Faisal II was the last king of Iraq, who reigned from 1939 to 1958. Faisal II, grandson of Faisal I and great-grandson of Hussein ibn Ali, former sharif of Mecca and king of the Hejaz, became king of Iraq following the untimely death of his father, King Ghazi. Because Faisal was only four years

Data Encryption Standard: …one of the company’s researchers, Horst Feistel, a few years earlier. The Lucifer algorithm was evaluated in secret consultations between the NBS and the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). After some modifications to the internal functions and a shortening of the code key size from 112 bits to 56 bits,…

modern algebra: Group theory: …paper by the American mathematicians Walter Feit and John Thompson showed that if a finite simple group is not merely the group of rotations of a regular polygon, then it must have an even number of elements. This result was immensely important because it showed that such groups had to…

September 11 attacks: The aftermath: Undersecretary of Defense Douglas J. Feith later explained,

Fejér, megye (county), central Hungary, occupying an area in the eastern portion of Transdanubia. It is bordered by the counties of Komárom-Esztergom to the north, Pest and Bács-Kiskun to the east, Tolna to the south, and Veszprém and Somogy to the west. Székesfehérvár is the county seat. Other

Robert Feke was a British-American painter whose portraits depict the emerging colonial aristocracy. The facts of Feke’s life are uncertain: stories differ over his employment as a mariner, his supposed travels, and his artistic training. The record of his work, however—created in Boston,

Kálmán Mikszáth: Mikszáth’s last work, A fekete város (1910; “The Black City”), is the finest of his historical novels.

Bill T. Jones: …choreographed, and directed the musical Fela! (2008), about the life of Nigerian musician and activist Fela Anikulapo-Kuti. For his exuberant choreography, he won a second Tony Award. Jones’s later work included Fondly Do We Hope…Fervently Do We Pray(2009), a commission for the Ravinia Festival, Highland Park, Illinois, commemorating the bicentennial…

falafel, a staple Middle Eastern dish—and a popular street food around the world—that consists of fried spiced balls or patties of ground chickpeas or fava beans (or a mixture of both) stuffed into a pita or wrapped in laffa bread with hot sauce, tahini sauce, and generally some saladlike

history of logic: Syllogisms: Darapti, Disamis, Datisi, Felapton,

Beta Israel, Jews of Ethiopian origin. Their beginnings are obscure and possibly polygenetic. The Beta Israel (meaning House of Israel) themselves claim descent from Menilek I, traditionally the son of the Queen of Sheba (Makeda) and King Solomon. At least some of their ancestors, however, were

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus: Animal rights criticism and the end of Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus in 2017: In 1995 Feld Entertainment, Inc., established the Center for Elephant Conservation in Florida, but, as the understanding of the complex intellectual and emotional lives of elephants spread and protests of the circus’s treatment of elephants increased, more and more people began to view elephant performances negatively.

Eliot Feld is an American dancer, choreographer, and director. He choreographed a number of successful dances while in the corps of American Ballet Theatre, New York, and later cofounded Ballet Tech, a thriving institution providing dance instruction to New York City public school students. Feld

Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus: The Feld family circus: …an agreement with concert promoter Irvin Feld, under which the circus continued performing—not under the big-top tent but in indoor facilities which Feld contracted. Without the need to put up and take down the tent, the circus was able to reduce costs and cut its workforce from about 1,400 to…

Black Forest: …Kinzig valley, its highest summits—Feldberg (4,897 feet [1,493 metres]), Herzogenhorn, and Blössling—are to the south. Its northern half has an average height of 2,000 feet.

Oceanic music and dance: Musical style and cultural context: …New Guinea, the American anthropologist Steven Feld has demonstrated the integration of diverse musical structures and natural sounds under one aesthetic ideology. The concept of “lift-up-over sounding,” which calls for a continuity of overlapping sound qualities and the avoidance of unison, governs all Kaluli musical expression, including recently acquired Christian…

Black Forest: …Kinzig valley, its highest summits—Feldberg (4,897 feet [1,493 metres]), Herzogenhorn, and Blössling—are to the south. Its northern half has an average height of 2,000 feet.

the Eagles: Later members included Don Felder (b. September 21, 1947, Topanga, California), Joe Walsh (b. November 20, 1947, Wichita, Kansas), and Timothy B. Schmit (b. October 30, 1947, Sacramento, California).

