. Sen argued that the more proximate cause is so-called “entitlement failure,” which can occur even when there is no decline in aggregate food production.

foodborne illness, any sickness that is caused by the consumption of foods or beverages that are contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious agents. Most cases of foodborne illness are caused by agents such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Other agents include mycotoxins (fungal

inland water ecosystem: Population and community development and structure: …photosynthesis occurs, also called the trophogenic zone. In this zone the production of biochemical energy through photosynthesis is greater than its consumption through respiration and decomposition. Animals and decomposers are found in both the photic and aphotic zones. In the aphotic zone, also called the tropholytic zone, the consumption of…

foodborne illness, any sickness that is caused by the consumption of foods or beverages that are contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious agents. Most cases of foodborne illness are caused by agents such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Other agents include mycotoxins (fungal

foodborne illness, any sickness that is caused by the consumption of foods or beverages that are contaminated with certain infectious or noninfectious agents. Most cases of foodborne illness are caused by agents such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Other agents include mycotoxins (fungal

fufu, a popular dish in western and central African countries and, due to African migration, in the Caribbean as well. It consists of starchy foods—such as cassava, yams, or plantains—that have been boiled, pounded, and rounded into balls; the pounding process, which typically involves a mortar and

King Lear: …about accompanied by his faithful Fool. He is aided by the Earl of Kent, who, though banished from the kingdom for having supported Cordelia, has remained in Britain disguised as a loyal follower of the king. Cordelia, having married the king of France, is obliged to invade her native country…

fool, a comic entertainer whose madness or imbecility, real or pretended, made him a source of amusement and gave him license to abuse and poke fun at even the most exalted of his patrons. Professional fools flourished from the days of the Egyptian pharaohs until well into the 18th century, finding

D.W. Griffith: Early life and influences: …engagement, Griffith completed a play, A Fool and a Girl, based on his personal experiences in the California hop fields, which was produced in Washington, D.C., in the fall of 1907. The play was a failure despite the presence of Fannie Ward in the leading role. After the closing of…

Robert Altman: 1980s and ’90s of Robert Altman: of Sam Shepard’s claustrophobic play Fool for Love in 1985, with Shepard playing one of the leading roles; and adapted Christopher Durang’s play Beyond Therapy in 1987. The teen comedy O.C. & Stiggs had marked a brief return to work for a major studio (Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer), but it lingered long on…

Fool for Love, one-act play by Sam Shepard, produced and published in 1983. It is a romantic tragedy about the tumultuous love between a rodeo performer and his half sister. The father they have in common, a character called Old Man, acts as narrator and

Henry Brooke: …and dramatist, best known for The Fool of Quality, one of the outstanding English examples of the novel of sensibility—a novel in which the characters demonstrate a heightened emotional response to events around them. After attending Trinity College, Dublin, Brooke went to London in 1724 to study law. There he…

Theda Bara: A Fool There Was (1915), her first important picture, was released with an intense publicity campaign that made her an overnight success. She was billed as the daughter of an Eastern potentate, her name an anagram for “Arab Death.”

pyrite, a naturally occurring iron disulfide mineral. The name comes from the Greek word pyr, “fire,” because pyrite emits sparks when struck by metal. Pyrite is called fool’s gold; to the novice its colour is deceptively similar to that of a gold nugget. Nodules of pyrite have been found in

Matthew McConaughey: … (2003), Failure to Launch (2006), Fool’s Gold (2008), and Ghosts of Girlfriends Past (2009). Starring opposite leading ladies that included Jennifer Lopez, Kate Hudson, and Sarah Jessica Parker, McConaughey proved to be a reliable box-office draw and attracted as much attention for his toned physique and rakish smile as for…

fool’s literature, allegorical satires popular throughout Europe from the 15th to the 17th century, featuring the fool (q.v.), or jester, who represented the weaknesses, vices, and grotesqueries of contemporary society. The first outstanding example of fool’s literature was Das Narrenschiff (1494;

Jennifer Johnston: …as The Dawning, 1988) and Fool’s Sanctuary (1987) are set during the emergence of modern Ireland in the 1920s. The protagonist of The Christmas Tree (1981) attempts to salvage her troubled life before it is cut short by leukemia.

malformation: Exaggerated growth: …well illustrated in the so-called bakanae, or foolish seedling disease, of rice. The bakanae disease is caused by the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi. Diseased plants are often conspicuous in a field because of their extreme height and pale, spindly appearance. This exaggerated growth response was found to be due to specific…

Friedrich Dürrenmatt: …in the United States as Fools Are Passing Through in 1958. Among the plays that followed were Der Besuch der alten Dame (1956; The Visit); Die Physiker (1962; The Physicists), a modern morality play about science, generally considered his best play; Der Meteor (1966; The Meteor); and Porträt eines Planeten…

Mario Puzo: His other novels include Fools Die (1978), The Sicilian (1984; filmed, 1987), and The Last Don (1996; television miniseries, 1997). Puzo’s last book, Omerta, was published posthumously in 2000; he considered it, along with The Godfather and The Last Don, part of his Mafia trilogy.

