Făgăraş, town, Braşov judeƫ (county), central Romania. It lies north of the Făgăraş Mountains, a range of the Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathian Mountains), on the Olt River. First mentioned in documents in 1291, Făgăraş became a military centre during the Middle Ages. The Făgăraş Castle,

Anne Whitney Fogarty was an American fashion designer, best known for her original dress design. Fogarty created her unique design in the early 1950s. Her ultra-feminine shirtwaist dress featured a tiny waist and a bouffant ballerina skirt, supported by as many as a dozen petticoats. Fogarty’s

Antonio Fogazzaro was an Italian novelist whose works reflect the conflict between reason and faith. Fogazzaro came from a wealthy family. He cultivated his interest in music and literature at his leisure and established his reputation as a novelist only late in life with Malombra (1881; The

Robert William Fogel was an American economist who, with Douglass C. North, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1993. The two were cited for having developed cliometrics, the application of statistical analysis to the study of economic history. Fogel attended Cornell University (B.A.,

Elsie Fogerty was a British teacher of voice and dramatic diction, a major figure in theatrical training. Trained under Hermann Vezin and at the Paris Conservatoire, Fogerty in 1889 became a teacher of elocution at the Crystal Palace School of Art and Literature and later at Sir Frank Benson’s

Creedence Clearwater Revival: John Fogerty and his brother Tom, both singer-guitarists, joined forces in 1959 with bassist Cook and drummer Clifford, their junior-high-school classmates in El Cerrito, California, a suburb in the San Francisco Bay area. After achieving marginal success under names such as the Blue Velvets and…

Creedence Clearwater Revival: ), Tom Fogerty (b. Nov. 9, 1941, Berkeley—d. Sept. 6, 1990, Scottsdale, Ariz.), Stu Cook (b. April 25, 1945, Oakland, Calif.), and Doug Clifford (b. April 24, 1945, Palo Alto, Calif.).

Fogg Art Museum, museum founded at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, in 1895. It originally housed a study collection consisting mostly of plaster casts and photographs as well as an important art reference library of more than 150,000 volumes. The Fogg Museum later became known for

Alabama Shakes: In 2009 the group christened themselves the Shakes, and in May of that year they began a relentless touring schedule. While playing as much of their own material as time would allow, they punctuated their live shows with…

Phileas Fogg, fictional character, a wealthy, eccentric Englishman who wagers that he can travel around the world in 80 days in Jules Verne’s novel Around the World in Eighty Days

qanāt, ancient type of water-supply system, developed and still used in arid regions of the world. A qanāt taps underground mountain water sources trapped in and beneath the upper reaches of alluvial fans and channels the water downhill through a series of gently sloping tunnels, often several

Foggia, city, Puglia (Apulia) regione (region), southeastern Italy, in the center of the Puglia Tableland, west-northwest of Barletta. Foggia is believed to have been founded by the inhabitants of Arpi (also called Argyrippa, Greek Argos Hippion), a Greek and Roman town that declined after the

Western sculpture: Late Baroque: …century is less spectacular, and Giovanni Battista Foggini took back from Rome the compromise style of Ferrarza, while Massimiliano Soldani-Benzi seems to have been instrumental in the brilliant revival there of small-scale bronze statuettes. Giovanni Marchiori worked in Venice with an attractive painterly style, in part based on the wood…

Washington, D.C.: Foggy Bottom: West of Downtown, between the White House and Georgetown, is Foggy Bottom—roughly bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue to the north, by 17th Street to the east, by Constitution Avenue to the south, and by the Potomac and Rock Creek to the west. Its name…

Lester Flatt: …Monroe’s band to form the Foggy Mountain Boys. They made dozens of records in the 1950s and ’60s and hosted their own syndicated radio and TV shows. Scruggs’s original instrumental compositions, including “Foggy Mountain Breakdown,” were especially popular. The tune was further popularized when it was featured in the 1967…

Fogo Island, island of Cabo Verde, in the Atlantic Ocean, about 400 miles (640 km) off the West African coast between the islands of Santiago and Brava. The island’s active volcano, Pico (9,281 feet [2,829 metres]), is the highest point of the archipelago. Peanuts (groundnuts), beans, coffee,

