birth control: Family planning services: …was to evolve into the Family Planning Association. As early as 1881 the British Malthusian League had brought together individuals from 40 countries to discuss birth control, and five genuinely international meetings had taken place by 1930. A conference was held in Sweden in 1946. The first birth control clinic…

clinic: Family planning clinics: The main purposes of family planning services are to encourage parents to make responsible decisions about pregnancy that take into account the best interests of the family; to provide guidance to couples who wish to limit the size of their families; and…

Alfred Hitchcock: Final productions: Hitchcock made Family Plot (1976) as his swan song. Scripted by Ernest Lehman in the comic vein of The Trouble with Harry, Family Plot followed a colourful, rather endearing collection of psychic frauds, scalawags, and jewel thieves.

family practice, field of medicine that stresses comprehensive primary health care, regardless of the age or sex of the patient, with special emphasis on the family unit. Family practice as it is presently defined has only been officially recognized since 1969, but it developed from older models of

inheritance: Limits on freedom of testation: Family provision acts of this kind have since been enacted in Australia, Canada, and England.

reformatory: …the military camp, the “family reform school model” featured complexes of cottages in rural areas organized so as to provide a home- or family-like atmosphere. This model was popular in France and Germany and later took root in the United States.

South Korea: Economic and social developments: …new family register system (hojeok) that took effect in 2008. Under the old system only men could register as family heads; thus, children were legally part of the father’s family register, not the mother’s. The new system increased women’s legal standing in, among other things, divorce and child-custody cases.…

Frédéric Bazille: …1868; in the latter, his Family Reunion had some success. As a painter he combined a certain naiveté with a delicate feeling for nature and an exquisite sense of color. His landscape figures are strangely immobile and have a sculptural, hard-edge quality. Bazille, who seemed destined to occupy a prominent…

T.S. Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral, The Cocktail Party, and other plays: The Family Reunion (1939) and Murder in the Cathedral are Christian tragedies—the former a tragedy of revenge, the latter of the sin of pride. Murder in the Cathedral is a modern miracle play on the martyrdom of Thomas Becket. The most striking feature of this,

Werner Herzog: Family Romance, LLC (2019) centres on the “rent-a-family” industry in Japan; shot in a documentary style, the movie stars the actual owner of the business referenced in the title.

Icelanders’ sagas, the class of heroic prose narratives written during 1200–20 about the great families who lived in Iceland from 930 to 1030. Among the most important such works are the Njáls saga and the Gísla saga. The family sagas are a unique contribution to Western literature and a central

Natalia Ginzburg: Lessico famigliare (1963; Family Sayings) is a novelistic memoir of her upbringing and career. Ginzburg’s novels of the 1970s and ’80s pessimistically explore the dissolution of family ties in modern society.

selection: Family selection refers to mating of organisms from the same ancestral stock that are not directly related to each other. Pure-line selection involves selecting and breeding progeny from superior organisms for a number of generations until a pure line of organisms with only the desired…

Thomas Bowdler: …of letters, known for his Family Shakspeare (1818), in which, by expurgation and paraphrase, he aimed to provide an edition of Shakespeare’s plays that he felt was suitable for a father to read aloud to his family without fear of offending their susceptibilities or corrupting their minds. Bowdler sought to…

Thomas Bowdler: …of letters, known for his Family Shakspeare (1818), in which, by expurgation and paraphrase, he aimed to provide an edition of Shakespeare’s plays that he felt was suitable for a father to read aloud to his family without fear of offending their susceptibilities or corrupting their minds. Bowdler sought to…

e-cigarette: …as tobacco products under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act (TCA), since the nicotine contained in some of the e-cigarette cartridges was derived from tobacco. Reports in 2018 of increased e-cigarette use among adolescents and teenagers in the United States prompted the FDA to identify strategies for combating…

Claire Danes: Films of the early 21st century: The Hours, Terminator 3, and Shopgirl: …period included the holiday dramedy The Family Stone (2005) and Stardust (2007), a fantasy adventure in which she played a falling star. In 2007 she also made her Broadway debut, cast as Eliza Doolittle in a production of George Bernard Shaw’s play Pygmalion.

