dentin, in anatomy, the yellowish tissue that makes up the bulk of all teeth. It is harder than bone but softer than enamel and consists mainly of apatite crystals of calcium and phosphate. In humans, other mammals, and the elasmobranch fishes (e.g., sharks, rays), a layer of dentin-producing

dentistry, the profession concerned with the prevention and treatment of oral disease, including diseases of the teeth and supporting structures and diseases of the soft tissues of the mouth. Dentistry also encompasses the treatment and correction of malformation of the jaws, misalignment of the

dentistry: Dentistry in 19th-century Europe: …of dental professionals formed the College of Dentists of England in 1857, seeking independence from the Royal College of Surgeons, which influenced the proceedings of the Odontological Society. The College of Dentists of England established the Metropolitan School of Dental Science, the forerunner of the University College Hospital Dental School.…

human digestive system: The teeth: The teeth are hard, white structures found in the mouth. Usually used for mastication, the teeth of different vertebrate species are sometimes specialized. The teeth of snakes, for example, are very thin and sharp and usually curve backward; they function in capturing prey but not in…

Denton, city, seat (1857) of Denton county, northern Texas, U.S. Denton is situated about 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Dallas–Fort Worth. Permanently settled in 1857 and named for John B. Denton, a Texas frontiersman, Denton is largely a cultural, research, and educational centre; institutions

Tameside: In Denton hatting grew from a cottage industry in the 17th century into a major economic activity employing nearly half the town’s population by the 1920s. Tameside’s domestic textile industry gave way to factory production in the 18th century with the construction of water-powered mills along…

Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener was a British field marshal, imperial administrator, conqueror of the Sudan, commander in chief during the South African War, and (perhaps his most important role) secretary of state for war at the beginning of World War I (1914–18). At that time he

Carlos Germán Belli: …first books, Poemas (1958) and Dentro & fuera (1960; “Inside and Out”), is Surrealist in tone but exhibits many of the characteristics that Belli honed in such later collections as Por el monte abajo (1966; “Through the Woods Below”) and El pie sobre el cuello (1967; “The Foot on the…

Giorgio Bassani: …collection Cinque storie ferraresi (1956; Five Stories of Ferrara, also published as Prospect of Ferrara; reissued as Dentro le mura, 1973, “Inside the Walls”), five novellas that describe the growth of fascism and anti-Semitism, brought Bassani his first commercial success and the Strega Prize (offered annually for the best Italian…

Oskar Kokoschka: Early life and works: …one of his earliest paintings, Dents du Midi (1909), a snowscape rendered in warm colors; an Impressionist might have used cool colors to evoke the actual light emanating from the snow.

denture, artificial replacement for one or more missing teeth and adjacent gum tissues. A complete denture replaces all the teeth of the upper or lower jaw. Partial dentures are commonly used to replace a single tooth or two or more adjacent teeth. The partial appliance may be removable or fixed;

World War II: Iraq and Syria, 1940–41: …Syria, whose high commissioner, General H.-F. Dentz, was a nominee of the Vichy government of France. Lest Syria and Lebanon should fall altogether under Axis control, the British decided to intervene there. Consequently, Free French forces, under General Georges Catroux, with British, Australian, and Indian support, were sent into both

Chhattisgarh: Relief: …topographic variations resulting from extensive denudation (wearing away of the earth by such processes as weathering and erosion). Knolls, undulating interfluves (areas between adjacent watercourses), and valleys flanked by belts of clayey soils are characteristic of the region. About 100 miles (160 km) wide, the Chhattisgarh Plain is bounded by…

automata theory: The generalized automaton and Turing’s machine: …is, they are at most countable in number. This being the case, it can be proved that there is what Turing called a “universal” machine capable of operating like any given Turing machine. For a given partial recursive function of a single argument, there is a corresponding integer, called the…

punishment: General deterrence: …deterrence, known by the term denunciation, utilizes public condemnation as a form of community moral education. In this approach, a person found guilty of a crime is denounced—that is, subjected to shame and public criticism. Although denunciation is closely associated with general deterrence through fear—and many courts have imposed sentences…

Denver, city and county, capital of Colorado, U.S., at the western edge of the Great Plains, just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The city and county were consolidated as a single administrative unit in 1902. Denver lies at the junction of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River.

Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company (D&RGW), former American railroad chartered in 1870 as the Denver and Rio Grande Railway (D&RG). It began with a narrow-gauge line extending from Denver, Colorado, south to New Mexico and west to Salt Lake City, Utah. Conversion to standard-gauge track

Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad Company (D&RGW), former American railroad chartered in 1870 as the Denver and Rio Grande Railway (D&RG). It began with a narrow-gauge line extending from Denver, Colorado, south to New Mexico and west to Salt Lake City, Utah. Conversion to standard-gauge track

Denver: The contemporary city: The Denver Art Museum contains a renowned collection of Native American and Western art; a new wing, designed by Daniel Libeskind, was added in 2006. Music and theatre events are held at the Red Rocks Park and Amphitheatre, an outdoor venue in the foothills just west…

Denver Broncos, American professional gridiron football team based in Denver that plays in the NFL (NFL). The Broncos have won eight American Football Conference (AFC) championships and three Super Bowls (1998, 1999, and 2016). The Broncos were founded in 1960 as one of the original members of the

Denver: History: …in November 1858 renamed it Denver City for James W. Denver, governor of the Kansas Territory, of which the city was then a part. The site grew during the 1859 “Pikes Peak or bust” gold rush. Denver City and Auraria consolidated in 1860; the following year Colorado Territory was established…

human genetics: The human chromosomes: The Denver system of chromosome classification, established in 1959, identified the chromosomes by their length and the position of the centromeres. Since then the method has been improved by the use of special staining techniques that impart unique light and dark bands to each chromosome. These…

diagnosis: Pediatric: …can be measured with the Denver Developmental Screening Test, or Denver Scale. This test, which was developed at the University of Colorado in the United States in the late 1960s, is used today in multiple countries, including Canada and the United Kingdom. The test evaluates motor, language, and social development…

Colorado: Transportation and telecommunications: Denver International Airport is a major hub in the country’s air traffic pattern. It is served by almost all major U.S. airlines; carriers link Denver with other Colorado cities, with neighboring states, and with international destinations. Railroad lines in Colorado are mainly bulk-freight carriers using…

Denver Nuggets, American professional basketball team based in Denver that plays in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Nuggets have won one NBA title (2023). Originally known as the Denver Rockets, the team was one of the founding franchises of the American

Denver omelet, an omelet with ham, onion, and bell pepper; cheese is sometimes included. Historians have speculated that the dish was originally served on bread as a sandwich, created by 19th-century cattle drivers in the American West or by Chinese railroad cooks as a sort of transportable egg foo

Frederick Gilmer Bonfils: …a publisher who made the Denver Post into a crusading newspaper of nationwide prominence in the United States.

Denver Nuggets, American professional basketball team based in Denver that plays in the Western Conference of the National Basketball Association (NBA). The Nuggets have won one NBA title (2023). Originally known as the Denver Rockets, the team was one of the founding franchises of the American

Denver omelet: The sandwich variety, called a Denver (or western) sandwich, is still common.

Denver: The contemporary city: …the state ballet, opera, and symphony orchestra. The annual National Western Stock Show (held in January) includes a rodeo as well as livestock and horse shows. Rocky Mountain National Park is northwest of the city.

John Denver was an American singer and songwriter who was known for his wholesome, sentimental music that extolled nature’s and life’s simple pleasures. He was one of the most popular performers of the 1970s. Denver began playing folk songs on the 1910 Gibson guitar that his grandmother gave him

University of Denver, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Denver, Colorado, U.S. Though the university is supported by the United Methodist Church, it maintains a nonsectarian approach to education. It is known for its business school and international studies program, and it

carillon: Jef Denyn, who played there from 1881 to 1941, led in the restoration of the art, establishing in 1922 the first carillon school and a publishing enterprise. In the same year, the carillon was introduced to the United States, where later the world’s two largest,…

Brazil: Kubitschek’s administration: …the war minister, and Marshal Odílio Denys, who commanded army troops in Rio de Janeiro, staged a “countercoup” on November 11, 1955, in order to guarantee the president elect’s inauguration, and Kubitschek took office as scheduled on January 31, 1956.

