Al-Lāhūn, ancient Egyptian site, located southwest of Al-Fayyūm near the southward turn of the Baḥr Yūsuf canal in Al-Fayyūm muḥāfaẓah (governorate). Al-Lāhūn was the location of a Middle Kingdom (1938–c. 1630 bce) pyramid and of a workmen’s village of approximately the same date, and findings in

René Higuita is a former Colombian football (soccer) goalkeeper who won fans over with his ability to move beyond his area, establishing the role of the “sweeper-keeper,” and his famous “scorpion kick.” However, his personal life sometimes had a great impacted on his team’s ability to play well.

El Malpais National Monument, high-valley lava flow area, Cibola county, west-central New Mexico, U.S., about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Grants. The area covered by black lava flow extends about 133 square miles (344 square km), although the monument itself covers 179 square miles (464 square

El Monte, city, Los Angeles county, California, U.S. El Monte lies 12 miles (20 km) east of downtown Los Angeles. Spanish missionaries and soldiers inhabited the area in the 18th and early 19th centuries and named the location for its meadows (an archaic sense of the Spanish word monte). The site,

Puerto Rico: Early settlement: …San Felipe del Morro (El Morro) castle, which was perfectly located to dominate the narrow entrance to the harbour. Finally they added a stronger and larger fortress (San Cristóbal) to the northeast, on the Atlantic side of the city. In the early 17th century the city was surrounded by…

El Morro National Monument, rock formation and archaeological site in west-central New Mexico, U.S., 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Ramah. The monument was established in 1906 and has an area of 2 square miles (5 square km). El Morro (the “Headlands,” or “Bluff”), or Inscription Rock, is a soft

Morocco: Sports and recreation: …field events, one of whom—Nawal El Moutawakel in the 400 metre hurdles—was the first woman from an Arab or Islamic country to win an Olympic gold medal. Tennis and golf have also become popular. Several Moroccan professional players have competed in international competition, and the country fielded its first…

El Niño, in oceanography and climatology, the anomalous appearance, every few years, of unusually warm ocean conditions along the tropical west coast of South America. This event is associated with adverse effects on fishing, agriculture, and local weather from Ecuador to Chile and with far-field

Australia: Climate: …negative phases are related to El Niño episodes in the South Pacific, and most of Australia’s major droughts have been related to those episodes. Prolonged positive SOI phases (during La Niña) normally bring above-average rainfall and floods to eastern and northern Australia. In each case, however, the correlations are not…

Spain: Prehistory: …such as El Argar and El Oficio (Almería), where the richest women were adorned with silver diadems while their male consorts were equipped with bronze swords, axes, and polished pottery. At Fuente-Álamo (Almería) the elite lived apart from the village, in square stone houses with round granaries and a water…

Oriente, region of eastern Ecuador, comprising the eastern slopes of the Ecuadorian Andes and the lowland areas of rainforest in the Amazon basin. It is bounded on the north by San Miguel and Putumayo rivers and on the east and south by Peru. Oriente has an area of about 50,000 square miles

Edward Durell Stone: …outside the United States are El Panamá Hotel, Panama City, Panama (1946), notable for its pioneering use of cantilevered balconies in the construction of a resort hotel; the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi (1954); and the Nuclear Research Center, near Islāmābād, Pak. (1966). The embassy in New Delhi, with its…

El Paraíso, Late Preceramic site in the present-day Chillón Valley on the central Peruvian coast, generally believed to date just before the beginning of the Initial Period (c. 2100–1800 bc). It is notable for its large mud and rock apartment-like dwelling units. It is believed to be roughly

El Paso, city, seat (1850) of El Paso county, extreme western Texas, U.S. It is located on the Rio Grande, there bridged to Juárez, Mexico, just south of the New Mexico line. The largest of the U.S.-Mexican border cities, it lies at the foot of the Franklin Mountains (at an elevation of 3,762 feet

Marty Robbins: El Paso and other western hits: His signature song, “El Paso,” entered 1960 as the number one single on both the country (seven weeks) and pop (two weeks) Billboard charts. At 4:40 in length, the song far exceeded the usual 2:30–2:50 time of most pop and country recordings of the day, but that did…

Juárez, city, northern Chihuahua estado (state), northern Mexico. It is located on the Rio Grande (Río Bravo del Norte) opposite El Paso, Texas, U.S., with which it is connected by bridges. Formerly known as El Paso del Norte, it was renamed in 1888 for the Mexican president Benito Juárez, who