Franz Grillparzer: Ein Bruderzwist in Habsburg (Family Strife in Hapsburg), a profound and moving historical tragedy, lacks the theatrical action that would make it successful in performance and is chiefly remarkable for the portrayal of the emperor Rudolph II. Much of Grillparzer’s most mature thought forms the basis of the third…

family therapy, type of group psychotherapy (or talk therapy) designed to improve relationships among family members by addressing issues that affect family dynamics and mental well-being. In family therapy, a group is considered any set of people who share in a caring relationship and describe

Robert Duvall: …Thunder (1990), Phenomenon (1996), and A Family Thing (1996). He wrote, directed, and starred in The Apostle (1997), a pet project he spent years developing and that earned him his third Oscar nomination for best actor. Duvall’s performance in A Civil Action (1998) was honoured with his third Oscar nomination…

Michael Eisner: both Cheers (1982–93) and Family Ties (1982–89) as well as the syndicated newsmagazine Entertainment Tonight (1981– ).

Clarice Lispector: …as Laços de família (1960; Family Ties) and A legião estrangeira (1964; The Foreign Legion) focus on personal moments of revelation in the everyday lives of the protagonists and the lack of meaningful communication among individuals in a contemporary urban setting. English translations of her stories were collected as The…

family law: Decision making: …this doctrine of the “family veil” to considerable lengths by granting the father an autocratic position during his lifetime and even after, if a testamentary guardian was appointed upon his death. In most undeveloped societies, customary law gave similar authority to the father, though sometimes the custody and training…

Atom Egoyan: Egoyan next directed Family Viewing, a story about a man estranged from his Armenian wife. In Speaking Parts (1989) a hotel employee is given the chance to play the lead in a film. The premise for The Adjuster (1991) took shape as Egoyan studied the insurance agent who…

asteroid: Main-belt asteroid families: Within the main belt are groups of asteroids that cluster with respect to certain mean orbital elements (semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination). Such groups are called families and are named for the lowest numbered asteroid in the family. Asteroid families are formed when an…

historiography: Women’s history: …slow to emerge, was the history of the family. Since in all times most women have been wives and mothers for most of their adult lives, this most nearly universal of female experiences would seem to dictate that women’s historians would be especially interested in the history of the family.…

Elsie Clews Parsons: Her first book, The Family, was published the following year; a textbook and a feminist tract founded on sociological research and analysis, it contained a lengthy discussion of trial marriage, which generated some notoriety and helped it to enjoy a large sale. To avoid further embarrassing her husband…

The Family International, millenarian Christian communal group that grew out of the ministry of David Berg (1919–94) to the hippies who had gathered in Huntington Beach, California, in the late 1960s. It teaches a message of Christian love based on scripture and Berg’s prophecies. The focus of the

Robert De Niro: Comedies and later work: In The Family (2013) De Niro starred as a mobster turned informant whose family moves to France in the witness protection program. He then teamed with Morgan Freeman, Michael Douglas, and Kevin Kline in the buddy comedy Last Vegas

Shimazaki Tōson: Ie (1910–11; The Family) depicts the stresses Japan’s modernization brought to his own family. Shinsei (1918–19; “New Life”) narrates the unsavoury affair of a writer with his niece in a manner that carries the confessional principle to embarrassing excesses.

The Family, international religious movement that ministers to political and economic elites. It is based on visions that members believe were granted by God to the movement’s founder, Abraham Vereide, and on subsequent refinements by Douglas Coe, Vereide’s successor, and other Family leaders.

income tax: Treatment of the family: …what is known as the family-quotient system. This is a form of income splitting in which the single graduated rate schedule is applied to a figure arrived at by dividing total family income by the number of “units” represented, with each child counting as half a unit. The tax, as…

fascism: Volksgemeinschaft: …version, known as the “family-system principle,” maintained that the nation is like a family: it is strong only when the people obey their leaders in the same way children obey their parents.

Romance languages: Classification methods and problems: A family tree classification is commonly used for the Romance languages. If, however, historical treatment of one phonetic feature is taken as a classificatory criterion for construction of a tree, results differ. Classified according to the historical development of stressed vowels, French would be grouped with…

famine, severe and prolonged hunger in a substantial proportion of the population of a region or country, resulting in widespread and acute malnutrition and death by starvation and disease. Famines usually last for a limited time, ranging from a few months to a few years. They cannot continue

Roscommon: The Famine Museum (1994), located at Strokestown Park, commemorates the Irish Potato Famine of 1845–49.