St. Denis ; feast day: Western church, October 9; Eastern church, October 3) was allegedly the first bishop of Paris and an early Christian martyr. He is a patron saint of France and Paris and is also invoked by people suffering from headache. St. Denis is also venerated as one of the 14 Holy

Mu Gia Pass, mountain pass in the Annamese Cordillera (Chaîne Annamitique) between northern Vietnam and Laos, 55 miles (90 km) northwest of Dong Hoi, Vietnam. The pass lies 1,371 feet (418 m) above sea level and carries the road from Tan Ap in Vietnam to Muang Khammouan (formerly called Thakhek) in

Deo Van Tri: …Tri was the son of Deo Van Seng (or Deo Van Sanh), chief of the Tais who occupied the Vietnamese lands surrounding the Black River. As the head of a band of Chinese pirates, Deo Van Seng had seized the area in 1869. Deo Van Tri at age 16 joined…

Deo Van Tri was a fiercely independent tribal chief of Tai peoples in the Black River region of Tonkin (now northern Vietnam) who created a semiautonomous feudal kingdom and coexisted with the French, who ruled the rest of Vietnam. Deo Van Tri was the son of Deo Van Seng (or Deo Van Sanh), chief of

Datia: The 17th-century palace of Bir Singh Deo is a fine example of Hindu domestic architecture. Datia was constituted a municipality in 1907.

Raipur: …in the 14th century by Rai Brahma Deo of the Ratanpur dynasty. It served as headquarters of the former Chhattisgarh princely states division and was constituted a municipality in 1867. The city’s 15th-century fort contains numerous Hindu temples. The most famous is the Bhawani Ka Mandir, rebuilt on the site…

Deoband school, the leading Muslim theological centre (madrasah) of India. It was founded in 1867 by Muḥammad ʿĀbid Ḥusayn in the Sahāranpur district of Uttar Pradesh. The theological position of Deoband has always been heavily influenced by the 18th-century Muslim reformer Shāh Walī Allāh and the

cedar: brevifolia), the deodar (C. deodara), and the cedar of Lebanon (C. libani) are the true cedars. They are tall trees with large trunks and massive, irregular heads of spreading branches. Young trees are covered with smooth, dark-gray bark that becomes brown, fissured, and scaly with age. The…

fat and oil processing: Deodorization: Odourless and tasteless fats first came into high demand as ingredients for the manufacture of margarine, a product designed to duplicate the flavour and texture of butter. Most fats, even after refining, have characteristic flavours and odours, and vegetable fats especially have a relatively…

Treaty of Deogaon, (Dec. 17, 1803), pact concluded by Sir Arthur Wellesley (later 1st duke of Wellington) between Raghuji Bhonsle II—the Maratha raja of Berar—and the British East India Company. With the Treaty of Surji-Arjungaon (Dec. 30, 1803), it marked the end of the first phase of the Second

Deoghar, city, northeastern Jharkhand state, northeastern India. It is situated on the Ajay River in the Rajmahal Hills. An ancient town, it is famous for its group of 22 temples dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Numerous Buddhist ruins are nearby. The Muslim invader Bakhtīyār Khaljī made Deoghar

Deoghar, city, northeastern Jharkhand state, northeastern India. It is situated on the Ajay River in the Rajmahal Hills. An ancient town, it is famous for its group of 22 temples dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva. Numerous Buddhist ruins are nearby. The Muslim invader Bakhtīyār Khaljī made Deoghar

Daulatabad, village and ancient city, north-central Maharashtra state, western India. It is situated in a hilly upland area about 8 miles (13 km) northwest of Aurangabad. The city was founded in the late 12th century by King Bhillam of the Yadava dynasty, and it was a major fortress and

Dharmendra is a veteran Indian actor known for his work in Bollywood. Especially noted for his powerful dialogue delivery and ability to portray a wide range of characters, Dharmendra was counted among Bollywood’s reigning stars in the 1960s and ’70s. He is a recipient of the Padma Bhushan (2012),