Faxian: …famous record of his journeys—Foguoji (“Record of Buddhist Kingdoms”)—contains valuable information not found elsewhere concerning the history of Indian Buddhism during the early centuries ce. Because of the fairly detailed descriptions by Faxian, it is possible to envision Buddhist India before the Muslim invasions. On the other hand, he…

foehn, warm and dry, gusty wind that periodically descends the leeward slopes of nearly all mountains and mountain ranges. The name was first applied to a wind of this kind that occurs in the Alps, where the phenomenon was first studied. A foehn results from the ascent of moist air up the windward

Fohnsdorf, city, southeast-central Austria, near the Mur River, west of Knittelfeld. Fohnsdorf was first mentioned in 1141 as the site of a fortress belonging to the archbishops of Salzburg and was a coal-mining (lignite) centre from 1670 to the late 20th century. Notable landmarks are the

freedom of information (FOI), a presumptive right of access to official information, qualified by exemptions and subject to independent adjudication by a third party. The adjudicator may be a court, a tribunal, a commissioner, or an ombudsman and may have the power to require, or only to recommend,

Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), federal act signed into law by U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 4, 1966, that granted American citizens the right to see the contents of files maintained about them by federal executive branch agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the

feldspathoid, any of a group of alkali aluminosilicate minerals similar to the feldspars in chemical composition but either having a lower silica-alkali ratio or containing chloride, sulfide, sulfate, or carbonate. They are considered to be the specific minerals of igneous rocks usually termed

foie gras, a delicacy of French cuisine, the liver of a goose or duck that has been fattened by a process of force-feeding. What is generally regarded as the best foie gras is produced in the province of Strasbourg. Foie gras is ideally very firm and smoothly textured, with a colouring of creamy

foil, a sword with a light, flexible blade of rectangular cross section tapering to a blunt point. It was designed as a practice weapon for the smallsword fashionable in the 17th century and is now used primarily in the sport of fencing. The modern fencing foil has a maximum overall length of 110

foil, in architecture, leaf-shaped, indented spaces which, combined with cusps (small, projecting arcs outlining the leaf design), are found especially in the tracery (decorative openwork) of Gothic windows. The term is derived from the Latin folium, meaning “leaf.” A window or wall ornamented with

foil, in literature, a character who is presented as a contrast to a second character so as to point to or show to advantage some aspect of the second character. An obvious example is the character of Dr. Watson in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes stories. Watson is a perfect foil for

foil, solid metal that has been reduced to a leaflike thinness by mechanical beating or rolling. Jewellers have long used a thin foil of copper-zinc alloy as backing for paste jewels and inferior gemstones. The colour and lustre of the gems is heightened by foil that has been silvered, burnished,

radiation measurement: Neutron-activation foils: For radiation energies of several MeV and lower, charged particles and fast electrons do not induce nuclear reactions in absorber materials. Gamma rays with energy below a few MeV also do not readily induce reactions with nuclei. Therefore, when nearly any material is bombarded by these…

Celtic literature: Continuation of the oral tradition: …in Scotland: Bishop John Carswell’s Foirm na n-Urrnuidheadh a translation of John Knox’s liturgy, in Classical Common Gaelic.

Foix, feudal county of southwestern France, corresponding approximately to the modern département of Ariège, in the Midi-Pyrénées région. Between the 11th and the 15th century, the counts of Foix built up a quasi-independent power bounded by Languedoc on the north and on the east, by the

Foix, town, capital of Ariège département, Occitanie région, southwestern France, located in the foothills of the Pyrenees. Situated 1,250 feet (380 metres) above sea level, at the fork where the Arget River joins the Ariège, it is dominated by its medieval castle, which stands on a high rock. The

lighthouse: Medieval lighthouses: In 1584 Louis de Foix, an engineer and architect, undertook the construction of a new light, which was one of the most ambitious and magnificent achievements of its day. It was 135 feet in diameter at the base and 100 feet high, with an elaborate interior of…

Phocis, district of ancient central Greece, extending northward from the Gulf of Corinth (Modern Greek: Korinthiakós) over the range of Mount Parnassus (Parnassós) to the Locrian Mountains, which formed the northern frontier. In the fertile Cephissus River valley, between the two mountain ranges,

Michel Fokine was a dancer and choreographer who profoundly influenced the 20th-century classical ballet repertoire. In 1905 he composed the solo The Dying Swan for the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. As chief choreographer for the impresario Serge Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes from 1909 to 1914, he