Holodomor, man-made famine that convulsed the Soviet republic of Ukraine from 1932 to 1933, peaking in the late spring of 1933. It was part of a broader Soviet famine (1931–34) that also caused mass starvation in the grain-growing regions of Soviet Russia and Kazakhstan. The Ukrainian famine,

Peter Singer: …an influential early article, “Famine, Affluence, and Morality” (1972), occasioned by the catastrophic cyclone in Bangladesh in 1971, he rejected the common prephilosophical assumption that physical proximity is a relevant factor in determining one’s moral obligations to others. Regarding the question of whether people in affluent countries have a…

Luís Romano: Romano’s writings include Famintos (1962; “The Famished”), a novel influenced structurally and thematically by fiction from the Brazilian Northeast. It is a sociorealistic novel, portraying in detail the hardships of life in the Cape Verde Islands. A volume of his poetry, Clima (1963; “Climate”), criticizes Portuguese exploitation. Renascença…

Ben Okri: …Booker Prize for his novel The Famished Road (1991), the story of Azaro, an abiku (“spirit child”), and his quest for identity. The novels Songs of Enchantment (1993) and Infinite Riches (1998) continue the themes of The Famished Road, relating stories of dangerous quests and the struggle for equanimity in…

digestive system disease: Ulcerative diseases: such as cimetidine, ranitidine, and famotidine, block the action of histamine on the acid-secreting parietal cells of the stomach. Proton pump inhibitors, such as omeprazole, lansoprazole, and rabeprozale, inhibit the ATPase enzyme inside the parietal cell and prevent acid secretion. Most peptic ulcers not caused by H. pylori infection result…

Famous 5, petitioners in the groundbreaking Persons Case, a case brought before the Supreme Court of Canada in 1927 and later decided by the Judicial Council of Britain’s Privy Council (1929), Canada’s highest court at the time, that legally recognized women as “persons” under British common law.

Leonard Cohen: …and Hate (1971), containing “Famous Blue Raincoat,” a ballad in the form of a letter from a cuckold to his wife’s lover.

Enid Blyton: Works: …include:

Canadian literature: Fiction: Famous Last Words (1981) and Not Wanted on the Voyage (1984), the latter a retelling of the voyage of Noah’s ark, are also historical metafictions that point to dangerous fascistic tendencies in the modern state.

Have you ever wished you could change a story’s ending? If the answer is yes, the solution could be fan fiction: stories written and read by fans, typically featuring preexisting fictional characters or real-life celebrities. Many successful traditionally published authors honed their craft writing

Andrea del Castagno: …painted a larger-than-life-size series of Famous Men and Women, within a painted framework. In this series Castagno displayed more than mere craftsmanship; he portrayed movement of body and facial expression, creating dramatic tension. Castagno set the figures in painted architectural niches, thus giving the impression that they are actual sculptural…

Since antiquity, the wearing of mustaches, like the wearing of beards, has reflected a wide range of customs, religious beliefs, and personal tastes. It was usual in the past to make no distinction between a mustache and other types of facial hair, such as a beard or whiskers, as these were usually

Adolph Zukor: He formed Famous Players with the slogan “Famous Players in Famous Plays” and made The Count of Monte Cristo and The Prisoner of Zenda. He later hired Mary Pickford to act in motion pictures in Hollywood.

The Jew of Malta, five-act tragedy in blank verse by Christopher Marlowe, produced about 1590 and published in 1633. In order to raise tribute demanded by the Turks, the Christian governor of Malta seizes half the property of all Jews living on Malta. When Barabas, a wealthy Jewish merchant,

Henry V: …about King Henry V called The Famous Victories of Henry the Fifth.