Hema Malini is an Indian actress, bharatanatyam dancer, director, and politician recognized for her work in Bollywood and contributions to public life as a member of parliament. Popularly called “Dream Girl,”Hema Malini rose to prominence in the 1970s and has appeared in more than 150 films,

African spiny mouse: …Rudd’s mouse (Uranomys ruddi), the Congo forest mouse (Deomys ferrugineus), and brush-furred rats (genus Lophuromys).

deontic logic, Branch of modal logic that studies the permitted, the obligatory, and the forbidden, which are characterized as deontic modalities (Greek, deontos: “of that which is binding”). It seeks to systematize the abstract, purely conceptual relations between propositions in this sphere, such

applied logic: Deontic logic and the logic of agency: …lines as possible-worlds semantics for modal or epistemic logic. The crucial idea of such semantics is the interpretation of the accessibility relation. The worlds accessible from a given world W1 are the ones in which all the obligations that obtain in W1 are fulfilled. On the basis of this interpretation,…

deontological ethics, in philosophy, ethical theories that place special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions. The term deontology is derived from the Greek deon, “duty,” and logos, “science.” (Read Peter Singer’s Britannica entry on ethics.) In deontological

Deor, Old English heroic poem of 42 lines, one of the two surviving Old English poems to have a refrain. (The other is the fragmentary “Wulf and Eadwacer.”) It is the complaint of a scop (minstrel), Deor, who was replaced at his court by another minstrel and deprived of his lands and his lord’s

Deor, Old English heroic poem of 42 lines, one of the two surviving Old English poems to have a refrain. (The other is the fragmentary “Wulf and Eadwacer.”) It is the complaint of a scop (minstrel), Deor, who was replaced at his court by another minstrel and deprived of his lands and his lord’s

Derby, city and unitary authority, geographic and historic county of Derbyshire, England. It lies along the River Derwent at an important route focus at the southern end of the Pennines. The unitary authority covers Derby and its suburbs. Just northeast of the city centre, at Little Chester, is the

Battle of Deorai, (April 12–14, 1659), victory of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb that confirmed his possession of the throne. It was fought at Deorai, in northeastern India, by Aurangzeb and his brother against rival prince Dārā Shikōh. Dārā challenged Aurangzeb, relying on the promised support of

Deoria, city, eastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is situated just west of the Bihar state border, about 32 miles (50 km) southeast of Gorakhpur. Deoria lies on a major rail line to Bihar and is an agricultural trade centre. Its principal industry is sugar milling. Major crops grown in

Deosai Mountains: The Deosai Basin lies between mountain ranges; it possesses steep sides and a level floor and appears to be an ancient cirque (deep steep-walled recess in a mountain, caused by glacial erosion). The terrain of the Deosai Mountains is rugged and almost devoid of human population.…

Deosai Mountains, range in the Himalayas in the northern Indian subcontinent. The mountains lie in the central Kashmir region, mostly within the Northern Areas (in the Pakistani-administered sector of Kashmir). The range extends for 120 miles (190 km) from the Indus River bend at Bunji to the

bile acid: Synthesis and circulation: …of secondary bile acids include deoxycholic acid, produced from cholic acid, and lithocholic acid, which is generated from chenodeoxycholic acid. Secondary bile acids function primarily as signaling molecules, which can influence such processes as immune responses, fat digestion, and cell proliferation.

Tadeus Reichstein: …discovered, among them cortisone and desoxycorticosterone, which was used for many years to treat Addison’s disease.

Tadeus Reichstein: …discovered, among them cortisone and desoxycorticosterone, which was used for many years to treat Addison’s disease.

meat processing: Oxidation state of iron: …state the molecule is called deoxymyoglobin). Within 30 minutes after exposure to the air, beef slowly turns to a bright cherry-red colour in a process called blooming. Blooming is the result of oxygen binding to the iron atom (in this state the myoglobin molecule is called oxymyoglobin). After several days…