Michel Fokine was a dancer and choreographer who profoundly influenced the 20th-century classical ballet repertoire. In 1905 he composed the solo The Dying Swan for the Russian ballerina Anna Pavlova. As chief choreographer for the impresario Serge Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes from 1909 to 1914, he

Phocis, district of ancient central Greece, extending northward from the Gulf of Corinth (Modern Greek: Korinthiakós) over the range of Mount Parnassus (Parnassós) to the Locrian Mountains, which formed the northern frontier. In the fertile Cephissus River valley, between the two mountain ranges,

fighter aircraft: …fighters such as the German Fokker D.VII and the French Spad were attaining speeds of 135 miles (215 km) per hour. Most of these were biplanes made of wooden frames and cloth skins, as were many of the standard interwar fighters.

military aircraft: Fighters: The result was the Fokker Eindecker (“monoplane”), which entered service in July 1915 and reigned supreme in the air over the Western Front until the following October—a period known among Allied aviators as the “Fokker Scourge.”

Anthony Herman Gerard Fokker was a Dutch airman and pioneer aircraft manufacturer who during World War I produced more than 40 types of airplanes (designed by Reinhold Platz) for the German High Command. Initially, he offered his designs to both combatants, but the Allies turned him down. Fokker

chess: The pragmatists: …was a depreciation of the bishop: The Hypermoderns had attacked Tarrasch’s high opinion of an unobstructed bishop and said a bishop could profitably be traded for a knight. The post-Soviet players often traded bishop for knight for minimal compensation. They also often exchanged their good bishop, the one less encumbered…

biology: The fertilization process: …the Swiss physician and zoologist Hermann Fol observed the penetration of a spermatozoon into an ovum. Prior to that discovery, during the period from 1823 to 1830, the existence of the sexual process in flowering plants had been demonstrated by the Italian astronomer and optician Giovanni Battista Amici and confirmed…

Fula Rapids, rapids on the Baḥr al-Jabal (Mountain Nile), about 4 miles (6.5 km) below Nimule, South Sudan. A large island divides the river, the eastern channel of which carries most of the water. At the island’s southern end, the river enters the 2-mile- (3.2-km-) long stretch of rapids with a

folic acid, water-soluble vitamin of the B complex that is essential in animals and plants for the synthesis of nucleic acids. Folic acid was isolated from liver cells in 1943. The vitamin has a wide variety of sources in the human diet, including leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, cereals,

Jean-Charles, chevalier de Folard was a French soldier and military theorist who championed the use of infantry columns instead of battle lines in warfare. Although he had a small but influential following during his lifetime, his concepts were not generally accepted by Europe’s military

folic acid, water-soluble vitamin of the B complex that is essential in animals and plants for the synthesis of nucleic acids. Folic acid was isolated from liver cells in 1943. The vitamin has a wide variety of sources in the human diet, including leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, cereals,

folic acid deficiency anemia, type of anemia resulting from a deficient intake of the vitamin folic acid (folate). Folic acid, a B vitamin, is needed for the formation of heme, the pigmented, iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin in red blood cells (erythrocytes). A deficient intake of folic

fold, in geology, undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of Earth’s crust. Stratified rocks were originally formed from sediments that were deposited in flat horizontal sheets, but in a number of places the strata are no longer horizontal but have been warped. Sometimes the warping is so

Pierre Boulez: …in Pli selon pli (1957–62; Fold According to Fold), in which performers must orient themselves by maintaining a constant awareness of the structure of the work. In his Piano Sonata No. 3 (first performed 1957), as in Pli selon pli, he introduced elements of aleatory music.

Devonian Period: Occurrence and distribution of Devonian deposits: These fold belts may be distinguished from cratonic areas where sediments remain much as they were when formed. The main fold belts in North America are the Cordillera (western mountain ranges, including the Rocky Mountains) and the Appalachian belts to the east. In contrast, the Devonian…

boudinage: …boudins lie parallel to the fold axes, but occasionally two sets of mutually perpendicular boudins may occur in the same stratum, one set parallel to the fold axes, the other perpendicular to them. Adjacent weak strata may flow into the necks of the boudins, or the necks may be filled…

