Ferdinand III was the Holy Roman emperor who headed the so-called peace party at the Habsburg imperial court during the Thirty Years’ War and ended that war in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The eldest son of the emperor Ferdinand II and Maria Anna of Bavaria, the energetic and able Ferdinand

Ferdinand III ; canonized February 4, 1671; feast day May 30) was the king of Castile from 1217 to 1252 and of Leon from 1230 to 1252 and conqueror of the Muslim cities of Córdoba (1236), Jaén (1246), and Sevilla (1248). During his campaigns, Murcia submitted to his son Alfonso (later Alfonso X),

Ferdinand II was the king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began

Ferdinand IV was the king of Castile and Leon, succeeding his father, Sancho IV, in 1295. Ferdinand survived his minority through the tact and bravery of his mother, María de Molina, who acted as regent. He was further aided by the loyalty of the citizens of Ávila, where he took refuge during an

Ferdinand IV was the king of Bohemia (from 1646) and of Hungary (from 1647) and king of the Romans (from 1653). The eldest son of the emperor Ferdinand III and his first wife, Maria Anna, daughter of Philip III of Spain, Ferdinand was destined for the imperial crown. He was brought up to rule and,

Ferdinand I was the king of the Two Sicilies (1816–25) who earlier (1759–1806), as Ferdinand IV of Naples, led his kingdom in its fight against the French Revolution and its liberal ideas. A relatively weak and somewhat inept ruler, he was greatly influenced by his wife, Maria Carolina of Austria,

Ferdinand was a prince (1887–1908) and the first king (1908–18) of modern Bulgaria. The youngest son of Prince Augustus (August) I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Ferdinand was elected prince of Bulgaria on July 7, 1887, as successor to the first ruler of that autonomous principality, Alexander I, who was

Ferdinand Maria was the elector of Bavaria (1651–79), son of Maximilian I. A minor when he succeeded, he did much to repair the wounds caused by the Thirty Years’ War, encouraging agriculture and industries, and building or restoring numerous churches and monasteries. In 1669, moreover, he again

Maximilian was an archduke of Austria and the emperor of Mexico, a man whose naive liberalism proved unequal to the international intrigues that had put him on the throne and to the brutal struggles within Mexico that led to his execution. The younger brother of Emperor Francis Joseph, he served as

Ferdinand was a prince (1887–1908) and the first king (1908–18) of modern Bulgaria. The youngest son of Prince Augustus (August) I of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Ferdinand was elected prince of Bulgaria on July 7, 1887, as successor to the first ruler of that autonomous principality, Alexander I, who was

Ferdinand (I) was the emperor of Austria from 1835 to 1848, when he abdicated his throne. Ferdinand was the eldest son of the Holy Roman emperor Francis II (later Francis I of Austria) and Maria Theresa of Naples-Sicily. Despite Ferdinand’s feeblemindedness and epilepsy, Francis, seeking to protect

Ferdinand II was the king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began

Ferdinand VII was the king of Spain in 1808 and from 1814 to 1833. Between 1808 and 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, Ferdinand was imprisoned in France by Napoleon. Ferdinand was the son of Charles IV and Maria Luisa of Parma, who placed their whole confidence in Manuel de Godoy. From 1795 Godoy

Ferdinand I was the ninth king of Portugal (1367–83), whose reign was marked by three wars with Castile and by the growth of the Portuguese economy. The son of Peter I of Portugal, Ferdinand became a contender for the Castilian throne after the assassination (1369) of Peter the Cruel of Castile,

Ferdinand I was the first ruler of Castile to take the title of king. He also was crowned emperor of Leon. Ferdinand’s father, Sancho III of Navarre, had acquired Castile and established hegemony over the Christian states. On his death in 1035 he left Navarre to his eldest son (García III) and

Ferdinand I was the ninth king of Portugal (1367–83), whose reign was marked by three wars with Castile and by the growth of the Portuguese economy. The son of Peter I of Portugal, Ferdinand became a contender for the Castilian throne after the assassination (1369) of Peter the Cruel of Castile,