El Paso: The University of Texas at El Paso originated as the Texas State School of Mines and Metallurgy in 1913. Several of its original buildings were modeled on the Potala Palace of Lhasa, Tibet. The university sponsors the Sun Bowl, festivities held in conjunction with an annual…

El Progreso, city, northwestern Honduras, on the Ulúa River, southeast of San Pedro Sula. The city, founded in 1927 as a banana trade centre, grew in the 1970s into a commercial and transshipment centre for the Caribbean ports and the interior. Industries include cement products, metalware, shoes,

El Puerto de Santa María, port city, Cádiz provincia (province), in the Andalusia comunidad autónoma (autonomous community), southern Spain, at the mouth of Guadalete River on the Bay of Cádiz, southwest of Jerez de la Frontera. The Roman Portus Menesthei, it was once the site of naval arsenals and

El Reno, city, seat (1907) of Canadian county, central Oklahoma, U.S., on the North Canadian River, immediately west of Oklahoma City. Settled in 1889 when the Rock Island Railroad arrived, the town was named for old Fort Reno (established as a fort in 1875), itself named for Union General Jesse L.

Nawal El Saadawi was an Egyptian public health physician, psychiatrist, author, and advocate of women’s rights. Sometimes described as “the Simone de Beauvoir of the Arab world,” El Saadawi was a feminist whose writings and professional career were dedicated to political and sexual rights for

El Salvador, mining centre, northern Chile. It lies in the Atacama Desert, at an elevation of more than 7,500 feet (2,300 metres) above sea level and some 75 miles (120 km) northeast of the port of Chañaral. The copper-mining complex includes two open-pit mines (Campamento Antiguo and Damiana

El Salvador, country of Central America. El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated of the seven Central American countries. Despite having little level land, it traditionally was an agricultural country, heavily dependent upon coffee exports. By the end of the 20th century, however,

horizontally striped blue-white-blue national flag that normally incorporates the national coat of arms in its centre. The flag has a width-to-length ratio of 189 to 335, or approximately 4 to 7.During the Napoleonic Wars in Europe, Spanish colonies of the New World began to administer their own

history of El Salvador, a survey of important events and people in the history of El Salvador from the time of European settlement. Bounded by Honduras to the north and east, by the Pacific Ocean to the south, and by Guatemala to the northwest, El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated

El Salvador, country of Central America. El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated of the seven Central American countries. Despite having little level land, it traditionally was an agricultural country, heavily dependent upon coffee exports. By the end of the 20th century, however,

El Salvador, country of Central America. El Salvador is the smallest and most densely populated of the seven Central American countries. Despite having little level land, it traditionally was an agricultural country, heavily dependent upon coffee exports. By the end of the 20th century, however,

San Salvador: The National University of El Salvador was founded there in 1841 as Colegio de la Asunción. San Salvador is also the seat of the Central American University of José Simeón Cañas (1965). During the late 1970s the city became the focus of violence between the government…

El Seíbo, city, eastern Dominican Republic, on the Soco River. Founded in 1502, the city serves as a trading centre for the agricultural hinterland. The region yields cacao, coffee, sugarcane, and corn (maize), in addition to beeswax and medicinal plants. Cattle are also raised. The city lies on

Native American art: Mexico and Middle America: …up a major centre at El Tajín, remained limited to their own group. Other pre-Totonac folk who were active in Veracruz produced innumerable “smiling face” figurines and related works that give an impression of an exuberant, happy people. Remarkable among these clayworks are the small clay whistles that abound in…

El Teniente, mining settlement, O’Higgins región, central Chile. The site of the world’s largest underground copper mine, it lies in the Andes Mountains about 60 miles (100 km) southeast of Santiago. It accounts for much of Chile’s annual copper production. Copper is smelted at El Teniente,

El Tigre, city, central Anzoátegui estado (state), northeastern Venezuela. It is situated in the highlands east of the Barcelona gap. The city is a commercial centre in the Oficina oil fields. Oil is piped 100 miles (160 km) north-northeastward to Puerto La Cruz, which produces some of Venezuela’s

cholera: The cholera bacterium and toxin: …into two biotypes: classical and El Tor. These two biotypes each contain two serotypes, called Inaba and Ogawa (some classifications recognize a third serotype, Hikojima), which are differentiated based on their biochemical properties, namely their expression of type-specific antigens. Inaba and Ogawa serotypes both express a common cholera antigen known…

Augusto Roa Bastos: …first collection of short stories, El trueno entre las hojas (1953; “Thunder Among the Leaves”), which he also adapted as a film script, describes the Paraguayan experience with emphasis on violence and social injustice. Roa Bastos began to experiment with magic realism, in which realistic descriptions are enhanced by myths…

Yopal, town and capital of Casanare departamento, eastern Colombia. The original settlement (caserío) of Yopal was founded in 1935 by Pedro Pablo González, and it has been the seat of Casanare intendency (now departamento) since the creation of Casanare in 1974. Located at the western edge of the

Spain: The restored monarchy, 1875–1923: …accepted the peace settlement of El Zanjón (1878), the restored monarchy provided the most stable government Spain had known since 1833. This stability was sustained by an uneven but respectable economic growth.

