balloon flight: Balloons reach the stratosphere: That balloon, the Explorer II, was seven times the size of Piccard’s, but still with very similar fabric. The stress in the skin of the giant balloon was formidable, resulting in repeated failures. On one occasion the crew, this time including Maj. William E. Kepner, barely escaped by…

Training montages, victories snatched from the jaws of defeat, plucky underdogs, wizened but wise coaches, Big Races, Big Fights, and Big Games…lots and lots of Big Games: This is the stuff of sports movies, or at least the clichés. But there is often more to movies about sports than first meets

Like hiking? Then come and explore the plants and animals of seven of the world’s major mountain ranges! From the towering Himalayas to the austere Atlas Mountains, mountain ecosystems are chock full of interesting organisms. Often considered biological hotspots, many of these regions feature life

David Fairchild: >Exploring for Plants (1930), an account of the Allison Vincent Armour expeditions for the USDA, and the autobiographical The World Was My Garden (1938).

volcano: Explosions: Massive volcanic explosions are caused by the rapid expansion of gases, which in turn can be triggered by the sudden depressurization of a shallow hydrothermal system or gas-charged magma body or by the rapid mixing of magma with groundwater. The ash, cinders, hot fragments,…

blast injury: …primarily from exposure to an explosion. Blast injuries may be inflicted by waves traveling in gases, liquids, or solids. The first is exemplified by the air blast caused by bomb explosions. Underwater blasts may originate from torpedoes, mines, and depth charges. Solid blast is the effect of a pressure wave

stop: …the hold (occlusion); and the release (explosion), or opening of the air passage again. A stop differs from a fricative (q.v.) in that, with a stop, occlusion is total, rather than partial. Occlusion may occur at various places in the vocal tract from the glottis to the lips; stops are…

volcano: Other volcanic structures and features: …rock type, or genesis; and explosion crater, a large circular, elongate, or horseshoe-shaped excavation with ejected debris on its rim or flanks. A somma volcano, named for Mount Somma, a ridge on the slopes of Mount Vesuvius in Italy, is a caldera partially filled by a new central cone. In…

Alejo Carpentier: …Carpentier published another historical novel, El siglo de las luces (Explosion in a Cathedral), which chronicles the impact of the French Revolution on Caribbean countries. It was very successful and there were calls to award Carpentier a Nobel Prize, something that eluded him. In his final years Carpentier turned to…

combustion: The chemical reactions: …or three pressures, called the explosion limits, may correspond to one temperature. The mechanism of the reaction determines the explosion limits: the reaction can proceed only when the steps in the sequence of reactions occur faster than the terminal steps. Thus, for combustion to be initiated with light or with…

chain reaction: So-called branching chain reactions are a form of chain reaction in which the number of chain carriers increases in each propagation. As a result the reaction accelerates very rapidly, sometimes being completed in less than 1/1,000th of a second. This condition sometimes is referred to as…

Mo Yan: in Explosions and Other Stories). His romantic historical story Honggaoliang (1986; “Red Sorghum”) was later published with four additional stories in Honggaoliang jiazu (1987; “Red Sorghum Family”; Red Sorghum). It won him widespread fame, especially after its adaptation into a film of the same name (1987).

explosive, any substance or device that can be made to produce a volume of rapidly expanding gas in an extremely brief period. There are three fundamental types: mechanical, nuclear, and chemical. A mechanical explosive is one that depends on a physical reaction, such as overloading a container

explosive: Explosive bonding: Explosives are sometimes used to bond various metals to each other. For example, when silver was removed from United States coinage, much of the so-called sandwich metal that replaced it was obtained by the explosive bonding of large slabs, which were then rolled…

fuse: …is usually embedded in the explosive charge. Detonating cord, also called Cordeau and Primacord, is a hollow cord filled with an explosive material. It is fired by a detonator and is capable of initiating the detonation of certain other explosives at any number of points and in any desired pattern.

chemical industry: Nitric acid: Another explosive ingredient is ammonium picrate, derived from picric acid, the relationship of which appears more clearly in its systematic name, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol.