The islands of the West Indies have given the world an incredible range of talented people who have excelled in sports and entertainment. Here are just 12 of them. list, cricket, world’s fastest man, Usain Bolt, Sidney Poitier, Rihanna, Barbados, JamaicaThe Caribbean has produced more than its

Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco (FAMSF), institute in San Francisco, California, comprising two separate museums, the de Young and the Legion of Honor. Together the museums contain the city’s largest art collection. The de Young, located in Golden Gate Park and founded in 1895, is the older of

Famous Literary Fandoms: 10 Notable Works of Fan Fiction: …stories written and read by fans, typically featuring preexisting fictional characters or real-life celebrities. Many successful traditionally published authors honed their craft writing fan fiction, including Meg Cabot and Neil Gaiman. Even famous writers who profess to hate fan fiction, such as Orson Scott Card, have published “fanfic” at some…

Chad: Civil war: In a reverse movement the Armed Forces of the North (FAN) of Hissène Habré, which had retreated into Sudan in December 1980, reoccupied all the important towns in eastern Chad in November 1981. Peacekeeping forces of the Organization of African Unity (now the African Union) withdrew in 1982, and Habré…

Fang, Bantu-speaking peoples occupying the southernmost districts of Cameroon south of the Sanaga River, mainland Equatorial Guinea, and the forests of the northern half of Gabon south to the Ogooué River estuary. They numbered about 3,320,000 in the late 20th century. The Fang speak languages of

river: Alluvial fans: Alluvial fans are depositional features formed at one end of an erosional-depositional system in which sediment is transferred from one part of a watershed to another. Erosion is dominant in the upper part of the watershed, and deposition occurs at its lower reaches where sediment is…

fan, in the decorative arts, a rigid or folding handheld device used throughout the world since ancient times for cooling, air circulation, or ceremony and as a sartorial accessory. The rigid fan has a handle or stick with a rigid leaf, or mount. The folding fan is composed of sticks (the outer two

fan, device for producing a current of air or other gases or vapours. Fans are used for circulating air in rooms and buildings; for cooling motors and transmissions; for cooling and drying people, materials, or products; for exhausting dust and noxious fumes; for conveying light materials; for

radar: Directive antennas and target direction: …antenna that radiates a “fan” beam, one that is narrow in azimuth (about 1 or 2 degrees) and broad in elevation (elevation beamwidths of from 20 to 40 degrees or more). A fan beam allows only the measurement of the azimuth angle.

Fan Zhongyan was a Chinese scholar-reformer who, as minister to the Song emperor Renzong (reigned 1022/23–1063/64), anticipated many of the reforms of the great innovator Wang Anshi. In his 10-point program raised in 1043, Fan attempted to abolish nepotism and corruption, reclaim unused land,

river: Classification of deltas: …are commonly classified as either fan deltas or braid deltas. A fan delta is a depositional feature that is formed where an alluvial fan develops directly in a body of standing water from some adjacent highland. A braid delta is a coarse-grained delta that develops by progradation of a braided…

Famous Literary Fandoms: 10 Notable Works of Fan Fiction: …yes, the solution could be fan fiction: stories written and read by fans, typically featuring preexisting fictional characters or real-life celebrities. Many successful traditionally published authors honed their craft writing fan fiction, including Meg Cabot and Neil Gaiman. Even famous writers who profess to hate fan fiction, such as Orson…

dogsled racing: …to the sled in a fan hitch. This was ideal in open country, but, as the use of sled dogs expanded, the tandem hitch, for running dogs in pairs, became the standard. Sled dogs are still used for transportation and working purposes in some Arctic and subarctic areas, though they…

Chinese painting: Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …was the early 11th-century painter Fan Kuan, who began by following Li Cheng’s style but turned to studying nature directly and finally followed only his own inclinations. He lived as a recluse in the mountains of Shaanxi, and a Song writer said that “his manners and appearance were stern and…

Chinese painting: Song (960–1279), Liao (907–1125), and Jin (1115–1234) dynasties: …was the early 11th-century painter Fan Kuan, who began by following Li Cheng’s style but turned to studying nature directly and finally followed only his own inclinations. He lived as a recluse in the mountains of Shaanxi, and a Song writer said that “his manners and appearance were stern and…

painting: Screen and fan painting: Folding screens and screen doors originated in China and Japan, probably during the 12th century (or possibly earlier), and screen painting continued as a traditional form into the 21st. They are in ink or gouache on plain or gilded paper and silk. Their…

bivalve: Annotated classification: (pearl oysters and fan shells) Shell equivalve, variably shaped; anisomyarian but often monomyarian; shell structure of outer simple calcitic prisms and inner nacre; ctenidia pseudolamellibranch, often plicate (deeply folded); mantle margin lacking fusions; foot reduced; marine; endobyssate or epibyssate. About 100 species. Order Limoida Shell equivalve, ovally

scallop, any of the marine bivalve mollusks of the family Pectinidae, particularly species of the genus Pecten. The family, which includes about 50 genera and subgenera and more than 400 species, is worldwide in distribution and ranges from the intertidal zone to considerable ocean depths. The two