Mervyn LeRoy: At Warner Brothers in the 1930s: Little Caesar, I Am a Fugitive from a Chain Gang, and Gold Diggers of 1933: But then came the frothy Fools for Scandal (1938), starring Carole Lombard and Fernand Gravet as lovebirds in Paris. These last two films were also produced by LeRoy, but it was becoming clear that Warner Brothers had no sense of what projects best suited him.

William Trevor: …Children of Dynmouth (1976), and Fools of Fortune (1983). The latter two both won the Whitbread Literary Award for novels. In addition, Felicia’s Journey (1994) was named the Whitbread Book of the Year. Reading Turgenev (1991) and The Story of Lucy Gault (2002) were both short-listed for the Booker Prize.…

Salma Hayek: …Perry in the romantic comedy Fools Rush In and two years later portrayed an exotic dancer and muse in the religious satire Dogma (1999).

Feast of Fools, popular festival during the Middle Ages, held on or about January 1, particularly in France, in which a mock bishop or pope was elected, ecclesiastical ritual was parodied, and low and high officials changed places. Such festivals were probably a Christian adaptation of the pagan

foot, in anatomy, terminal part of the leg of a land vertebrate, on which the creature stands. In most two-footed and many four-footed animals, the foot consists of all structures below the ankle joint: heel, arch, digits, and contained bones such as tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges; in mammals

foot, in verse, the smallest metrical unit of measurement. The prevailing kind and number of feet, revealed by scansion, determines the metre of a poem. In classical (or quantitative) verse, a foot, or metron, is a combination of two or more long and short syllables. A short syllable is known as an

plant development: Cleavage of the zygote: …concerned with embryo nutrition—suspensor and foot—may also be produced. These organs originate in a polarization established at the time of zygote cleavage, but the details of their development vary widely among the different groups.

bivalve: Locomotion: The bivalve foot, unlike that of gastropods, does not have a flat creeping sole but is bladelike (laterally compressed) and pointed for digging. The muscles mainly responsible for movement of the foot are the anterior and posterior pedal retractors. They retract the foot and effect back-and-forth movements.…

foot, in measurement, any of numerous ancient, medieval, and modern linear measures (commonly 25 to 34 cm) based on the length of the human foot and used exclusively in English-speaking countries, where it generally consists of 12 inches or one-third yard. In most countries and in all scientific

Woolworth Co.: Expansion and evolution: The company’s Foot Locker chain of athletic-shoe retailers proved especially successful. By 1982, the company had more than 8,000 stores worldwide, but it was facing increased competition from the Kmart Corporation and other discount retailers. These pressures compelled Woolworth to rely more and more on its Foot…

livestock farming: Diseases: Foot rot, caused by an infection of the soft tissue between the toes, results in extreme lameness and even loss of the hoof. The more persistent type is caused by a specific organism that is difficult to treat. The pain and the restricted movement of…

foot washing, a religious rite practiced by the hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church on Maundy Thursday of Holy Week (preceding Easter) and by members of some other Christian churches in their worship services. The early Christian church introduced the custom to imitate the humility and selfless

Andrew Foote was an American naval officer especially noted for his service during the American Civil War. The son of a U.S. senator and governor of Connecticut, Foote was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. Navy in 1822. He rose through the ranks, eventually commanding the Perry off the African

Hugh Foot was a British diplomat who led British colonies to their independence. Foot was the son of a Liberal member of Parliament, and his three brothers were also elected to Parliament. After attending the University of Cambridge (B.A., 1929) Foot entered the civil administrative service. After

Michael Foot was the leader of Britain’s Labour Party from November 1980 to October 1983 and an intellectual left-wing socialist. Foot was a member of a strongly Liberal family (his father had been a member of Parliament). He attended Wadham College, Oxford, and then began a career as a newspaper

Michael Foot was the leader of Britain’s Labour Party from November 1980 to October 1983 and an intellectual left-wing socialist. Foot was a member of a strongly Liberal family (his father had been a member of Parliament). He attended Wadham College, Oxford, and then began a career as a newspaper

foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), a highly contagious viral disease affecting practically all cloven-footed domesticated mammals, including cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs. Wild herbivores such as bison, deer, antelopes, reindeer, and giraffes are also susceptible. The horse is resistant to the

optics: General relations: …measure of illuminance being the foot-candle, which is one lumen falling on each square foot of receiving surface.