grenade: …commonly used in wartime are explosive grenades, which usually consist of a core of TNT or some other high explosive encased in an iron jacket or container. Such grenades have a fuse that detonates the explosive either on impact or after a brief (usually four-second) time delay that is long…

personality disorder: Persons with explosive personality disorder exhibit extreme emotional instability characterized by explosive outbursts of rage upon minor provocation. Persons with histrionic personality disorder persistently display overly dramatic, highly excitable, and intensely expressed behaviour (i.e., histrionics). Persons with dependent personality disorder lack energy and initiative and passively let…

tank: Armour: …use, on Israeli tanks, of explosive reactive armour, which consisted of a layer of explosive sandwiched between two relatively thin steel plates. Designed to explode outward and thus neutralize the explosive penetration of a shaped-charge warhead, reactive armour augmented any protection already provided by steel or composite armour.

explosive: Explosive rivets: Blind rivets are needed when space limitations make conventional rivets impractical. One type of these is explosive; it has a hollow space in the shank containing a small charge of heat-sensitive chemicals. When a suitable amount of heat is applied to the head,…

star: Explosive variables: The evolution of a member of a close double-star system can be markedly affected by the presence of its companion. As the stars age, the more massive one swells up more quickly as it moves away from the main sequence. It becomes so…

volcano: Explosions: Massive volcanic explosions are caused by the rapid expansion of gases, which in turn can be triggered by the sudden depressurization of a shallow hydrothermal system or gas-charged magma body or by the rapid mixing of magma with groundwater. The ash, cinders, hot fragments,…

welding: Explosive welding: Explosive welding takes place when two plates are impacted together under an explosive force at high velocity. The lower plate is laid on a firm surface, such as a heavier steel plate. The upper plate is placed carefully at an angle of approximately…

improvised explosive device: Components: …some Shīʿite militia groups used explosively formed projectiles (EFPs)—an extremely lethal form of shaped charge supplied by Iran—to destroy even the most heavily armoured vehicles, such as M1 Abrams tanks.

virtual museum: One of the first was EXPO, which originated in 1993 with an online guide to artifacts from the Vatican Library that were on display at the U.S. Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. EXPO has been maintained since then on servers outside of the Library of Congress network and has…

graphic design: Postwar graphic design in Japan: …proposal (1967) for the Japanese World Expo ’70 in Ōsaka, for example, displays his ability to combine 20th-century Modernist formal experiments with a traditional Japanese sense of harmony.

graphic design: Postmodern graphic design: His poster proposal (1982) for Expo ’85, an international exposition of the dwelling and construction industry, turns the letters into structural forms pulled apart to reveal their inner structures. In this way, his experimentation with form fulfilled both an aesthetic and a commercial purpose: the deconstructed forms clearly make reference…

Portugal: Stabilization and the European future: …hosted the World’s Fair (Expo ’98), which also marked the 500th anniversary of the arrival of Vasco da Gama in Asia following his discovery of an all-water route from Europe. As the celebrations ended and the 21st century began, many wondered how the new Portugal would conceive of its…

Expo Shanghai 2010, world exposition in Shanghai, China, that ran between May 1 and October 31, 2010. One of the largest world fairs or expositions ever mounted, it also was the most heavily attended of any such events. Shanghai was selected as the host city of the exposition in December 2002 by

world’s fair: Later years: Subsequent expositions—in 2012 (Yŏsu, South Korea), on the importance of the world’s oceans and coastlines; in 2015 (Milan), on food and resource consumption; and in 2017 (Astana, Kazakhstan), on the future of energy—were all relative successes but came nowhere near the attendance numbers of Expo Shanghai.

Expo 67, international exposition held in 1967 in Montréal, Québec, to celebrate Canada’s centennial. Senator Mark Drouin of Québec first developed the idea of a world exhibition in Montréal to serve as a focal point for Canada’s celebrations of its 100th birthday. Drouin and senator Sarto

British Columbia: Postwar political consolidation and realignment: …Vancouver and the province were Expo 86 in 1986, a world’s fair to commemorate the city’s centennial, and the city’s selection as host of the 2010 Winter Olympics.

world’s fair: Later years: …and resource consumption; and in 2017 (Astana, Kazakhstan), on the future of energy—were all relative successes but came nowhere near the attendance numbers of Expo Shanghai.