El Al Israel Airlines, Israeli airline founded by Israel in November 1948 after the establishment of the new nation. It flew its first commercial scheduled flights—to Rome and Paris—in July 1949, and by the 1980s it was flying routes from Jerusalem and Tel Aviv to many of the major cities of

Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie: 15, 1948, of ZOE (zéro, oxyde d’uranium, eau lourde), the first French nuclear reactor, which, though only moderately powerful, marked the end of the Anglo-Saxon monopoly. In April 1950, however, during the climax of the cold war and anticommunism, Prime Minister Georges Bidault removed him without explanation from…

Hillel ben Samuel was a physician, Talmudic scholar, and philosopher who defended the ideas of the 12th-century Jewish philosopher Maimonides during the “years of controversy” (1289–90), when Maimonides’ work was challenged and attacked; Hillel ben Samuel denounced in turn the adherents of the

Djelfa, town, north-central Algeria, in the Oulad Naïl Mountains at an elevation of 3,734 feet (1,138 metres). It is situated between the towns of Bou Saâda and Laghouat. Djelfa town is at a point of transition between the dry, steppelike High Plateaus of the north, with their chotts (intermittent

El-Djouf, desert region in western Africa, at the western edge of the Sahara. It occupies the border region of eastern Mauritania and western

El-Ferdan Bridge, longest rotating metal bridge in the world, spanning the western shipping lane of the Suez Canal in northeastern Egypt, from the lower Nile River valley near Ismailia to the Sinai Peninsula. Opened on November 14, 2001, the bridge has a single railway track running down the middle

Giza, city, capital of Al-Jīzah muḥāfaẓah (governorate) in Upper Egypt, located on the west bank of the Nile River just south-southwest of Cairo. It is a suburb of the national capital, with a distinctive character enriched by several archaeological and cultural sites. The district was settled in

Al-Ḥamrāʾ Plateau, desolate rocky plateau of the Sahara, northwestern Libya. Located mostly in Tripolitania, it occupies an area measuring about 275 miles (440 km) by 190 miles (305 km). Its bare rock outcrops reach a height of about 2,700 feet (825 metres). Wells are drilled for petroleum, which

Paris attacks of 2015: Prelude to the attacks: Ayoub El-Khazzani, a militant with ties to ISIL, smuggled an AK-47, a semiautomatic pistol, and hundreds of rounds of ammunition onto the crowded Paris-bound train. A potential massacre was averted when El-Khazzani was subdued by passengers, among them a pair of off-duty U.S. military personnel…

Spain: Labour and taxation: …Sindical Independiente de Funcionarios); the Basque Workers’ Solidarity (Euzko Langilleen Alkartasuna–Solidaridad de Trabajadores Vascos; ELA-STV), which is independent but has ties to the Basque Nationalist Party; and the General Confederation of Labour (Confederación General del Trabajo; CGT), the tiny remnant of the once-powerful anarcho-syndicalist union organization. Overall, with about one-sixth…

persuasion: …the conflict-resolution model is the elaboration-likelihood model (ELM) of persuasion, put forth in 1980 by American psychologists John Cacioppo and Richard Petty. The ELM emphasizes the cognitive processing with which people react to persuasive communications. According to this model, if people react to a persuasive communication by reflecting on the…

atomism: The elachista of the early Aristotelian commentators: …systems the atoms were called elachista (“very small” or “smallest”). The choice of this term was connected with the Aristotelian rejection of the infinite divisibility of matter. Each substance had its own minimum of magnitude below which it could not exist. If such a minimum particle were to be divided,…