Ferdinand II was the king of Aragon and king of Castile (as Ferdinand V) from 1479, joint sovereign with Queen Isabella I. (As Spanish ruler of southern Italy, he was also known as Ferdinand III of Naples and Ferdinand II of Sicily.) He united the Spanish kingdoms into the nation of Spain and began

Ferdinand VI was the third king of Spain of the house of Bourbon, reigning from 1746 to 1759. He pursued a policy of neutrality and gradual reform. The second son of Philip V and his first wife, Marie-Louise, Ferdinand was given no part in political life during the reign of his father, who was much

Ferdinand VII was the king of Spain in 1808 and from 1814 to 1833. Between 1808 and 1813, during the Napoleonic Wars, Ferdinand was imprisoned in France by Napoleon. Ferdinand was the son of Charles IV and Maria Luisa of Parma, who placed their whole confidence in Manuel de Godoy. From 1795 Godoy

Tobias Smollett: The Adventures of Ferdinand, Count Fathom (now, with The History and Adventures of an Atom, the least regarded of his novels) appeared in 1753. It sold poorly, and Smollett was forced into borrowing from friends and into further hack writing. In June 1753 he visited…

Ferdinand I was the king of Aragon from 1412 to 1416, the second son of John I of Castile and Eleanor, daughter of Peter IV of Aragon. Because his elder brother, Henry III, was an invalid, Ferdinand took the battlefield against the Muslims of Granada. When Henry III died in 1406, his son John II

Franz Ferdinand, archduke of Austria-Este was the archduke of Austria-Este. His assassination in 1914 was the immediate cause of World War I. Franz Ferdinand was the eldest son of the archduke Charles Louis, who was the brother of the emperor Franz Joseph. The death of the heir apparent, Archduke

Ferdinand III ; canonized February 4, 1671; feast day May 30) was the king of Castile from 1217 to 1252 and of Leon from 1230 to 1252 and conqueror of the Muslim cities of Córdoba (1236), Jaén (1246), and Sevilla (1248). During his campaigns, Murcia submitted to his son Alfonso (later Alfonso X),

Ferdinand, viscount de Lesseps was a French diplomat famous for building the Suez Canal across the Isthmus of Suez (1859–69) in Egypt. Lesseps was from a family long distinguished in government service. Appointed assistant vice-consul at Lisbon in 1825, he was sent in 1828 to Tunis and in 1832 to

Innsbruck: …are four major museums: the Ferdinandeum, with prehistoric, industrial-art, and natural-history collections and a picture gallery; the Tirolean Folk Art Museum; the Museum of the Imperial Rifles; and parts of the collections of the archduke Ferdinand II, in the Castle Ambras.

Ferdinand I was the king of Naples from 1458. He was the illegitimate son of Alfonso V of Aragon, who, after establishing himself as king of Naples in 1442, had Ferdinand legitimized and recognized as his heir. Succeeding Alfonso in 1458, Ferdinand was soon faced with a baronial revolt in favour of

Ferdinand I was the third grand duke (granduca) of Tuscany (1587–1609), who greatly increased the strength and prosperity of the country. The younger son of Cosimo I, Ferdinand had been made a cardinal at age 14 and was living in Rome when his brother Francis (Francesco) died without a male heir,

Botev, highest peak (7,795 feet [2,376 metres]) in the Balkan Mountains of central Bulgaria. It was formerly called Ferdinandov and, until 1950,

Ferdowsī was a Persian poet, author of the Shāh-nāmeh (“Book of Kings”), the Persian national epic, to which he gave a final and enduring form, although he based his poem mainly on an earlier prose version. Ferdowsī was born in a village on the outskirts of the ancient city of Ṭūs. In the course of

Witold Gombrowicz: …success of his first novel, Ferdydurke (1937; Eng. trans. Ferdydurke)—a grotesque image of contemporary society that shocked the reading public—Gombrowicz visited Argentina, where he became stranded during and after World War II. Because he was considered an émigré writer, the publication of his works was banned in Poland; Institut Littéraire,…

Little Boy: Delivery and deployment: …the aircraft to his bombardier, Maj. Thomas Ferebee, who began his bombing run. Ferebee’s aim point was the Aioi Bridge over the Ōta River. Tibbets ordered his crew to don their protective goggles, and at 8:15 am the bomb was released.