Ōsaka-Kōbe metropolitan area: Cultural life: …held near Senri New Town; Expo Memorial Park now holds the National Museum of Ethnology, the National Museum of Art, and a recreation area. Ōsaka is home to Kaiyukan Aquarium, Japan’s largest.

world’s fair: Later years: …world’s oceans and coastlines; in 2015 (Milan), on food and resource consumption; and in 2017 (Astana, Kazakhstan), on the future of energy—were all relative successes but came nowhere near the attendance numbers of Expo Shanghai.

Expo Shanghai 2010, world exposition in Shanghai, China, that ran between May 1 and October 31, 2010. One of the largest world fairs or expositions ever mounted, it also was the most heavily attended of any such events. Shanghai was selected as the host city of the exposition in December 2002 by

arithmetic: Exponents: The fundamental laws of exponents follow easily from the definitions (see the Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.table), and other laws are immediate consequences of the fundamental ones.

analysis: Exponential growth and decay: This solution represents exponential decay: in any fixed period of time, the same proportion of the substance decays. This property of radioactivity is reflected in the concept of the half-life of a given radioactive substance—that is, the time taken for half the material to decay.

radioactivity: Exponential-decay law: Radioactive decay occurs as a statistical exponential rate process. That is to say, the number of atoms likely to decay in a given infinitesimal time interval (dN/dt) is proportional to the number (N) of atoms present. The proportionality constant, symbolized by the Greek…

exponential distribution, a continuous probability distribution used to determine the time taken by a continuous process, occurring at an average rate, to change its state. The exponential distribution is used to model situations in which smaller values are more likely to occur than larger values.

exponential function, in mathematics, a relation of the form y = ax, with the independent variable x ranging over the entire real number line as the exponent of a positive number a. Probably the most important of the exponential functions is y = ex, sometimes written y = exp (x), in which e

population ecology: Exponential and geometric population growth: In an ideal environment, one that has no limiting factors, populations grow at a geometric rate or an exponential rate. Human populations, in which individuals live and reproduce for many years and in which reproduction is distributed throughout the year,…

NP-complete problem: …hand, require times that are exponential functions of the problem size n. Polynomial-time algorithms are considered to be efficient, while exponential-time algorithms are considered inefficient, because the execution times of the latter grow much more rapidly as the problem size increases.

acceptance: Acceptances are used in financing export and import operations and in some domestic transactions involving staple commodities.

insurance: Export credit insurance: A special form of credit insurance is available to exporters against losses from both commercial and political risks. In the United States, for example, export credit insurance is written through a consortium of insurance companies organized by the Foreign Credit Insurance Association…

tariff: Export duties: Export duties are no longer used to a great extent, except to tax certain mineral, petroleum, and agricultural products. Several resource-rich countries depend upon export duties for much of their revenue. Export duties were common in the past, however, and were significant elements…

commodity trade: Interests of the less-developed countries: Compensatory financing refers to international financial assistance to a country whose export earnings have suffered as a result of a decline in primary commodity prices. Such a system was instituted in 1963 by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). In 1969 the IMF also began making…

hinterland: An export foreland is the region to which the goods being shipped from the port are bound and an import foreland is the region from which goods being shipped to the port originate.

hinterland: An export hinterland is the backcountry region from which the goods being shipped from the port originate and an import hinterland is the backcountry region for which the goods shipped to the port are destined. Export and import hinterlands have complementary forelands that lie on the…

tariff: Export duties: Export duties are no longer used to a great extent, except to tax certain mineral, petroleum, and agricultural products. Several resource-rich countries depend upon export duties for much of their revenue. Export duties were common in the past, however, and were significant elements…

Djibouti: Transportation and telecommunications: Financed largely by the Export-Import Bank of China, the $3.4 billion project was completed in October 2016. Capable of accommodating freight trains at speeds of up to 75 miles (120 km) per hour and passenger trains at speeds of up to 100 miles (160 km) per hour, the electrified…

Export-Import Bank of Japan, one of the principal government-funded Japanese financial institutions, which provides a wide range of services to support and encourage Japanese trade and overseas investment. Headquarters are in Tokyo. The Japan Export Bank was established in 1950; its name was