Earth exploration: Seismic refraction methods: …extent can be located by fan shooting. Travel times are measured along different azimuths from a source, and an abnormally early arrival time indicates that a high-velocity body was encountered at that azimuth. This method has been used to detect salt domes, reefs, and intrusive bodies that are characterized by…

Fan Si Peak, highest peak (10,312 feet [3,143 metres]) in Vietnam, lying in Lao Cai tinh (province) and forming part of the Fan Si–Sa Phin range, which extends northwest-southeast for nearly 19 miles (31 km) between the Red River (Song Hong) and the Black River (Song Da). Along most of the range

Fan Si Peak, highest peak (10,312 feet [3,143 metres]) in Vietnam, lying in Lao Cai tinh (province) and forming part of the Fan Si–Sa Phin range, which extends northwest-southeast for nearly 19 miles (31 km) between the Red River (Song Hong) and the Black River (Song Da). Along most of the range

Gothic art: Late Gothic: …pointed vaults were replaced by fan vaults (fan-shaped clusters of tracery-like ribs springing from slender columns or from pendant knobs at the centre of the ceiling). Among the finest examples of the Perpendicular Gothic style are Gloucester Cathedral (14th–15th centuries) and King’s College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515).

Gothic art: Late Gothic: …pointed vaults were replaced by fan vaults (fan-shaped clusters of tracery-like ribs springing from slender columns or from pendant knobs at the centre of the ceiling). Among the finest examples of the Perpendicular Gothic style are Gloucester Cathedral (14th–15th centuries) and King’s College Chapel, Cambridge (1446–1515).

Fan Wencheng was a minister who advised the Manchu forces of Manchuria in their conquest of China and their establishment there of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). The scion of a famous Chinese family, Fan was taken captive when Fushun was overrun by the Manchu. He became a trusted adviser

Fan Wencheng was a minister who advised the Manchu forces of Manchuria in their conquest of China and their establishment there of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). The scion of a famous Chinese family, Fan was taken captive when Fushun was overrun by the Manchu. He became a trusted adviser

Fan Zhongyan was a Chinese scholar-reformer who, as minister to the Song emperor Renzong (reigned 1022/23–1063/64), anticipated many of the reforms of the great innovator Wang Anshi. In his 10-point program raised in 1043, Fan attempted to abolish nepotism and corruption, reclaim unused land,

Otto Preminger: Laura and costume dramas: …on to Victorian England for The Fan (1949), adapted from Oscar Wilde’s comedy of manners Lady Windermere’s Fan. The film was a critical and commercial disappointment, with particular criticism directed at the script, which was cowritten by Dorothy Parker.

Carlo Goldoni: …plays, Il ventaglio (performed 1764; The Fan, 1907).

Wesley Snipes: His subsequent films included The Fan (1996), in which he appeared as a professional baseball player dealing with an obsessed fan (played by Robert De Niro); U.S. Marshals (1998), a thriller that also featured Tommy Lee Jones; and Down in the Delta (1998), the directorial debut of Maya Angelou.