football, game in which two teams of 11 players, using any part of their bodies except their hands and arms, try to maneuver the ball into the opposing team’s goal. Only the goalkeeper is permitted to handle the ball and may do so only within the penalty area surrounding the goal. The team that

football, any of a number of related games, all of which are characterized by two persons or teams attempting to kick, carry, throw, or otherwise propel a ball toward an opponent’s goal. In some of these games, only kicking is allowed; in others, kicking has become less important than other means

The origins of football—of entertaining oneself and others by kicking and throwing about a ball-type object—likely predates recorded history. Football player, coach, and historian Parke H. Davis made this clear in Football, the American Intercollegiate Game (1911), where he traces the history of

football: Equipment and field of play: The ball is spherical, covered with leather or some other suitable material, and inflated to a pressure equal to 0.6–1.1 atmospheres (8.5–15.6 pounds per square inch [600–1,100 grams per square cm]) at sea level; it must be 27–28 inches (68–70 cm) in circumference and 14–16 ounces…

darts: …inner bull’s-eyes and points; “football,” a game for two players in which the first player to hit the inner bull’seye scores as many “goals” as he can by throwing doubles until his opponent scores an inner bull’s-eye; and “round the clock,” a singles game for any number of players,…

Football Association (FA), ruling body for English football (soccer), founded in 1863. The FA controls every aspect of the organized game, both amateur and professional, and is responsible for national competitions, including the Challenge Cup series that culminates in the traditional Cup Final at

BCS: …BCS were drawn from the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS; formerly known as Division I-A) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and were determined by a ranking system that consisted of three equally weighted components: the USA Today Coaches’ Poll, the Harris Interactive College Football Poll, and an average of…

American football: Football in Canada: …1880; the final one, the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU), formed in 1891. Provincial unions were likewise formed in Ontario and Quebec in 1883, but football developed later in the West, with the Western Canadian Rugby Football Union not forming until 1911. The top senior clubs—the Big Four of Quebec and…

American football: The era of television: …Bowl Subdivision [FBS] and the Football Championship Subdivision [FCS], respectively.)

Dynamo Kyiv, Ukrainian professional football (soccer) team located in Kyiv. Dynamo Kyiv was one of the strongest teams in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union) and is, along with Shakhtar Donetsk, one of the dominant teams in the Ukrainian league. In 1923 a system of sports

Inter Milan, Italian professional football (soccer) team based in Milan. Inter Milan is the only Italian club never to have been relegated to a league below the country’s top division, Serie A. Inter was formed in 1908 by a breakaway group of players from the Milan Cricket and Football Club (now

English Football League (EFL), English professional football (soccer) organization. The league was formed in 1888, largely through the efforts of William McGregor, known afterward as the “father of the league.” Twelve of the strongest professional clubs of the time joined in the league, and the

football: Equipment and field of play: The playing field (pitch) should be 100–130 yards (90–120 meters) long and 50–100 yards (45–90 meters) wide; for international matches, it must be 110–120 yards (100–110 meters) long and 70–80 yards (64–75 meters) wide. A goal is located at the center of each short side of the field,…

El Salvador: Military dictatorships: …be known as the “Soccer War” with Honduras. This conflict broke out shortly after the two countries had played three bitterly contested matches in the World Cup competition, but the real causes for the war lay elsewhere.

American football, version of the sport of football that evolved from English rugby and soccer (association football); it differs from soccer chiefly in allowing players to touch, throw, and carry the ball with their hands, and it differs from rugby in allowing each side to control the ball in

Canadian football, game played between two 12-member teams on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end. It originated in English rugby, but changes in rules over the years have caused the sport to more closely resemble American football. Football in the form of rugby was taken to Canada by

American football, version of the sport of football that evolved from English rugby and soccer (association football); it differs from soccer chiefly in allowing players to touch, throw, and carry the ball with their hands, and it differs from rugby in allowing each side to control the ball in

footbinding, cultural practice, existing in China from the 10th century until the establishment of the Peoples Republic of China in 1949, that involved tightly bandaging the feet of women to alter their shape for aesthetic purposes. Footbinding usually began when girls were between 4 and 6 years

optics: General relations: …measure of illuminance being the foot-candle, which is one lumen falling on each square foot of receiving surface.