Sándor Ferenczi was a Hungarian psychoanalyst noted for his contributions to psychoanalytic theory and his experimentation with techniques of therapy. After receiving his M.D. from the University of Vienna (1894), Ferenczi served as an army doctor, specializing in neurology and neuropathology and

Ferentino, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. The town is situated on a hill that commands the Sacco valley and the Via Casilina (the ancient Roman road Via Latina), 46 miles (65 km) southeast of Rome. The ancient Ferentinum was the chief city of the Hernici people and passed to Rome in

Ferentino, town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy. The town is situated on a hill that commands the Sacco valley and the Via Casilina (the ancient Roman road Via Latina), 46 miles (65 km) southeast of Rome. The ancient Ferentinum was the chief city of the Hernici people and passed to Rome in

Fergana, oblast (province) eastern Uzbekistan, in the southwestern Fergana valley. The climate is continental with hot summers and moderately cold winters. The south is irrigated by streams descending from the Alay Mountains and by the Great (Bolshoy) Fergana and Southern (Yuzhny) Fergana canals.

Fergana, city, eastern Uzbekistan. It lies at the foot of the Alay Mountains in the southern part of the Fergana Valley. It was founded by the Russians in 1877 as the military and administrative centre of the province of Fergana, formed from the newly conquered khanate of Kokand (Quqŏn). It became

Asia: Geologic and climatic influences: >Fergana Valley provide typical examples, and of folding over a large radius, examples of which may be seen in the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay ranges, played a significant role.

Asia: Geologic and climatic influences: >Fergana Valley provide typical examples, and of folding over a large radius, examples of which may be seen in the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay ranges, played a significant role.

Fergana Valley, enormous depression between the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay mountain systems, lying mainly in eastern Uzbekistan and partly in Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The roughly triangular valley has an area of 8,500 square miles (22,000 square km). It is bordered on the northwest by the

Asia: Geologic and climatic influences: >Fergana Valley provide typical examples, and of folding over a large radius, examples of which may be seen in the Tien Shan and Gissar and Alay ranges, played a significant role.

Fergana, city, eastern Uzbekistan. It lies at the foot of the Alay Mountains in the southern part of the Fergana Valley. It was founded by the Russians in 1877 as the military and administrative centre of the province of Fergana, formed from the newly conquered khanate of Kokand (Quqŏn). It became

Sarah, Duchess of York is the former wife (1986–96) of Prince Andrew, Duke of York. After they divorced in 1996, Sarah became a prolific author, television personality, entrepreneur, and public figure. A descendant of British royalty, Ferguson was the second daughter of parents who divorced when

Alex Ferguson is a Scottish football (soccer) player and manager who was best known for managing Manchester United (1986–2013). Ferguson was the longest-tenured manager in “Man U” history and led the club to more than 30 domestic and international titles, including 13 Premier League championships,

Black Eyed Peas: With the addition of vocalist Fergie (byname of Stacy Ann Ferguson; b. March 27, 1975, Hacienda Heights, California) in 2001, however, the group abandoned the hip-hop underground for the pop mainstream. Elephunk (2003) yielded the upbeat club-friendly hit singles “Where Is the Love?” (a collaboration with Justin Timberlake), “Hey Mama,”…

Wigtownshire: In the 1120s Fergus, the ruler of Galloway, reconstituted the area’s Anglian bishopric, which was first established in the 8th century, and he built a priory at Whithorn as the bishopric’s cathedral. The lands of Fergus’s descendants eventually passed by marriage to the Balliol family and then to…

Medb: …affair with the mighty hero Fergus, distinguished for his prodigious virility. Medb had a sacred tree, bile Medb, and was often represented with a squirrel and a bird sitting on her shoulders.

Fergus Falls, city, seat (1872) of Otter Tail county, west-central Minnesota, U.S. It lies along the Otter Tail River in a lake area, about 115 miles (185 km) northwest of St. Cloud and about 25 miles (40 km) east of the Minnesota–North Dakota border. The city was claimed in 1857 by Joseph

Ferguson, city, St. Louis county, eastern Missouri, U.S. It is a northwestern residential suburb of St. Louis. Ferguson’s roots date to 1855, when farmer William B. Ferguson deeded a strip of land to the North Missouri Railroad. He stipulated that the railroad construct a depot on the site and make

Patrick Ferguson: …marksman, and inventor of the Ferguson flintlock rifle.