Export-Import Bank of the United States, one of the principal agencies of the U.S. government in international finance, originally incorporated as the Export-Import Bank of Washington on February 12, 1934, to assist in financing the export of American-made goods and services. Its name was changed

Washington Nationals, American professional baseball team based in Washington, D.C., that plays in the National League (NL). The Nationals have won one World Series and one NL pennant (both 2019). The franchise was based in Montreal and known as the Expos (after Expo 67, the world’s fair held in

Jenny Holzer: Later work: …in the United States, while Expose (2020) commented on the government’s mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Each piece projected such texts as “duck and cover” and “unnecessary death can’t be policy” onto LED trucks that drove unannounced through cities including New York, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Dallas, and Los Angeles. The…

Joachim Of Fiore: In the Expositio in Apocalypsim (“Exposition of the Apocalypse”), Joachim seeks to probe the imminent crisis of evil, as pictured in the apocalyptic symbols of Antichrist, and the life of the spirit to follow. His third main work, the Psalterium decem chordarum (“Psaltery of Ten Strings”), expounds…

Peter Abelard: Final years of Peter Abelard: …letter to the Romans, the Expositio in Epistolam ad Romanos, in which he outlined an explanation of the purpose of Christ’s life, which was to inspire men to love him by example alone.

Fabius Planciades Fulgentius: He also wrote an Expositio sermonum antiquorum, explanations of 62 rare Latin words supported by quotations, some of them from authors and works that never existed; and a Liber absque litteris de aetatibus mundi et hominis, a bizarre work in which human history is divided into 23 periods. His…

Fabius Planciades Fulgentius: …absurd etymologies, and of an Expositio Vergilianae continentiae secundum philosophos moralis, in which he makes Virgil himself appear in order to reveal the mystic meaning of the Aeneid. He also wrote an Expositio sermonum antiquorum, explanations of 62 rare Latin words supported by quotations, some of them from authors and…

concerto: …the concerto’s first movement, the exposition often remains in the tonic key while played by the entire orchestra the first time through. The expected departure to a nearly related key and the introduction of the soloist are reserved to a characteristically more elaborate repetition of the exposition. Moreover, to meet…

Roman Catholicism: Eucharistic devotions: The practice of “exposition” is the public and solemn display of the eucharistic bread, again with the accompaniment of hymns, the organ, incense, and processions. The most prominent of the eucharistic celebrations is the Feast of Corpus Christi, which was instituted in the 13th century by Pope Urban…

Pierre-Simon, marquis de Laplace: …du système du monde (The System of the World), a semipopular treatment of his work in celestial mechanics and a model of French prose. The book included his “nebular hypothesis”—attributing the origin of the solar system to cooling and contracting of a gaseous nebula—which strongly influenced future thought on…

Art Deco: …name was derived from the Exposition Internationale des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, held in Paris in 1925, where the style was first exhibited. Art Deco design represented modernism turned into fashion. Its products included both individually crafted luxury items and mass-produced wares, but, in either case, the intention was…

August Gottlieb Spangenberg: …the Idea Fidei Fratrum (1779; Exposition of Christian Doctrine, 1784), which became the accepted statement of Moravian beliefs. Through his moderation, internal differences were ameliorated, and the Moravian Church maintained friendly relations with the Lutheran Church. Among his works are a life of Zinzendorf (1772–75; abridged Eng. trans., 1838), some…

St. Gregory Thaumaturgus: The Exposition of Faith, Gregory’s principal work, was a theological apology for Trinitarian belief. The Exposition incorporated his doctrinal instructions to Christian initiates, expressed his arguments against heretical groups, and was the forerunner of the Nicene Creed that was to appear in the early 4th century.…

Grand Palais: …River in Paris for the 1900 Exposition Universelle. A masterpiece of Classicism and Art Nouveau, this Beaux Arts structure (built 1897–1900), with its large stone colonnades and enormous conservatory-style glass roof, is a major tourist attraction and a Parisian landmark.