Horton Foote was an American playwright and screenwriter who evoked American life in beautifully observed minimal stories and was perhaps best known for his adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird. Foote studied acting at the Pasadena Playhouse in California and in New York City. His first two plays,

Andrew Foote was an American naval officer especially noted for his service during the American Civil War. The son of a U.S. senator and governor of Connecticut, Foote was appointed a midshipman in the U.S. Navy in 1822. He rose through the ranks, eventually commanding the Perry off the African

Horton Foote was an American playwright and screenwriter who evoked American life in beautifully observed minimal stories and was perhaps best known for his adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird. Foote studied acting at the Pasadena Playhouse in California and in New York City. His first two plays,

Vernon and Irene Castle: Vernon and Irene were married in 1911 and as dance partners became famous worldwide. They popularized such dances as the glide, the castle polka, the castle walk, the hesitation waltz, the maxixe, the tango, and the bunny hug.

Mary Anna Hallock Foote was an American novelist and illustrator whose vivid literary and artistic productions drew on life in the mining communities of the American West. Mary Hallock grew up in a literary home and early displayed artistic talent. She attended Poughkeepsie (New York) Female

Robert Bruce Foote was a British geologist and archaeologist, often considered to be the founder of the study of the prehistory of India. At the age of 24, Foote joined the Indian geological survey, with which he remained for 33 years. After the archaeological survey was established in 1862, he

Samuel Foote was an English actor, wit, and playwright whose gift for mimicry, often directed at his peers, made him a figure of both fear and delight on the London stage. Foote attended Worcester College, Oxford, but left without taking a degree. In 1744, having dissipated his inheritance, he

Shelby Foote was an American historian, novelist, and short-story writer known for his works treating the United States Civil War and the American South. Foote attended the University of North Carolina for two years, and he served in the U.S. Army during World War II. His first novel, Tournament,

percussion instrument: Sub-Saharan Africa: Footed drums (i.e., with a base prolonged to form “feet”) attain a height of about 3 metres (nearly 10 feet) in the Loango area of western Central Africa (coastal areas of modern Congo [Brazzaville], Cabinda province of Angola, and Congo [Kinshasa]) and must be tilted…

construction: Foundations: The footings themselves are usually made of concrete poured directly on undisturbed soil to a minimum depth of about 30 centimeters (12 inches). If typical continuous concrete footings are used, they usually support a foundation wall that acts either as a retaining wall to form a…

footlights, in theatre, row of lights set at floor level at the front of a stage, used to provide a part of the general illumination and to soften the heavy shadows produced by overhead lighting. As first used on the English stage in the latter part of the 17th century, footlights consisted of

Busby Berkeley: The Warner Brothers period: …Gold Diggers of 1933, and Footlight Parade. Those three films were backstage stories, all concerned with the production of a Broadway show. The nonmusical parts of those films had the gritty urban atmosphere for which Warners was renowned, but for the musical numbers Berkeley created a dazzling opulent fantasy universe.…

Gregory Ratoff: Films of the 1930s and ’40s: …O’Brien and Brian Donlevy, and Footlight Serenade, an entertaining Betty Grable–Victor Mature–John Payne musical in which Phil Silvers provided some comic relief.

footlights, in theatre, row of lights set at floor level at the front of a stage, used to provide a part of the general illumination and to soften the heavy shadows produced by overhead lighting. As first used on the English stage in the latter part of the 17th century, footlights consisted of

Hugh Laurie: …that point Laurie joined Cambridge’s Footlights Club comedy revue group, eventually serving as its president. While on an end-of-year tour with the Footlights, he met the actor-playwright Stephen Fry. The two collaborated on The Cellar Tapes. They entered that revue in the 1981 Edinburgh Festival Fringe and won the Perrier…

12 Essential Brat Pack Flicks: Footloose (1984): In his New York article, Blum classified Footloose’s male lead, Kevin Bacon, as one of several young actors who were “not quite there” in their careers. Yet Bacon went on to become one of the most prolific actors of his generation, inspiring the…

footman moth, (subfamily Lithosiinae), any of a group of insects in the tiger moth family, Arctiidae (order Lepidoptera), for which the common name footman is probably derived from the stiff, elongate appearance of the adult moths, which usually align their narrow wings (span 2 to 5 cm [45 to 2

Robert Louis Stevenson: Life in the South Seas: …(In the South Seas, 1896; A Footnote to History, 1892) are admirably pungent and perceptive. He was writing first-rate journalism, deepened by the awareness of landscape and atmosphere, such as that so notably rendered in his description of the first landfall at Nuku Hiva in the Marquesas.

rocket and missile system: Multiple warheads: ” (The footprint of a missile is that area which is feasible for targeting, given the characteristics of the reentry vehicle.) The SS-9, model 4, and the SS-11 Sego, model 3, both had three MRVs and ballistic footprints equal to the dimensions of a U.S. Minuteman complex.…