Devonian Period: Occurrence and distribution of Devonian deposits: These fold belts may be distinguished from cratonic areas where sediments remain much as they were when formed. The main fold belts in North America are the Cordillera (western mountain ranges, including the Rocky Mountains) and the Appalachian belts to the east. In contrast, the Devonian…

Folda, fjord, northern Norway. The fjord’s mouth opens into Vest Fjord of the Norwegian Sea and is 25 miles (40 km) northeast of the town of Bodø and about 75 miles (120 km) north of the Arctic Circle. The Folda extends two branches inland: the Nordfolda, 25 miles (40 km) long, and the Sørfolda, 18

canoe: …the faltboat (German: Faltboot, “folding boat”) early in the 20th century greatly extended the use of the kayak for canoeists who did not live near water but who could easily transport the folded craft to water.

William Maxwell: The Folded Leaf (1945), perhaps Maxwell’s best-known work, describes the friendship of two small-town boys through their adolescence and college years. In Time Will Darken It (1948) a long visit from relatives disrupts a family; in The Château (1961) American travelers encounter postwar French culture.

textile: Ply yarns: Ply, plied, or folded, yarns are composed of two or more single yarns twisted together. Two-ply yarn, for example, is composed of two single strands; three-ply yarn is composed of three single strands. In making ply yarns from spun strands, the individual strands…

fold, in geology, undulation or waves in the stratified rocks of Earth’s crust. Stratified rocks were originally formed from sediments that were deposited in flat horizontal sheets, but in a number of places the strata are no longer horizontal but have been warped. Sometimes the warping is so

fan: The folding fan is composed of sticks (the outer two called guards) held together at the handle end by a rivet or pin. On the sticks is mounted a leaf that is pleated so that the fan may be opened or closed. A variant of the…

Japanese architecture: The Azuchi-Momoyama period: …by sliding panels (fusuma) and folding screens (byōbu). These two elements provided the format, depending on the wealth and predilection of the patron daimyo, for extensive painting programs. While architectural and religious iconographic needs of previous eras required paintings of considerable scale, the quantity, stylistic bravura, and thematic innovations of…

folding-door spider, (family Antrodiaetidae), small family of nearly 40 species and four genera of large burrowing spiders named for their habit of shutting the entrance to their burrows by pulling in the sides of the flexible rim like bifold doors. Nearly all folding-door spiders inhabit North

folding-door spider, (family Antrodiaetidae), small family of nearly 40 species and four genera of large burrowing spiders named for their habit of shutting the entrance to their burrows by pulling in the sides of the flexible rim like bifold doors. Nearly all folding-door spiders inhabit North

Charles de Lorraine, duke de Mayenne: …to Henry IV; by the Articles of Folembray (January 1596) Mayenne retained Chalon, Seurre, and Soissons for six years, his followers kept the honours and offices he had granted them, his own debts were settled up to 35,000 crowns, and his son was made governor of Île-de-France. Thereafter he remained…

Teofilo Folengo was an Italian popularizer of verse written in macaronics (q.v.), a synthetic combination of Italian and Latin, first written by Tisi degli Odassi in the late 15th century. Folengo entered the Benedictine order as a young man, taking the name Teofilo by which he is known. He lived

Teofilo Folengo was an Italian popularizer of verse written in macaronics (q.v.), a synthetic combination of Italian and Latin, first written by Tisi degli Odassi in the late 15th century. Folengo entered the Benedictine order as a young man, taking the name Teofilo by which he is known. He lived

Philadelphia Eagles: Backup quarterback Nick Foles then led the Eagles to a surprising upset of the New England Patriots to give Philadelphia their first Super Bowl championship in franchise history. The team struggled early in the 2018 season, but another Wentz injury opened the door for Foles to rally…

Foley artist, in motion pictures, a specialist in sound effects who creates unique sounds to accompany specific onscreen actions or activities, such as a person walking, sword fighting, or a door creaking. The position is named after pioneering sound effects technician Jack Foley, who almost

motion-picture technology: Sound effects: …mundane effects is the “Foley” technique, which involves matching sound effects to picture. For footsteps, a Foley artist chooses or creates an appropriate surface in a studio and records the sound of someone moving in place on it in time to the projected image. Foleying is the effects equivalent…