Tyconius: 370?; “On Civil War”) and Expositiones diversarum causarum (c. 375?; “Explanations of Diverse Causes”), asserted the universality of the church and the necessarily mixed moral status of its members: the church, Tyconius held, in the time before the End, must comprise both sinners and saints. These positions stood against the…

exposome, the complete set of environmental exposures throughout a person’s life, as well as how these exposures contribute and relate to disease and overall health. Both the concept and the term exposome were coined in 2005 by epidemiologist Christopher Wild; it may be a portmanteau of expose and

burial: Exposure: Placing the body where it may be eaten by scavenging birds and animals or weathered to its essential elements has been held by many groups to be the most desirable form of disposal for spiritual as well as material reasons. The Zoroastrians have been…

human disease: Injuries from cold or heat: Prolonged exposure of tissue to freezing temperatures causes tissue damage known as frostbite. Several factors predispose to frostbite, such as malnutrition leading to a loss of the fatty layer under the skin, lack of adequate clothing, and any type of insufficiency of the peripheral blood

technology of photography: Basic camera functions: The time of this exposure is one of the two factors controlling the amount of light reaching the film. The other factor is the lens diaphragm, or aperture, an opening with an adjustable diameter. The combination of the diaphragm opening and exposure time is the photographic exposure. To obtain…

keratitis: In exposure keratitis the cornea may also become dry and inflamed when, because of protrusion of the eyeball or paralysis of the muscle that closes the lids, a person is unable to shut his eyes completely. Initial treatment employs aggressive eye lubrication; however, if this fails,…

technology of photography: Exposure latitude: The ideal negative exposure records the darkest subject shadows as a just visible density. More exposure yields a denser negative, which, however, can still give an acceptable print by appropriate print-exposure adjustment. This range of usable negative exposures, the exposure latitude, depends on…

exposure meter, photographic auxiliary device that measures the intensity of light and indicates proper exposure (i.e., the combination of aperture and shutter speed) for film or image sensors of a specific sensitivity. Traditional exposure meters are separate handheld devices, though almost every

burn: Hospital treatment.: Exposure therapy is indicated for surfaces that are easily left exposed, such as the face. The burn is initially cleansed and then allowed to dry. A second-degree burn forms a crust, which falls off after two or three weeks, revealing minimally scarred skin beneath. Full-thickness…

exposure therapy, any of various approaches used to help reduce fear and anxiety that cause individuals to avoid specific objects, activities, or situations. Exposure to fear-producing stimuli in a safe environment can help mitigate avoidance behavior. Exposure therapy is highly effective for

technology of photography: Exposure values: An attempt to simplify the mathematics of f-number and shutter speed-control functions led to the formulation of exposure values (EV). These run in a simple whole-number series, each step (EV interval) doubling or halving the effective exposure. The lower the EV number, the…

Daily Express, morning newspaper published in London, known for its sensational treatment of news and also for its thorough coverage of international events. The Sunday edition is published as the Sunday Express. Since its founding in 1900, the Express has aggressively appealed to a mass

boiler: The express boiler is designed with small water tubes for quick generation of steam. The flash boiler may not require a steam drum, because the tubes operate at such high temperatures that the feed water flashes into steam and superheats before leaving the tubes. The largest…

postal system: Postal operations and management: One such service is express mail, known under different service names according to the country (Express Mail in the United States, Datapost in Great Britain and Germany). At additional cost, this service, in which about half the UPU membership participates, provides expedited conveyance and individualized priority handling of correspondence…

property law: Marxism, liberalism, and the law: …the law of trusts, the express trust resisted any attempt to defeat its basic division of legal from equitable title. Indeed, trusts were increasingly used as a means of holding newly important aggregations of personal property. Similarly, the increasing complexity of land-use conflicts led to an ever-growing body of local…

warranty: Express warranties: Under the UCC, a seller creates an express warranty by any promise, description, or use of sample or model that relates to the goods and becomes part of the basis of the bargain. Thus, representations about the quality of a product, its uses,…

Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber: …he founded and managed (1953–70) L’Express, a moderately left-wing weekly newsmagazine modeled on Time. The publication of L’Express was halted temporarily in 1954 when the magazine printed a top-secret government report. In 1956 Servan-Schreiber was drafted into the army, and the experience formed the basis of his first book, Lieutenant…