DNA, organic chemical of complex molecular structure that is found in all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and in many viruses. DNA codes genetic information for the transmission of inherited traits. A brief treatment of DNA follows. For full treatment, see genetics: DNA and the genetic code. The

metabolism: Synthesis of DNA: …[86] the addition of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate (dNMP) moiety onto a growing DNA chain (5′-DNA-polymer-3′-ΟΗ) is shown; the other product is inorganic pyrophosphate. The specific nucleotide inserted in the growing chain is dictated by the base in the complementary (template) strand of DNA with which it pairs. The functioning of…

deoxyribose, five-carbon sugar component of DNA (q.v.; deoxyribonucleic acid), where it alternates with phosphate groups to form the “backbone” of the DNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases. The presence of deoxyribose instead of ribose is one difference between DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

metabolism: Deoxyribonucleotides: Deoxythymidylic acid (dTMP) is derived from deoxyuridylic acid (dUMP).

metabolism: Deoxyribonucleotides: Deoxyuridine diphosphate (dUDP) is first converted to dUMP, by reaction [69] proceeding from right to left. Deoxyuridylic acid then accepts a methyl group (CH3―) in a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme (thymidylate synthetase) with the vitamin folic acid as a coenzyme; the product is dTMP…

metabolism: Deoxyribonucleotides: …acid (dTMP) is derived from deoxyuridylic acid (dUMP).

baking: Depanners: Automatic depanners, removing the loaves from the pans, either invert the pans, jarring them to dislodge the bread, or pick the loaves out of the pans by means of suction cups attached to belts.

Tomie dePaola was an American author and illustrator who illustrated 268 children’s books, many of which he wrote. He also wrote but did not illustrate three books. His accomplishments earned him the 1981 Kerlan Award from the University of Minnesota, the 1983 Regina Medal from the Catholic Library

Tomie dePaola was an American author and illustrator who illustrated 268 children’s books, many of which he wrote. He also wrote but did not illustrate three books. His accomplishments earned him the 1981 Kerlan Award from the University of Minnesota, the 1983 Regina Medal from the Catholic Library

Gérard Depardieu is a French actor who earned worldwide acclaim for his versatility and for his unusual combination of gentleness and physicality. Depardieu’s notable films include 1900 (1976), The Last Metro (1980), Cyrano de Bergerac (1990), and La Vie en rose (2007). The actor also garnered

The Departed, American crime film, released in 2006, that was directed by Martin Scorsese and won four Academy Awards, including best picture. A tense action thriller with an all-star cast, it was one of Scorsese’s biggest hits at the box office. (Read Martin Scorsese’s Britannica essay on film

département, largest unit of local government in France and in some former French colonies. The départements were originally created in 1790. Each département is governed by an elected general council, which holds responsibility for local services, laws, and budget; an officer called a commissioner

Yiddish literature: Writers in Poland and the Soviet Union: His masterpiece Opgang (1920; Departing) conveys the decline of the shtetl using techniques such as internal monologue, dream sequences, nonlinear narrative, and a roving narrative eye that views the town from the perspective of many different characters. When the novel opens, its main character has already died of uncertain…

Russia: Government: …1802 Alexander instituted eight government departments, or ministries, of which five were essentially new. The organization of the departments was substantially improved in 1811 by Speransky. In the 1820s the Ministry of the Interior became responsible for public order, public health, stocks of food, and the development of industry and…

Department of Commerce v. New York, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on June 27, 2019, reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded the judgment of a federal district court in New York that had vacated a decision by the U.S. secretary of commerce, Wilbur Ross, to add a U.S.

Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), U.S. federal department that was formerly called the United States Digital Service (USDS). On January 20, 2025, U.S. Pres. Donald Trump issued an executive order that reorganized the USDS and changed its name to the United States DOGE Service; DOGE stands

Affordable Care Act cases: Certiorari petitions: (severability) and Department of Health and Human Services et al. v. Florida et al. (the individual mandate and the Anti-Injunction Act). By that time the court had received, but not granted, petitions for certiorari in three other appellate cases challenging the PPACA: Thomas More Law Center et…

U.K. Department of Health (DH), branch of the government of the United Kingdom concerned with the maintenance of public health. The Department of Health (DH) provides leadership for the National Health Service (NHS) and for the government’s social care and public health agendas. The DH has

department store, retail establishment that sells a wide variety of goods. These usually include ready-to-wear apparel and accessories for adults and children, yard goods and household textiles, small household wares, furniture, electrical appliances and accessories, and, often, food. These goods

Rudyard Kipling: Life: He published the verse collection Departmental Ditties in 1886, the short-story collection Plain Tales from the Hills in 1888, and between 1887 and 1889 he brought out six paper-covered volumes of short stories. Among the latter were Soldiers Three, The Phantom Rickshaw (containing the story “The Man Who Would Be…

Max Beckmann: …to Berlin, where he completed Departure (1933), the first of the large-scale allegorical triptychs that constitute his most important works.