Rebecca Ferguson is a Swedish actress known for portraying strong and resilient characters, perhaps most notably Ilsa Faust in the Mission: Impossible films and Lady Jessica Atreides in the Dune series. Ferguson, who grew up in Stockholm, is bilingual. Her mother, Rosemary Ferguson, is from

Harry George Ferguson: …manufactured agricultural machines, notably the Ferguson tractor.

Abbie Park Ferguson was an American educator, a founder and preserver of Huguenot College as the only women’s college in South Africa in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Ferguson was the daughter of a Congregational minister. She graduated from Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (now Mount

Adam Ferguson was a historian and philosopher of the Scottish “common sense” school of philosophy who is remembered as a forerunner of modern sociology for his emphasis on social interactions. Ferguson’s article on history appeared in the second edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica (see

Alex Ferguson is a Scottish football (soccer) player and manager who was best known for managing Manchester United (1986–2013). Ferguson was the longest-tenured manager in “Man U” history and led the club to more than 30 domestic and international titles, including 13 Premier League championships,

Daughters of Bilitis: …DOB were Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, who would become well-known lesbian rights activists. During the late 1950s other DOB chapters were founded across America and in Australia too, although membership numbers remained relatively small.

William Ferguson was an Australian activist who fought for the rights of Australian Aboriginal peoples. He was a strong opponent of the New South Wales Aborigines Protection Board, a government-run organization composed of white members who set rules to manage the lives of Aboriginal people.

music: Referentialists and nonreferentialists: …in the Arts (1946) and Donald Ferguson in Music as Metaphor (1960). Meyer made the observation that while most referentialists are expressionists, not all expressionists are referentialists. He made the useful distinction between absolute expressionists and referential expressionists and identified his own position as “formalist–absolute expressionist.” In acknowledging that music…

Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson was an early American writer, perhaps best remembered for her personal correspondence, journal, and salons and for her incongruously pro-British actions during the American Revolution. Elizabeth Graeme grew up in a wealthy and influential family at a country estate,

Harry George Ferguson was a British industrialist who designed and manufactured agricultural machines, notably the Ferguson tractor. Ferguson began in 1900 to sell and repair automobiles and motorcycles, and in 1909 he designed and built his own airplane, in which he made the first recorded flight

Anna Kavan was a British novelist and short-story writer known for her semiautobiographical surreal fiction dealing with the themes of mental breakdown and self-destruction. She was born into a wealthy family and traveled widely as a child. Under the name Helen Ferguson she wrote six novels, most

Jim Crow law: Challenging the Separate Car Act: …new judge in Desdunes’s case, John Ferguson, dismissed the case.

Greenville: Lake Ferguson was created in the 1930s when an S-shaped curve in the Mississippi River was straightened.

Miriam Ferguson was an American politician who in 1925 became the first female governor of Texas after campaigning as a stand-in for her husband, James Edward (Jim) Ferguson, who had been convicted of financial crimes and impeached as governor in 1917 and was thereby barred from returning to the

Miriam Ferguson was an American politician who in 1925 became the first female governor of Texas after campaigning as a stand-in for her husband, James Edward (Jim) Ferguson, who had been convicted of financial crimes and impeached as governor in 1917 and was thereby barred from returning to the

Miriam Ferguson was an American politician who in 1925 became the first female governor of Texas after campaigning as a stand-in for her husband, James Edward (Jim) Ferguson, who had been convicted of financial crimes and impeached as governor in 1917 and was thereby barred from returning to the

Patrick Ferguson was a British soldier, marksman, and inventor of the Ferguson flintlock rifle. Ferguson served in the British army from 1759. In 1776 he patented a rifle—one of the earliest practical breechloaders—that was the best military firearm used in the American Revolution. His breechlock

Rebecca Ferguson is a Swedish actress known for portraying strong and resilient characters, perhaps most notably Ilsa Faust in the Mission: Impossible films and Lady Jessica Atreides in the Dune series. Ferguson, who grew up in Stockholm, is bilingual. Her mother, Rosemary Ferguson, is from