Doc Pomus was an American songwriter who teamed with Mort Shuman to write some of the most memorable rock and pop songs in the Brill Building style of the early 1960s. Pomus, who began singing in jazz and blues clubs as a teenager, met pianist Shuman during a recording session. Together (Shuman

Feldkirch, town, western Austria. It lies along the Ill River, near the Liechtenstein border, about 48 miles (77 km) east-southeast of Zürich, Switzerland. First mentioned as Veldkirichae (Veldkirichum) in 830, the settlement belonged to the counts of Montfort from 1190 until it was sold to Austria

prodigy: The American psychologists David Henry Feldman and Martha Morelock summarized late 20th-century research on prodigies to identify those inherent traits and environmental influences that contribute to the development of a prodigy. In general, they observed that most prodigies do not appear spontaneously; instead, they emerge when several important…

lithography: Commercial lithography: …increasing number of artists, including Eugene Feldman, Hanne Darboven, Joseph Beuys, Gerhard Richter, Dieter Roth, and Kara Walker, had used the offset process to noncommercial ends.

Kid Chocolate: …his 12th-round knockout of American Lew Feldman on Oct. 13, 1932, it was a disputed title. Chocolate fought his last five bouts in Havana before retiring in 1938—having contested about 150 professional fights, with only 10 losses. He then opened a gym in Havana and chose to remain in Cuba…

Morton Feldman was an American avant-garde composer associated with John Cage. Feldman studied composition with Wallingford Riegger and Stefan Wolpe. In the 1950s, much more influenced by Abstract Expressionist painters than by other composers, he began using a method of graphic notation that

Sylvia Field Porter was an American economist and journalist whose financial advice—in newspaper columns, books, and magazines—garnered a wide audience in a field dominated by men. Porter graduated from Hunter College in New York City in 1932. She worked as an assistant in a Wall Street investment

Flick Group, former diversified industrial and manufacturing company founded in Germany in the early 1920s by Friedrich Flick, who rapidly gained control of a massive empire in both steel and coal. The end of World War II, however, found three-fourths of the Flick operations inside the Soviet zone

medicine: Russia: …may be seen first by feldshers (auxiliary health workers), nurses, or midwives who work under the supervision of a polyclinic or hospital physician. The feldsher was once a lower-grade physician in the army or peasant communities, but feldshers are now regarded as paramedical workers.

feldspar, any of a group of aluminosilicate minerals that contain calcium, sodium, or potassium. Feldspars make up more than half of Earth’s crust, and professional literature about them constitutes a large percentage of the literature of mineralogy. Of the more than 3,000 known mineral species,

pottery: Decorative glazing: …four principal kinds of glazes: feldspathic, lead, tin, and salt. (Modern technology has produced new glazes that fall into none of these categories while remaining a type of glass.) Feldspathic, lead, and salt glazes are transparent; tin glaze is an opaque white. Hard porcelain takes a feldspathic glaze, soft porcelain…

feldspathoid, any of a group of alkali aluminosilicate minerals similar to the feldspars in chemical composition but either having a lower silica-alkali ratio or containing chloride, sulfide, sulfate, or carbonate. They are considered to be the specific minerals of igneous rocks usually termed

Jonah Hill is an American actor, director, and comedian who became known for locating a core of humanity inside clownish characters and later proved to be equally adept in serious roles. Hill grew up in an upper-middle-class neighbourhood of Los Angeles. His mother was a costume designer, and his

art criticism: Art criticism in the 17th century: Programmatic theory: …in the 17th century with André Félibien’s 10-volume Entretiens sur les vies et sur les ouvrages des plus excellens peintres anciens et modernes (1666–88; “Conversations on the Most Excellent Painters, Ancient and Modern”). Like Vasari, Félibien presents what he regards as the proper principles of art, as well as an…

Félibrige, association organized in the 19th century for the maintenance of the Provençal customs and language that stimulated the renaissance of the literature, language, and customs of the whole of southern France. The Félibrige was founded in 1854 by seven poets—Joseph Roumanille, Frédéric

Atom Egoyan: …book for the screen with Felicia’s Last Journey (1999), based on a novel by William Trevor.