Arc de Triomphe: …those sculptures is Rude’s group Departure of the Volunteers of 1792 (popularly called La Marseillaise). Other surfaces are decorated with the names of hundreds of generals and battles. A stairway of 284 steps reaches from the ground level to the top of the monument; an elevator goes partway up the…

Joseph Yoakum: …tales of his world travels, Derrel B. DePasse, Yoakum’s first biographer, determined that Yoakum had, in fact, traveled to many (though not all) of the places that he described and drew late in life.

DePaul University, private, coeducational university in Chicago, Illinois, U.S. It is the largest Roman Catholic university in the United States. DePaul was founded as St. Vincent’s College in 1898 by the Vincentian Fathers. It was renamed and chartered as a university in 1907. Women were admitted

DePauw University, private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Greencastle, Ind., U.S., 40 miles (64 km) west of Indianapolis. It is affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Strictly an undergraduate university, DePauw offers a curriculum in the liberal arts and sciences as well as

conflict of laws: Applications in the United States: …case (a situation known as dépeçage [French: “break into smaller pieces”]). This “splitting” of a case into its various component issues may promote just solutions for difficult international cases, but the practice significantly increases the burden on courts and on the involved parties. In addition, it diminishes the decision’s value…

Kraftwerk: …Eno; and the synth-pop of Depeche Mode, Soft Cell, and countless others.

France: The development of central government: The Council for Dispatches (Conseil des Dépêches), or, more loosely, the Council for the Interior, had particular responsibility for home affairs, including the activities of the intendants; the Royal Council for Finances (Conseil Royal des Finances) supervised important matters affecting financial aspects of the king’s domain…

fruit processing: Pectinization: If the juice is to be clarified further or concentrated after extraction, treatment with pectinase may be required. The juice is monitored for pectin content using a qualitative pectin check, consisting of combining one part juice with two parts ethanol. If a gel forms,…

chemical dependency, the body’s physical and/or psychological addiction to a psychoactive (mind-altering) substance, such as narcotics, alcohol, or nicotine. Physical dependency on such chemicals as prescription drugs or alcohol stems from repetitive use followed by the gradual increase in the

dependency, a territory under the jurisdiction of a state but not formally annexed by it. A state may control some of a dependency’s affairs, such as defense, foreign relations, and internal security, and allow it autonomy in certain domestic affairs. These relationships can be highly variable from

dependency theory, an approach to understanding economic underdevelopment that emphasizes the putative constraints imposed by the global political and economic order. First proposed in the late 1950s by the Argentine economist and statesman Raúl Prebisch, dependency theory gained prominence in the

media dependency theory, a systematic approach to the study of the effects of mass media on audiences and of the interactions between media, audiences, and social systems. It was introduced in outline by the American communications researchers Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur in 1976.

chemical dependency, the body’s physical and/or psychological addiction to a psychoactive (mind-altering) substance, such as narcotics, alcohol, or nicotine. Physical dependency on such chemicals as prescription drugs or alcohol stems from repetitive use followed by the gradual increase in the

Spain: The conquest: …and 756 is called the dependent emirate because Muslim Spain, or Al-Andalus, was dependent on the Umayyad caliph in Damascus. These years were marked by continuous hostilities between the different Arab factions and between the various social groups. Nonetheless, Muslim expansion beyond the Pyrenees continued until 732, when the Franks,…

statistics: Events and their probabilities: …product” are said to be dependent. If two events are independent, the occurrence of one event does not affect the probability of the other event taking place. When two or more events are independent, the probability of their joint occurrence is the product of their individual probabilities. Two events are…