Elaeagnaceae, the oleaster family of flowering plants (order Rosales), comprising 45–60 species in 3 genera. The oleaster family is largely composed of shrubs and small trees of the Northern Hemisphere, especially in steppe and coastal regions. The plants have a characteristic silvery or

oleaster, small deciduous tree of Eurasia, about 4.5 to 6 m (15 to 20 feet) high. It has smooth, dark brown branches that often bear spines and narrow, light green leaves that are silvery on the undersides from a covering of minute scales. The flowers are small, greenish, fragrant, and

palm: Distribution: …Chamaerops in Europe and Africa, Elaeis (oil palm) and Raphia (raffia palm, or jupati) in Africa and America, and Borassus (palmyra palm), Calamus (rattan palm), Hyphaene (doum palm), and Phoenix (date palm) in Africa and Asia. Numbers of individuals of a species may be few or many.

oil palm, (Elaeis guineensis), African tree in the palm family (Arecaceae), cultivated as a source of oil. The oil palm is grown extensively in its native West and Central Africa, as well as in Malaysia and Indonesia. Palm oil, obtained from the fruits, is used in making soaps, cosmetics, candles,

oil palm: The American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera) is native to Central and South America and is sometimes cultivated under the erroneous name Elaeis melanococca. Unlike the African oil palm, the trunk of the American oil palm creeps along the ground and bears flat leaves. Both the American…

oil palm: The American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera) is native to Central and South America and is sometimes cultivated under the erroneous name Elaeis melanococca. Unlike the African oil palm, the trunk of the American oil palm creeps along the ground and bears flat leaves. Both the American…

elaenia, (genus Elaenia), any of about 20 species of plain-coloured New World flycatchers, family Tyrannidae (order Passeriformes), with a short bill and modest, ragged crest, usually concealing a white or yellow crown patch. Found in Central America, South America, and the West Indies, most

Elagabalus was a Roman emperor from 218 to 222, notable chiefly for his eccentric behaviour. The family of his mother, Julia Soaemias, were hereditary high priests of the god Baal at Emesa (in ancient Syria), worshiped in that locality under the name Elah-Gabal (thus Elagabalus). The emperor

runner: The rainbow runner (Elagatis bipinnulata) is a spectacularly coloured fish, metallic blue on the upper half of the body and yellow on the lower. Two deeper blue longitudinal lines complement the brilliant colour pattern. Rainbow runners attain lengths of more than 1.2 m (4 feet).

Farīd al-Dīn ʿAṭṭār: …this prolific poet include the Elāhī-nāma (The Ilahī-nāma or Book of God) and the Moṣībat-nāma (“Book of Affliction”), both of which are mystical allegories similar in structure and form to Manṭeq al-ṭayr; the Dīvān (“Collected Poems”); and the famous prose work Tadhkerat al-Awlīyāʾ, an invaluable source of information on the…

Elaine, character of Arthurian legend, first portrayed in Le Morte Darthur (1485) by Sir Thomas Malory. In Malory’s sprawling work, Elaine (or Elayne) is the name of five women with overlapping identities. The best known and most cited of these is Elaine Le Blank, known as the Fair Maid of Astolat,

bloodroot: …feature fleshy structures known as elaiosomes to attract ants for dispersal.

Anius: three daughters, Oeno, Spermo, and Elais—that is, Wine, Grain Seed, and Oil—were granted by Dionysus the gift of bringing these three crops to fruition. In Ovid’s Metamorphoses the Greek army tries to force Anius’s daughters to come to Troy, whereupon Dionysus turns them into doves, the sacred birds of Delos.…

Elam, ancient country in southwestern Iran approximately equivalent to the modern region of Khūzestān. Four prominent geographic names within Elam are mentioned in ancient sources: Awan, Anshan, Simash, and Susa. Susa was Elam’s capital, and in classical sources the name of the country is sometimes

Frans Eemil Sillanpää: Sillanpää’s first novel, Elämä ja aurinko (1916; “Life and the Sun”), the story of a young man who returns home in midsummer and falls in love, is characteristic. People are seen as essentially part of nature. Instinct, through which life’s hidden purpose is revealed, rules human actions.

Babylon: History: …city was sacked by the Elamites. Babylon’s acknowledged political supremacy is shown by the fact that the dynasty of Nebuchadrezzar I (1124–03), which endured for more than a century, made the city its capital, though the dynasty did not originate there.

Elamite language, extinct language spoken by the Elamites in the ancient country of Elam, which included the region from the Mesopotamian plain to the Iranian Plateau. Elamite documents from three historical periods have been found. The earliest Elamite writings are in a figurative or pictographic

Elam, ancient country in southwestern Iran approximately equivalent to the modern region of Khūzestān. Four prominent geographic names within Elam are mentioned in ancient sources: Awan, Anshan, Simash, and Susa. Susa was Elam’s capital, and in classical sources the name of the country is sometimes

Henri Bergson: Philosophical triumphs: …as the endurance of an élan vital (“vital impulse”) that is continually developing and generating new forms. Evolution, in short, is creative, not mechanistic. (See creative evolution.)