Rupert Murdoch: Acquisitions: News of the World, The Sun, and The Times: …San Antonio News (later the Express-News)—he transformed into a sex-and-scandal sheet that soon dominated the city’s afternoon market. In 1974 he introduced a national weekly sensationalist tabloid, the Star, and in 1976 he purchased the afternoon tabloid New York Post, but in the late 1980s he sold both, profitably; he…

J. Craig Venter: Education and NIH research: …developed an alternative technique using expressed sequence tags (ESTs), small segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) found in expressed genes that are used as “tags” to identify unknown genes in other organisms, cells, or tissues. Venter used ESTs to rapidly identify thousands of human genes. Although first received with skepticism, the…

Dagens Nyheter: …paper, the afternoon daily tabloid Expressen (Nyheter is of standard size). The two papers have separate editorial staffs. In the late 1990s the circulation of Dagens Nyheter exceeded 300,000.

aesthetics: Representation and expression in art: …familiar contrast between representation and expression.

essential oil: Methods of production: A procedure called expression is applied only to citrus oils. The outer coloured peel is squeezed in presses, and the oil is decanted or centrifuged to separate water and cell debris. The method is used for oil of sweet and bitter orange, lemon, lime, mandarin, tangerine, bergamot, and…

Charles Darwin: The private man and the public debate: Now his photographically illustrated The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872) expanded the subject to include the rages and grimaces of asylum inmates, all to show the continuity of emotions and expressions between humans and animals.

musical expression, that element of musical performance which is something more than mere notes. Western music is notated on a system that specifies pitch and the relative lengths of notes. Factors such as speed or dynamics are usually indicated only by words or abbreviations. Similarly, directions

Expressionism, artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person. The artist accomplishes this aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid,

Austroasiatic languages: Morphology: (5) Expressive language and wordplay are embodied in a special word class called “expressives.” This is a basic class of words distinct from verbs, adjectives, and adverbs in that they cannot be subjected to logical negation. They describe noises, colours, light patterns, shapes, movements, sensations, emotions,…

collective behavior: Expressive crowds: Not all crowds act. In some crowds the participants are largely preoccupied with themselves or with one another, and with participation in a common experience. Beginning as early as the 7th century in Europe, and continuing throughout the Middle Ages, there were reported…

consanguinity: Inheritance and gene expressivity: A major application of data on consanguinity reflects the probability that two individuals of known degree of consanguinity to another individual will share the traits of that person. This probability depends on the mode of inheritance and the degree of penetrance or expressivity of…

expressway, major arterial divided highway that features two or more traffic lanes in each direction, with opposing traffic separated by a median strip; elimination of grade crossings; controlled entries and exits; and advanced designs eliminating steep grades, sharp curves, and other hazards and

expropriation, the taking away or depriving of property or proprietary rights. The term formerly applied to any compulsory deprivation of property, particularly by a public agency, but now pertains primarily to government takings where compensation is rendered, as in exercising the right of eminent

eminent domain, power of government to take private property for public use without the owner’s consent. Constitutional provisions in most countries require the payment of compensation to the owner. In countries with unwritten constitutions, such as the United Kingdom, the supremacy of Parliament

Masaccio: The Brancacci Chapel: …for the following sections: the Expulsion from Paradise (or Expulsion of Adam and Eve), St. Peter Baptizing Neophytes, Tribute Money, St. Peter Enthroned as Bishop of Antioch, St. Peter Healing with His Shadow, Distribution of the Goods of the Church and the Death of Ananias, and part of the Raising…

Masaccio: The Brancacci Chapel: …for the following sections: the Expulsion from Paradise (or Expulsion of Adam and Eve), St. Peter Baptizing Neophytes, Tribute Money, St. Peter Enthroned as Bishop of Antioch, St. Peter Healing with His Shadow, Distribution of the Goods of the Church and the Death of Ananias, and part of the Raising…

Julius II: Patron of the arts: The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple symbolizes the expulsion of the French and the subjugation of all the church’s enemies, with Julius II depicted witnessing the scene from his portable throne. Closely related to this is the Liberation of St. Peter, in which light…