Robert Ferguson was a Scottish conspirator and pamphleteer known as “the Plotter,” who gave indiscriminate support to the opponents of Charles II and James II and then to the Jacobites against William III. Educated for the Presbyterian ministry, Ferguson went to England in the 1650s and received

Irish literature: Samuel Ferguson, Sydney Owenson, and Maria Edgeworth: Samuel Ferguson was an Ulster Protestant, unionist, and cultural nationalist whose poetry and prose, as well as antiquarian work, provided foundational texts for the Gaelic Revival of the 1830s and also, crucially, for a subsequent revival, the Irish literary renaissance, which began in the last…

Samuel David Ferguson was the first African American bishop of the Episcopal Church. As a young boy, Ferguson moved with his family in 1848 to Liberia. There he was educated in the mission schools of the Anglican Communion and later received theological training from missionaries in other areas of

Sarah, Duchess of York is the former wife (1986–96) of Prince Andrew, Duke of York. After they divorced in 1996, Sarah became a prolific author, television personality, entrepreneur, and public figure. A descendant of British royalty, Ferguson was the second daughter of parents who divorced when

Alex Ferguson is a Scottish football (soccer) player and manager who was best known for managing Manchester United (1986–2013). Ferguson was the longest-tenured manager in “Man U” history and led the club to more than 30 domestic and international titles, including 13 Premier League championships,

Black Eyed Peas: With the addition of vocalist Fergie (byname of Stacy Ann Ferguson; b. March 27, 1975, Hacienda Heights, California) in 2001, however, the group abandoned the hip-hop underground for the pop mainstream. Elephunk (2003) yielded the upbeat club-friendly hit singles “Where Is the Love?” (a collaboration with Justin Timberlake), “Hey Mama,”…

Tom R. Ferguson is an American cowboy who was the first to win the all-around cowboy title of the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (before 1975, the Rodeo Cowboys Association) six consecutive times (1974–79), breaking Larry Mahan’s record of five consecutive titles (1966–70). When Ferguson

William Ferguson was an Australian activist who fought for the rights of Australian Aboriginal peoples. He was a strong opponent of the New South Wales Aborigines Protection Board, a government-run organization composed of white members who set rules to manage the lives of Aboriginal people.

Fergusson Island, largest of the D’Entrecasteaux Islands, Papua New Guinea, in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The island lies 30 miles (50 km) across Ward Hunt Strait from the southeastern tip of New Guinea, in the Solomon Sea. It is separated from Goodenough Island (northwest) by Moresby Strait

Elizabeth Graeme Fergusson was an early American writer, perhaps best remembered for her personal correspondence, journal, and salons and for her incongruously pro-British actions during the American Revolution. Elizabeth Graeme grew up in a wealthy and influential family at a country estate,

Robert Fergusson was a Scottish poet who was one of the leading figures of the 18th-century revival of Scots vernacular writing and the chief forerunner of Robert Burns. Fergusson was educated at the University of St. Andrews and became a copying clerk in a lawyer’s office in Edinburgh. In 1771 he

feriae, ancient Roman festival days during which the gods were honoured and all business, especially lawsuits, was suspended. Feriae were of two types: feriae privatae and feriae publicae. The feriae privatae, usually celebrated only by families or individuals, commemorated an event of personal or

Roman religion: Shrines and temples: There were also the Feriae Conceptivae, the dates of which were fixed each year by the proper authority, and which included the Feriae Latinae (“Latin Festival”) celebrated in the Alban Hills, usually at the end of April.

Feriae Latinae, in Roman religion, the Festival of Jupiter Latiaris (Latialis), held in the spring and fall each year on Mons Albanus (Monte Cavo), in the Alban Hills near Rome. Apparently antedating the foundation of Rome, it eventually was observed by all 47 members of the Latin League. The

feriae: Feriae were of two types: feriae privatae and feriae publicae. The feriae privatae, usually celebrated only by families or individuals, commemorated an event of personal or ancestral importance. Included in this group were the feriae denicales, or 10 days of mourning observed by a family after the death of one…

feriae: …two types: feriae privatae and feriae publicae. The feriae privatae, usually celebrated only by families or individuals, commemorated an event of personal or ancestral importance. Included in this group were the feriae denicales, or 10 days of mourning observed by a family after the death of one of its members.