Elan Vital, international religious organization that teaches spiritual enlightenment through the practice of yoga and chanting. Although beset by court battles and schism, it remains active in the United States and many other countries. Elan Vital is the successor organization of the Divine Light

Amédée Ozenfant: … and Guillaume Apollinaire, the review L’Élan, which aimed to maintain communication between avant-garde artists serving in the war and those who remained in Paris. The review published essays discussing the principles of Cubism, notably Ozenfant’s “Notes on Cubism” (1916), which appeared in the final issue.

Kollam, port city, southern Kerala state, southwestern India. It lies on the Malabar Coast of the Arabian Sea northwest of Thiruvananthapuram, the state capital. The city is situated next to Asthamudi Lake, an inlet of the sea, and is linked with Alappuzha and Kochi (Cochin) to the north by a

eland, (genus Taurotragus), either of two very large, oxlike African antelopes of the spiral-horned antelope tribe (Tragelaphini, family Bovidae), which also includes the bushbuck and the kudus. The giant, or Derby, eland (Taurotragus derbianus) inhabits woodlands filled with the broad-leaved doka

Hopefield: The archaeological site of Elandsfontein is located 8 miles (13 km) southwest of Hopefield, about 10 miles (16 km) inland from an estuary of Saldanha Bay and 330 feet (100 m) above sea level. In the early 1950s a large collection of fossilized bones and Paleolithic artifacts was discovered…

kite: The swallow-tailed kite of the New World (Elanoides forficatus) is a striking black and white bird of the subfamily Perninae. It is about 60 cm long, including its long forked tail. It is most common in tropical eastern South America but also occurs from Central America…

kite: The white-tailed kite (Elanus leucurus; subfamily Elaninae) occurs from Argentina to California, where it is one of the few North American raptors increasing in number. It is gray with a white tail, head, and underparts and conspicuous black shoulder patches. It eats rodents. Similar kites of…

rat snake, any of between 40 and 55 species of the genus Elaphe, of the family Colubridae and similar forms. They occur in North America, Europe, and Asia east to the Philippines. Most are found in woodlands and around farm buildings. They hunt rats and mice and kill them by constriction. They also

rat snake: The corn snake (E. guttata) ranges from New Jersey and Florida to Utah and northeastern Mexico. In the east it is yellow or gray, with black-edged red blotches, and is often referred to as the red rat snake. In the west it usually is pale gray,…

rat snake: The Aesculapian snake (E. longissima), plain and dark coloured, is native to southeastern Europe and Asia Minor. In ancient times it was sacred to Aesclepius, god of medicine; the present isolated populations in Germany and Switzerland are descended from specimens conveyed to health resorts there by…

rat snake: The black rat snake, or pilot black snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta), of the eastern United States usually is about 1.2 m (about 4 feet) long but may exceed 2.5 m (8 feet). It is black, with whitish chin and throat—like the true black snake (see racer)—but…

rat snake: …Europe’s largest serpents is the four-lined snake (E. quatuorlineata), which may be 1.8 m (about 6 feet) long. It ranges from Italy to the Caucasus and Turkey and is grayish, with two dorsal and two lateral stripes. The Aesculapian snake (E. longissima), plain and dark coloured, is native to southeastern…

copperhead: …India is a rat snake, Elaphe radiata.

rat snake: The fox snake (E. vulpina), chiefly of farmlands of Wisconsin to Missouri, is yellowish or pale brown above, with strong dark blotches, and yellow below, with black checkering. Its head may be quite reddish.

fern: Annotated classification: …fern, about 250 species), and Elaphoglossum (tongue fern, 600–700 species), distributed nearly worldwide. Family Hypodematiaceae Small family of 2 genera, Hypodematium (about 20 species) and Leucostegia (2 species). Family Lomariopsidaceae Plants in soil, on

Père David’s deer, (Elaphurus davidianus), large, rare Asian deer in the family Cervidae (order Artiodactyla). The only member of its genus, it is unknown in nature within historical times. Presumably native to northern China, it is now found only in zoos, private animal collections, and game

elapid, any of about 300 venomous species of the snake family Elapidae, characterized by short fangs fixed in the front of the upper jaw. Terrestrial elapids generally resemble the more abundant colubrids, whereas aquatic elapids may possess paddle-shaped tails and other structures adapted to

elapid, any of about 300 venomous species of the snake family Elapidae, characterized by short fangs fixed in the front of the upper jaw. Terrestrial elapids generally resemble the more abundant colubrids, whereas aquatic elapids may possess paddle-shaped tails and other structures adapted to