Chinese languages: The Qieyun dictionary: …interlocking spelling system known as fanqie was used to subdivide the rhymes. There were 32 initial consonants and 136 finals. The number of vowels is not certain, perhaps six plus i and u, which served also as medial semivowels. The dictionary contained probably more vowels than either Archaic Chinese or…

river: Fan deposits and depositional processes: …the fan apex produces a fan-head trench, which has a lower gradient than the fan surface. The trench is thus deepest at the apex and becomes shallower as it progresses down the fan; it eventually becomes part of the normal drainage system on the fan surface. This property is significant…

jet engine: The propulsor: …of engines, such as the turbofan, thrust is generated by both approaches: A major part of the thrust is derived from the fan, which is powered by a low-pressure turbine and which energizes and accelerates the bypass stream (see below). The remaining part of the total thrust is derived from…

fantail, any of numerous birds of the family Rhipiduridae. The fantails constitute the genus Rhipidura. Fantails are native to forest clearings, riverbanks, and beaches from southern Asia to New Zealand; some have become tame garden birds. Most of the two dozen species are coloured in shades of

Fan-Tan, card game that may be played by any number of players up to eight. The full pack of 52 cards is dealt out, one card at a time. Thus, some hands may contain one more card than others. All players ante to a pool; in some games, those players who are dealt fewer cards than others are required

fan-tan, bank gambling game of Chinese origin, dating back at least 2,000 years and introduced in the western United States in the second half of the 19th century by Chinese immigrant workers. Fan-tan is played mainly in East Asia, where it can be found in casinos and gambling houses, and among

fana, the complete denial of self and the realization of God that is one of the steps taken by the Muslim Sufi (mystic) toward the achievement of union with God. Fana may be attained by constant meditation and by contemplation on the attributes of God, coupled with the denunciation of human

Fana, section of the city of Bergen, Hordaland fylke (county), southwestern Norway, opposite Store Sotra Island. Raune Fjord and its smaller branches, especially Fana Fjord, cut into Fana’s irregular coastline. Most of the settlements in Fana date to the early European Middle Ages, when the area

Kajol: Marriage and later career: …returning for the 2006 film Fanaa (“Annihilation”) opposite Aamir Khan. Her portrayal of a visually impaired woman earned Kajol her fifth Filmfare Award, for best actress.

Africa: Languages: In Southern Africa, Fanagalo, a mixture of English and local Bantu tongue (notably Zulu), is still spoken in some mining areas.

Africa: Languages: In Southern Africa, Fanagalo, a mixture of English and local Bantu tongue (notably Zulu), is still spoken in some mining areas.

fossa: …to its confusion with the Malagasy civet, or fanaloka, Fossa fossa.

Edna O’Brien: Other works: …Woman and Other Stories (1974), A Fanatic Heart (1984), Lantern Slides (1990), and Saints and Sinners (2011), the last of which won the Frank O’Connor International Short Story Award.

John Travolta: Other films and TV series: …movies as Gotti (2018) and The Fanatic (2019), but most of his work during this period received tepid reviews. He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his role as Ron Wilcox, the owner of a boot camp for action stars, in the comedy TV series Die Hart (2020–23).

loyalty: Loyalty turns into fanaticism when it becomes wild and unreasoning and into resignation when it displays the characteristics of reluctant acceptance. Loyalty has an important social function. Only by an individual’s willingness, in cooperation with others, to invest intellectual and moral resources generously and wholeheartedly in something beyond…

Simon-Nicolas-Henri Linguet: …than Alexander the Great, and Le Fanatisme des philosophes (1764; “The Fanaticism of the Philosophes”), a violent attack on the most widely held doctrines of the Enlightenment. In his Théorie des lois civiles (1767; “Civil Theory”) and subsequent works, he argued that free workers were worse off than slaves in…

fana, the complete denial of self and the realization of God that is one of the steps taken by the Muslim Sufi (mystic) toward the achievement of union with God. Fana may be attained by constant meditation and by contemplation on the attributes of God, coupled with the denunciation of human

Xiangfan: …combining the two cities of Fancheng (a commercial hub and river port) on the north bank of the Han River and Xiangyang (an administrative, political, and cultural centre) on the south bank.

Maggie Mitchell: …appeared in a new piece, Fanchon, the Cricket, a secondhand adaptation by August Waldauer from George Sand’s story “La Petite Fadette.” Her characterization of the sprite of a heroine, which included a graceful and entrancing shadow dance, was an immediate sensation. Her Southern tour was cut short by the Civil…

Giacomo Puccini: Mature work and fame: …La fanciulla del west (1910; The Girl of the Golden West). These four mature works also tell a moving love story, one that centres entirely on the feminine protagonist and ends in a tragic resolution. All four speak the same refined and limpid musical language of the orchestra that creates…