Croatian literature: …of the 21st century, by Zoran Ferić, Ante Tomić, and Julijana Matanović.

Hassan Rouhani is a centrist Iranian politician and cleric who served as president of Iran (2013–21) and is known for his role in negotiating the 2015 nuclear agreement, called the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), that limited Iran’s nuclear program. Rouhani, who had been part of Iran’s

Bernard Feringa is a Dutch chemist who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work with molecular machines. He shared the prize with French chemist Jean-Pierre Sauvage and Scottish-American chemist Sir J. Fraser Stoddart. Feringa received his doctorate in chemistry from the

history of logic: Syllogisms: Celarent, Darii, Ferio,

history of logic: Syllogisms: Bocardo, Ferison.

Zsigmond, Baron Kemény: …of contemporary life, such as Férj és nő (1852; “Husband and Wife”), are pervaded by the same atmosphere of tragedy. Kemény’s masterful grasp of motivation and his fine evocation of the historical background were praised by critics and a select group of readers, but his novels were never popular.

Lawrence Ferlinghetti was an American poet, one of the founders of the Beat movement in San Francisco in the mid-1950s. His City Lights bookshop was an early gathering place of the Beats, and the publishing arm of City Lights was the first to print the Beats’ books of poetry. Ferlinghetti’s father

Lawrence Ferlinghetti was an American poet, one of the founders of the Beat movement in San Francisco in the mid-1950s. His City Lights bookshop was an early gathering place of the Beats, and the publishing arm of City Lights was the first to print the Beats’ books of poetry. Ferlinghetti’s father

Ferlo, relict river valley and region of interior northern Senegal. It lies south of the fertile valley of the Sénégal River and the Fouta region and east of the peanut (groundnut) basin of the western plains. Ferlo is a dry, featureless expanse of savanna with only a few small scattered

Fermanagh, former district (1973–2015), now part of Fermanagh and Omagh district, extreme southwestern Northern Ireland. Fermanagh also formerly was a county with the same boundaries it had as a district. It was bounded by the former districts of Dungannon and Omagh to the northeast and by the

Fermanagh and Omagh, district, southwestern Northern Ireland. It is bounded to the north and northwest by the Derry City and Strabane district, to the east by the Mid Ulster district, and to the southeast, south, and northwest by the republic of Ireland. Administrative offices for the Fermanagh and

Fermat prime, prime number of the form 22n + 1, for some positive integer n. For example, 223 + 1 = 28 + 1 = 257 is a Fermat prime. On the basis of his knowledge that numbers of this form are prime for values of n from 1 through 4, the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat (1601–65) conjectured

pseudoprime, a composite, or nonprime, number n that fulfills a mathematical condition that most other composite numbers fail. The best-known of these numbers are the Fermat pseudoprimes. In 1640 French mathematician Pierre de Fermat first asserted “Fermat’s Little Theorem,” also known as Fermat’s

Fermat’s last theorem, the statement that there are no natural numbers (1, 2, 3,…) x, y, and z such that xn + yn = zn, in which n is a natural number greater than 2. For example, if n = 3, Fermat’s last theorem states that no natural numbers x, y, and z exist such that x3 + y 3 = z3 (i.e., the sum

Pierre de Fermat: Analyses of curves: …known as the parabolas or hyperbolas of Fermat according as n is positive or negative. He similarly generalized the Archimedean spiral r = aθ. These curves in turn directed him in the middle 1630s to an algorithm, or rule of mathematical procedure, that was equivalent to differentiation. This procedure enabled…

Fermat’s last theorem, the statement that there are no natural numbers (1, 2, 3,…) x, y, and z such that xn + yn = zn, in which n is a natural number greater than 2. For example, if n = 3, Fermat’s last theorem states that no natural numbers x, y, and z exist such that x3 + y 3 = z3 (i.e., the sum

Fermat’s theorem, in number theory, the statement, first given in 1640 by French mathematician Pierre de Fermat, that for any prime number p and any integer a such that p does not divide a (the pair are relatively prime), p divides exactly into ap − a. Although a number n that does not divide