Dennis Hastert: …handling of the scandal involving Mark Foley, a Republican from Florida who resigned after it was revealed that he had sent sexually graphic messages to teenaged pages. A subsequent House investigation found that Hastert and others had ignored repeated warnings about Foley. However, no sanctions were proposed. The scandal contributed…

motion-picture technology: Sound effects: …mundane effects is the “Foley” technique, which involves matching sound effects to picture. For footsteps, a Foley artist chooses or creates an appropriate surface in a studio and records the sound of someone moving in place on it in time to the projected image. Foleying is the effects equivalent…

Folger Shakespeare Library: The Folger Institute, founded in 1970 by the Folger Shakespeare Library and a consortium of universities, is a multidisciplinary centre for advanced study in the humanities. The Folger also has educational programs for grades K–12, which encourage teachers and students to combine the reading of texts…

Folger Shakespeare Library, research centre in Washington, D.C., for the study of William Shakespeare, his contemporaries, and Elizabethan society and culture. The library, with more than 240,000 books and manuscripts (from the late 13th century to the present), possesses an unrivaled collection of

Henry Clay Folger was an American lawyer and business executive who is chiefly remembered as the founder of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. Henry’s father of the same name was a ninth-generation descendant of the Nantucket settler Peter Folger, whose daughter, Abiah, was Benjamin

Henry Clay Folger was an American lawyer and business executive who is chiefly remembered as the founder of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C. Henry’s father of the same name was a ninth-generation descendant of the Nantucket settler Peter Folger, whose daughter, Abiah, was Benjamin

Lydia Folger Fowler was a physician, writer, and reformer, one of the first American women to hold a medical degree and to become a professor of medicine in an American college. Lydia Folger attended the Wheaton Seminary in Norton, Massachusetts, from 1838 to 1839 and taught there from 1842 to

Atlantic Ocean: Early oceanography: …based on data collected by Timothy Folger from the logs of transatlantic mail ships. The work of the American naval officer Matthew Fontaine Maury in the 1840s and ’50s paved the way for generations of future researchers. His exhaustive calculations of Atlantic winds and currents, as well as his early…

Italian literature: Comic verse: Folgore di San Gimignano is often classified among these poets for convenience’s sake. He is best known for his elegant sonnet cycles listing the aristocratic pleasures (reminiscent of the Provençal plazer) associated, for example, with the different months of the year. Far more conventional are…

João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett, viscount de Almeida Garrett: (1843–51), and Folhas Caídas (1853), a collection of short love poems whose formal elegance and sensual, melancholy tone make them the best Portuguese lyric poems of the Romantic period.

houseplant: Foliage plants: In the aroid family, which has provided a range of long-lived houseplants, most prominent are the philodendrons. These are handsome tropical American plants, generally climbers, with attractive leathery leaves, heart-shaped, and often cut into lobes. Monstera deliciosa, or Philodendron pertusum, the Swiss cheese…

human sensory reception: Taste (gustatory) sense: …located primarily in fungiform (mushroom-shaped), foliate, and circumvallate (walled-around) papillae of the tongue or in adjacent structures of the palate and throat. Many gustatory receptors in small papillae on the soft palate and back roof of the mouth in adults are particularly sensitive to sour and bitter tastes, whereas the…

permafrost: Ice wedges: …is that formed in large ice wedges or masses with parallel or subparallel foliation structures. Most foliated ice masses occur as wedge-shaped, vertical, or inclined sheets or dikes 2.5 cm (about 1 inch) to 3 metres wide and 0.3 to 9 metres (1 to 29.5 feet) high when viewed in…

permafrost: Ice wedges: …is that formed in large ice wedges or masses with parallel or subparallel foliation structures. Most foliated ice masses occur as wedge-shaped, vertical, or inclined sheets or dikes 2.5 cm (about 1 inch) to 3 metres wide and 0.3 to 9 metres (1 to 29.5 feet) high when viewed in…

foliation, planar arrangement of structural or textural features in any rock type but particularly that resulting from the alignment of constituent mineral grains of a metamorphic rock of the regional variety along straight or wavy planes. Foliation often occurs parallel to original bedding, but it