William Trevor: In addition, Felicia’s Journey (1994) was named the Whitbread Book of the Year. Reading Turgenev (1991) and The Story of Lucy Gault (2002) were both short-listed for the Booker Prize. His last novel, Love and Summer, was published in 2009.

António Feliciano de Castilho was a poet and translator, a central figure in the Portuguese Romantic movement. Although blind from childhood, he became a classical scholar and at the age of 16 published a series of poems, translations, and pedagogical works. Castilho’s literary life may be divided

calligraphy: The scripts of humanism (14th to 16th century): …enthusiasts as Cyriacus of Ancona, Felice Feliciano and Giovanni Giocondo of Verona, and Giovanni Marcanova, Bartolomeo Sanvito, and Andrea Mantegna from Padua; Mantegna, an engraver and painter, became one of the first Renaissance artists to incorporate classical lettering into his artwork. These men compiled their researches into sillogi (anthologies of…

José Feliciano is a Hispanic American singer and guitarist known for his expressive tenor voice and acoustic instrumentals. He recorded in both English and Spanish. Feliciano was born in Lares, Puerto Rico, and, when he was five years old, his parents moved the family to the Spanish Harlem section

Felicitas, Roman goddess of good luck to whom a temple was first built in the mid-2nd century bc. She became the special protector of successful commanders. Caesar planned to erect another temple to her, and it was built by the triumvir M. Aemilius Lepidus. The emperors made her prominent as

Lisbon, city, port, capital of Portugal, and the centre of the Lisbon metropolitan area. Located in western Portugal on the estuary of the Tagus (Tejo) River, it is the westernmost capital city in continental Europe and serves as the country’s chief port, largest city, and commercial, political,

J.J. Abrams: …television and cocreated the series Felicity (1998–2002), which followed the trials and tribulations of a college student in New York City. Even though it lasted only 4 seasons, Felicity was a hit, and Abrams’s newfound clout allowed him to get the go-ahead for another series creation: Alias (2001–06), a fast-paced…

feline, (family Felidae), any of 37 cat species that among others include the cheetah, puma, jaguar, leopard, lion, lynx, tiger, and domestic cat. Cats are native to almost every region on Earth, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. They are carnivorous mammals that live in a wide

feline: Evolution and classification: Cats of the subfamily Felinae appeared in western Eurasia about 10 million years ago and have continued almost unchanged into modern times. Genetic studies examining living and fossil pantherines—cats of the subfamily Pantherinae—suggest that the pantherine lineage emerged in central Asia some 16 million years ago and subsequently spread…

feline, (family Felidae), any of 37 cat species that among others include the cheetah, puma, jaguar, leopard, lion, lynx, tiger, and domestic cat. Cats are native to almost every region on Earth, with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. They are carnivorous mammals that live in a wide

calicivirus: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is an agent that causes upper respiratory disease in cats.

feline distemper, viral disease of cats, kittens two to six months old being most susceptible. Highly contagious, it is caused by a parvovirus that is closely related to canine parvovirus type 2. About 3 to 10 days after exposure to the disease, infected kittens cough and sneeze, have running eyes

feline leukemia, viral disease of cats, one of the most serious diseases affecting domestic cats and a few other Felidae. The disease occurs worldwide. Signs include enlargement of the lymph nodes, depression, emaciation, and, frequently, diarrhea; there is no known treatment, and the outcome is

feline leukemia, viral disease of cats, one of the most serious diseases affecting domestic cats and a few other Felidae. The disease occurs worldwide. Signs include enlargement of the lymph nodes, depression, emaciation, and, frequently, diarrhea; there is no known treatment, and the outcome is

feline respiratory disease, a complex of viral contagions of cats (including rhinotracheitis, pneumonitis, and influenza), marked by fever, sneezing, and running eyes and nose. Rhinotracheitis and pneumonitis are the most common and have identical symptoms. Mortality is low, but recovery from