Jupiter: Other satellites: Himalia, Lysithea, and Elara—has prograde orbits. (In the case of these moons, retrograde motion is in the direction opposite to Jupiter’s spin and motion around the Sun, which are counterclockwise as viewed from above Jupiter’s north pole, whereas prograde, or direct, motion is in the same direction.) In…

EAM-ELAS, communist-sponsored resistance organization (formed September 1941) and its military wing (formed December 1942), which operated in occupied Greece during World War II. Fighting against the Germans and the Italians as well as against other guerrilla bands, particularly EDES, EAM-ELAS

chondrichthyan: Problems of taxonomy: …further grouped into one subclass, Elasmobranchii, and the chimaeras into another, Holocephali. Some authorities classify the elasmobranchs into one class (Selachii) and classify the chimaeras into another (Holocephali); however, assigning the two groups class rank implies a degree of distinctness equal to that of the amphibians (Amphibia), reptiles (Reptilia), birds…

chondrichthyan: Problems of taxonomy: …further grouped into one subclass, Elasmobranchii, and the chimaeras into another, Holocephali. Some authorities classify the elasmobranchs into one class (Selachii) and classify the chimaeras into another (Holocephali); however, assigning the two groups class rank implies a degree of distinctness equal to that of the amphibians (Amphibia), reptiles (Reptilia), birds…

plesiosaur: For example, Elasmosaurus, a plesiosaurid, had as many as 76 vertebrae in its neck alone and reached a length of about 13 metres (43 feet), fully half of which consisted of the head and neck. In contrast, Kronosaurus, an early Cretaceous pliosaur whose fossils have been unearthed…

perciform: Annotated classification: Family Elassomatidae (pygmy sunfishes) Once classified in the Centrarchidae; recent studies shed doubt on the close relationships of pygmy sunfishes to that family. Freshwater, eastern United States. 1 genus, Elassoma, with 6 species. Suborder Labroidei 6 families, about 2,274 species. Family Cichlidae (

connective tissue: Extracellular fibres: …however, by a specific enzyme, elastase, present in the pancreas. Upon chemical analysis, elastin, like collagen, is found to be rich in glycine and proline, but it differs in its high content of valine and in the presence of an unusual amino acid, desmosine. As their name implies, elastic fibres…

cartilage: Elastic cartilage, which is yellow in appearance, is more pliable than the other two forms because it contains elastic fibres in addition to collagen. In humans it makes up the external ear, the auditory tube of the middle ear, and the epiglottis.

mechanics: Collisions: …collision is said to be elastic.

mechanics of solids: The general theory of elasticity: …maximum possible number of independent elastic moduli in the most general anisotropic solid were settled by the British mathematician George Green in 1837. Green pointed out that the existence of an elastic strain energy required that of the 36 elastic constants relating the 6 stress components to the 6 strains,…

World War I: The Western Front, March–September 1918: …was frustrated by the “elastic defense” that Pétain had recently been prescribing but that the local commanders had failed to practice against the offensive of May 27. A drive from Dormans, on the left flank of the Germans’ huge Soissons–Reims bulge, across the Marne toward Épernay simply made the…

deformation and flow: Most solids initially deform elastically; that is to say, they return to their original shape when the load is removed. Rigid materials such as metals, concrete, or rocks sustain large forces while undergoing little deformation, but if sufficiently large forces are applied, the materials can no longer sustain them…

elastic fibre, any of the yellowish branching fibres composed primarily of the protein elastin, frequently arranged in plates or perforated membranes, as in the walls of the large arteries. Unlike collagenous fibres, they show no orderly fibrous subunits under microscopic examination but sometimes

elastic limit, maximum stress or force per unit area within a solid material that can arise before the onset of permanent deformation. When stresses up to the elastic limit are removed, the material resumes its original size and shape. Stresses beyond the elastic limit cause a material to yield or

mechanics of solids: The general theory of elasticity: …maximum possible number of independent elastic moduli in the most general anisotropic solid were settled by the British mathematician George Green in 1837. Green pointed out that the existence of an elastic strain energy required that of the 36 elastic constants relating the 6 stress components to the 6 strains,…