Sergei Novikov: …topology was his work on foliations—decompositions of manifolds into smaller ones, called leaves. Leaves can be either open or closed, but at the time Novikov started his work it was not known whether leaves of a closed type existed. Novikov’s demonstration of the existence of closed leaves in the case…

folic acid, water-soluble vitamin of the B complex that is essential in animals and plants for the synthesis of nucleic acids. Folic acid was isolated from liver cells in 1943. The vitamin has a wide variety of sources in the human diet, including leafy green vegetables, citrus fruits, cereals,

folic acid deficiency anemia, type of anemia resulting from a deficient intake of the vitamin folic acid (folate). Folic acid, a B vitamin, is needed for the formation of heme, the pigmented, iron-containing portion of the hemoglobin in red blood cells (erythrocytes). A deficient intake of folic

continental philosophy: Foucault: …implicit in Foucault’s early works Madness and Civilization (1961) and The Order of Things (1966). In the former, he attempted to show how the notion of reason in Western philosophy and science had been defined and applied in terms of the beings—the “other”—it was thought to exclude. In this respect,…

Roy Del Ruth: Middle years: Folies Bergère de Paris (1935) was a successful musical featuring Maurice Chevalier, Ann Sothern, and Merle Oberon; dance director Dave Gould won an Academy Award for the “Straw Hat” finale. Del Ruth was paired with Gould again for Broadway Melody of 1936, a typically lavish…

Folies-Bergère, Parisian music hall and variety-entertainment theatre that is one of the major tourist attractions of France. Following its opening in a new theatre on May 1, 1869, the Folies became one of the first major music halls in Paris. During its early years it presented a mixed program of

Foligno, town, Umbria regione, central Italy. It lies along the Topino River, southeast of Perugia. Originally an Umbrian settlement, the present site is that of the Roman town of Fulginium and still reflects the Romans’ regular street plan. The town’s importance lay in its command of the main pass

Amadou and Mariam: …Welcome to Mali (2008) and Folila (2012) featured lavish production and a host of international collaborators, including Somali-born rapper K’Naan and members of the American rock band TV on the Radio. The uplifting La Confusion (2017) recalled the Afro-pop sounds of the late 1980s.

lichen: Foliose lichens are large and leafy, reaching diameters of several feet in some species, and are usually attached to the substrate by their large platelike thalli at the centre. These lichens have a distinct top and bottom side and can be leafy, flat, or bumpy…

St. Thomas Becket: Quarrel with Henry: …of the bishops, among them Gilbert Foliot, bishop of London. Thomas fled in disguise and took refuge with Louis VII of France. Pope Alexander III received him with honour but hesitated to act decisively in his favour in fear that he might throw Henry into the arms of the Holy…

human nervous system: Morphological development: …in the cerebral cortex and folia of the cerebellar cortex. The central and calcarine sulci are discernible by the fifth fetal month, and all major gyri and sulci are normally present by the seventh month. Many minor sulci and gyri appear after birth.

folk society, an ideal type or concept of society that is completely cohesive—morally, religiously, politically, and socially—because of the small numbers and isolated state of the people, because of the relatively unmediated personal quality of social interaction, and because the entire world of

folk art, predominantly functional or utilitarian visual art created by hand (or with limited mechanical facilities) for use by the maker or a small circumscribed group and containing an element of retention—the prolonged survival of tradition. Folk art is the creative expression of the human

Mexico: Cultural institutions: …internationally acclaimed museums are the Museum of Folk Art, the immense National Museum of Anthropology, and its offshoot the National Museum of History. In suburban Mexico City is the Luis Barragán House and Studio, which honours the Mexican architect and was designated a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 2004.…

Islamic arts: General considerations: …are found in the more folkloristic arts of Islam. Every region has produced poetry, in regional languages, that is livelier and more realistic than the classical court poetry, but poetry limited to one region tends to become restricted to certain fixed forms that can be easily imitated. Attempts at drama…

Francis J. Child: …study, collecting, and cataloging of folk ballads.

Johan Bojer: …and Folk ved sjøen (1929; Folk by the Sea), perhaps his finest work. Both of these works are epic in conception and contain remarkable passages of description.

Robert Redfield: …capital, formed the basis of The Folk Culture of the Yucatán (1941). This work elaborated a hypothetical continuum indicating how the growth of a small, isolated community into a large, heterogeneous society involves progressive degrees of social change and cultural disorganization. Returning to Chan Kom in 1948, he observed changes…

folk dance, generally, a type of dance that is a vernacular, usually recreational, expression of a past or present culture. The term folk dance was accepted until the mid-20th century. Then this and other categories of dance were questioned and their distinctions became subject to debate. For the