Philip I was the king of Castile for less than a month before his death and the founder of the Habsburg dynasty in Spain. Philip was the son of the future Holy Roman emperor Maximilian I of Habsburg and Mary of Burgundy. At his mother’s death (1482) he succeeded to her Netherlands dominions, with

Felipe VI is the king of Spain from 2014. Felipe was born in the latter years of the Francisco Franco regime, as the dictator’s health was declining and the government was taking halting steps in the direction of greater political and economic liberalization. On November 22, 1975, two days after

León Felipe was a Spanish poet known chiefly as a poet of the Spanish Civil War. After performing across Spain with a traveling theatre company, Felipe published his first book, Versos y oraciones de caminante (1919; “Verses and Prayers of a Traveler”), in Madrid. He worked for an extended period

feline: Evolution and classification: Genus Felis (small cats) 6 Old World species, including the wildcat and domestic cat. Genus Lynx (lynxes) 4 species, including the bobcat. Genus Prionailurus

golden cat: …of the family Felidae: the African golden cat (Profelis aurata), or the Asian golden cat (Catopuma temminckii), also known as Temminck’s cat.

leopard cat, (Prionailurus bengalensis), forest-dwelling cat, of the family Felidae, found across India, Southeast Asia, and nearby islands. The leopard cat is noted for its leopard-like colouring. The species is generally divided into one mainland subspecies, P. bengalensis bengalensis, and

serval: …individuals, which are known as servaline cats and were once considered a distinct species (Felis brachyura or servalina). All-black individuals are found in some populations, especially those from the high country of Kenya.

caracal, (Caracal caracal), short-tailed cat (family Felidae) found in hills, deserts, and plains of Africa, the Middle East, and central and southwestern Asia. The caracal is a sleek short-haired cat with a reddish brown coat and long tufts of black hairs on the tips of its pointed ears.

cat, (Felis catus), domesticated member (felid) of the family Felidae. The family is generally divided between cats from the subfamily Pantherinae, which roar (including lions, tigers, and leopards), and cats from the subfamily Felinae, which purr instead (including cougars, bobcats, and domestic

pampas cat, (Felis colocolo), small cat, family Felidae, native to South America. It is about 60 cm (24 inches) long, including the 30-centimetre tail. The coat is long-haired and grayish with brown markings which in some individuals may be indistinct. Little is known about the habits of the pampas

puma, (Puma concolor), large brownish New World cat comparable in size to the jaguar—the only other large cat of the Western Hemisphere. The puma, a member of the family Felidae, has the widest distribution of any New World mammal, with a range extending from southeastern Alaska to southern

Florida panther, member of a population of large New World cats belonging to the species Puma concolor, family Felidae, confined to a small, isolated, and inbred group in southern Florida. This population is the only breeding group of pumas in the eastern United States. The Florida panther was

Pallas’s cat, (Felis manul), small, long-haired cat (family Felidae) native to deserts and rocky, mountainous regions from Tibet to Siberia. It was named for the naturalist Peter Simon Pallas. The Pallas’s cat is a soft-furred animal about the size of a house cat and is pale silvery gray or light

marbled cat, (species Felis marmorata), rare Southeast Asian cat, family Felidae, often referred to as a miniature version of the unrelated clouded leopard. The marbled cat is about the size of a domestic cat; it measures roughly 45–60 cm (18–24 inches) long, excluding a tail of approximately the

ocelot, (Felis, or Leopardus, pardalis), spotted cat of the New World, found in lowland areas from Texas southward to northern Argentina. The short, smooth fur is patterned with elongated, black-edged spots that are arranged in chainlike bands. The cat’s upper parts vary in colour from light or

ocelot: …and one scrubland subspecies, the Texas ocelot (F. p. albescens), is endangered. The hunting of ocelots and the trading of their pelts are prohibited in the United States and most other countries in the animal’s range.

flat-headed cat, (Felis planiceps), extremely rare Asian cat found in the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. One of the smallest members of the cat family, Felidae, the adult is from 40 to 60 centimetres (16 to 24 inches) long without the 15–20-cm tail and weighs from 1.5 to 2.5 kilograms (3.3

bobcat, (Lynx rufus), cat found from southern Canada to southern Mexico, having long legs, large paws, a stout body, tufted ears, and a tail that looks “bobbed.” The bobcat is generally solitary and crepuscular (active during dusk and dawn). It is equally at home in forests and deserts and is

serval, (Felis serval), long-limbed cat, family Felidae, found in Africa south of the Sahara, especially in grass- and bush-covered country near water. A swift, agile cat, the serval climbs and leaps very well. It is a nocturnal hunter preying on birds and small mammals such as rodents and hares.

serval: …individuals, which are known as servaline cats and were once considered a distinct species (Felis brachyura or servalina). All-black individuals are found in some populations, especially those from the high country of Kenya.

wildcat, (species Felis silvestris), a small wild member of the cat family (Felidae) native to Eurasia and Africa. There are some three to five subspecies. The name wildcat is also used as a general term for feral domestic cats and for any of the smaller wild species of the cat family. The nominate

African wildcat, (Felis silvestris libyca), small, tabbylike cat (family Felidae) found in open and forested regions of Africa and Asia. Likely the first cat to be domesticated, the African wildcat is somewhat larger and stockier than the modern house cat, with which it interbreeds readily. Its

wildcat: The Asian wildcat (Felis silvestris ornata) ranges east of the Caspian Sea into China.

wildcat: The nominate subspecies, the European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris), inhabits forested regions from Scotland through continental Europe to western Asia. It is similar to the domestic cat but has longer legs, a larger, flatter head, and a full, relatively short tail ending in a rounded (not pointed) tip. The…

golden cat: …(Catopuma temminckii), also known as Temminck’s cat.

fishing cat, (species Felis viverrina), tropical cat of the family Felidae, found in India and Southeast Asia. The coat of the fishing cat is pale gray to deep brownish gray and marked with dark spots and streaks. The adult animal stands about 40 cm (16 inches) at the shoulder, weighs 8–11 kg

Felix was the bishop of Urgel, Spain, and one of the chief proponents of Adoptionism (q.v.). When Archbishop Elipandus of Toledo promulgated the Adoptionist doctrine, he was condemned by Pope Adrian I. Elipandus then sought the support of Felix, who expressed agreement, whereupon Charlemagne in 792

Felix (II) was an antipope from 355 to 365. Originally an archdeacon, Felix was irregularly installed as pope in 355 after the emperor Constantius banished the reigning pope, Liberius. In May 357 the Roman laity, which had remained faithful to Liberius, demanded that Constantius recall the true

If an Olympic medal were ever to be awarded for that species of good-natured persistence called “pluck,” Cuba’s Felix Carvajal would be a certain candidate for the gold. When Carvajal, a postman and amateur runner from Havana, heard that the 1904 Olympic Games were to be held in St. Louis,

Felix Holt, novel by George Eliot, published in three volumes in 1866. The novel is set in England in the early 1830s, at the time of agitation for passage of the Reform Bill, a measure designed to reform the electoral system in Britain. Despite his education, Felix Holt has chosen to work as an

Felix Holt, novel by George Eliot, published in three volumes in 1866. The novel is set in England in the early 1830s, at the time of agitation for passage of the Reform Bill, a measure designed to reform the electoral system in Britain. Despite his education, Felix Holt has chosen to work as an

Saint Felix I ; feast day May 30) was the pope from 269 to 274. Elected to succeed St. Dionysius, Felix was the author of an important dogmatic letter on the unity of Christ’s Person. He received the emperor Aurelian’s aid in settling a theological dispute between the anti-Trinitarian Paul of

Saint Felix III ; feast day March 1) was the pope from 483 to 492. He succeeded St. Simplicius on March 13. Felix excommunicated Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, in 484 for publishing with the emperor Zeno a document called the Henotikon, which appeared to favour Monophysitism, a doctrine that

Saint Felix III ; feast day March 1) was the pope from 483 to 492. He succeeded St. Simplicius on March 13. Felix excommunicated Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, in 484 for publishing with the emperor Zeno a document called the Henotikon, which appeared to favour Monophysitism, a doctrine that

William Kentridge: …City After Paris (1989) and Felix in Exile (1994)—follow the fortunes of the greedy capitalist Soho Eckstein and his alter ego, the sensitive and artistic Felix Teitelbaum. They present modern South Africa as reflective of the spiritual, ecological, and emotional crises of late capitalism.

Saint Felix IV ; feast day January 30) was the pope from 526 to 530. He was elected on July 12 as the choice of Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, who had imprisoned Felix’ predecessor, St. John I, and who died shortly after Felix’ consecration. The new pope ended the controversy over

Saint Paulinus of Nola: Felix of Nola are particularly charming and are regarded as the chief source of Felix’ life. Paulinus also promoted the saint’s cult and built a basilica at Nola dedicated to him.

Felix was the bishop of Urgel, Spain, and one of the chief proponents of Adoptionism (q.v.). When Archbishop Elipandus of Toledo promulgated the Adoptionist doctrine, he was condemned by Pope Adrian I. Elipandus then sought the support of Felix, who expressed agreement, whereupon Charlemagne in 792

St. Felix of Valois ; feast day November 20) was a legendary religious hermit who, with St. John of Matha, has traditionally been considered a cofounder of the Trinitarians, a Roman Catholic religious order. Felix’s existence is known only from a spurious history of the order compiled in the 15th

Otto Messmer: …animator who created the character Felix the Cat, the world’s most popular cartoon star before Mickey Mouse. The attribution has been questioned by some, in part because of the claims of Australian cartoonist, promoter, and producer Pat Sullivan, for whom Messmer worked. The cartoons were unfailingly billed as “Pat Sullivan’s…

Amadeus VIII was the count (1391–1416) and duke (1416–40) of Savoy, and the first member of the house of Savoy to assume the title of duke. His 42-year reign saw the extension of his authority from Lake Neuchâtel on the north to the Ligurian coast, and under the title of Felix V, he was an antipope

Allyson Felix is an American sprinter who is the most decorated female Olympian in track and field. Her 11 Olympic medals—7 gold, 3 silver, and 1 bronze—are also the most won by an American track and field athlete. Felix was the younger of two children born to Marlean Felix, an elementary school

Allyson Felix is an American sprinter who is the most decorated female Olympian in track and field. Her 11 Olympic medals—7 gold, 3 silver, and 1 bronze—are also the most won by an American track and field athlete. Felix was the younger of two children born to Marlean Felix, an elementary school

Mademoiselle Rachel was a French classical tragedienne who dominated the Comédie-Française for 17 years. Mlle Rachel sang on the streets of Lyon and Paris, where her acting ability was quickly discovered by Isidore Samson, who taught her the acting techniques that he had learned from

Marcus Minucius Felix was one of the earliest Christian Apologists to write in Latin. A Roman lawyer, he wrote the Octavius, a dialogue on Providence and Christianity in general, between the skeptic pagan Caecilius Natalis and the Christian Octavius Januarius, Minucius’ friend. Written for educated

Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler: …in Dresden, she met artist Conrad Felixmüller, moved into his apartment, and shared studio space with him for two years. Felixmüller drew her into the bohemian artist circles of Dresden, including the Dresden Sezession group when he founded it in 1919, where she befriended artists such as Otto Griebel and…

Felixstowe, town (parish) and seaport, Suffolk Coastal district, administrative and historic county of Suffolk, eastern England. Although situated on the North Sea coast, the town in fact faces south and has a frontage to the estuary of the Rivers Orwell and Stour opposite Harwich in Essex.

Rubem Fonseca: …then censored his writings, including Feliz ano novo (1975; “Happy New Year”), a book of short stories that, incidentally, also catapulted his career.

Although somewhat resembling Halloween, the Day of the Dead is a time when death is celebrated, not feared. During the two days of festivities, people don skull masks, decorate graves, and build altars, all to honor dead loved ones and make peace with the eventuality of death. While observed in

José Feliciano: …his greatest success with “Feliz Navidad (I Wanna Wish You a Merry Christmas)” in 1971 and the theme song to the television show Chico and the Man in 1974.

the White Stripes: …video for the single “Fell in Love with a Girl” received regular airplay on MTV, and the group became media darlings. The duo followed with Elephant (2003), a percussion-driven collection of songs that featured Meg’s debut as a vocalist. Elephant earned a Grammy Award for best alternative music album,…