Dnipro, city, south-central Ukraine. It lies along the Dnieper River, near its confluence with the Samara. The river was considerably widened by the construction of a dam about 50 miles (80 km) downstream. Founded in 1783 as Katerynoslav on the river’s north bank, the settlement was moved to its

canals and inland waterways: Major inland waterways of Europe: …is the link between the Dnepr and the Bug, a tributary of the Vistula, by way of the Pripet and Pina rivers, a 204-km (127-mile) canal connecting with the Mukhavets River, a tributary of the western Bug. This system is the sole wholly inland waterway connection to the Caspian and…

Dniester River, river of southwestern Ukraine and of Moldova, rising on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains and flowing south and east for 840 miles (1,352 km) to the Black Sea near Odesa. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the main water artery of Moldova. The Dniester and its

Fyodor Dostoyevsky: A Writer’s Diary and other works: In 1873 Dostoyevsky assumed the editorship of the conservative journal Grazhdanin (“The Citizen”), where he published an irregular column entitled “Dnevnik pisatelya” (“The Diary of a Writer”). He left Grazhdanin to write Podrostok (1875; A Raw Youth, also known…

Leonid Andreyev: …last novel, Dnevnik Satany (Satan’s Diary), was unfinished at his death. Published in 1921, it paints a world in which boundless evil triumphs. In 1956 his remains were taken to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg).

Ukraine: Resources and power: …brown coal found in the Dnieper River basin (north of Kryvyy Rih) and the bituminous coal deposits of the Lviv-Volyn basin. The coal mines of Ukraine are among the deepest in Europe. Many of them are considered dangerous because their depth contributes to increased levels of methane; methane-related explosions have…

Dnieper River: Physiography: The Dnieper Rapids, which for centuries prevented continuous navigation, were once located there. The rapids were flooded by the backwaters of the Dnieper hydroelectric power station dam, above Zaporizhzhya, which raised the level of the river by 130 feet, backed its waters up to Dnipropetrovsk, and…

Dnieper River, river of Europe, the fourth longest after the Volga, Danube, and Ural. It is 1,367 miles (2,200 km) in length and drains an area of about 195,000 square miles (505,000 square km). The Dnieper rises at an elevation of about 720 feet (220 metres) in a small peat bog on the southern

Ukraine: Relief: The rolling plain of the Dnieper Upland, which lies between the middle reaches of the Dnieper (Dnipro) and Southern Buh (Pivdennyy Buh, or the Boh) rivers in west-central Ukraine, is the largest highland area; it is dissected by many river valleys, ravines, and gorges, some more than 1,000 feet (300…

canals and inland waterways: Major inland waterways of Europe: …is the link between the Dnepr and the Bug, a tributary of the Vistula, by way of the Pripet and Pina rivers, a 204-km (127-mile) canal connecting with the Mukhavets River, a tributary of the western Bug. This system is the sole wholly inland waterway connection to the Caspian and…

Dnieper River: History and economy: …Reservoir by means of the Dnieper–Kryvyy Rih Canal. The North Crimea Canal, which was completed in 1971, originates in the reservoir; the canal, 250 miles (400 km) long, is designed for irrigation of the steppes of the Black Sea Lowland and northern Crimea and for the creation of a water…

Dniester River, river of southwestern Ukraine and of Moldova, rising on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains and flowing south and east for 840 miles (1,352 km) to the Black Sea near Odesa. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the main water artery of Moldova. The Dniester and its

Dnipro, city, south-central Ukraine. It lies along the Dnieper River, near its confluence with the Samara. The river was considerably widened by the construction of a dam about 50 miles (80 km) downstream. Founded in 1783 as Katerynoslav on the river’s north bank, the settlement was moved to its

Dnieper River, river of Europe, the fourth longest after the Volga, Danube, and Ural. It is 1,367 miles (2,200 km) in length and drains an area of about 195,000 square miles (505,000 square km). The Dnieper rises at an elevation of about 720 feet (220 metres) in a small peat bog on the southern

Dniprodzerzhynsk, city, southern Ukraine, along the Dnieper River. Founded about 1750 as the Cossack settlement of Kamenskoye (Kamyanske), the town grew after 1889 with the developing metallurgical industry. The Soviets renamed it Dneprodzerzhinsk in 1936 to honour the former Soviet secret police

Dnipro, city, south-central Ukraine. It lies along the Dnieper River, near its confluence with the Samara. The river was considerably widened by the construction of a dam about 50 miles (80 km) downstream. Founded in 1783 as Katerynoslav on the river’s north bank, the settlement was moved to its

Dniester River, river of southwestern Ukraine and of Moldova, rising on the north side of the Carpathian Mountains and flowing south and east for 840 miles (1,352 km) to the Black Sea near Odesa. It is the second longest river in Ukraine and the main water artery of Moldova. The Dniester and its

noise pollution: Measuring and perceiving loudness: ) A unit called day-night sound level (DNL or Ldn) accounts for the fact that people are more sensitive to noise during the night, so a 10-dBA penalty is added to SPL values that are measured between 10 pm and 7 am. DNL measurements are very useful for describing…

metabolism: Synthesis of DNA: …[86] the addition of a deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate (dNMP) moiety onto a growing DNA chain (5′-DNA-polymer-3′-ΟΗ) is shown; the other product is inorganic pyrophosphate. The specific nucleotide inserted in the growing chain is dictated by the base in the complementary (template) strand of DNA with which it pairs. The functioning of…

magnetic resonance: Combined electron-spin and nuclear magnetic resonances: …NMR, is called DNP (dynamic nuclear polarization).

do not resuscitate order (DNR order), an advance medical directive that requests that doctors do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a person’s heart or breathing stops. A do not resuscitate (DNR) order is placed on the individual’s medical chart, and sometimes a coloured “Do Not

DNS, network service that converts between World Wide Web “name” addresses and numeric Internet addresses. The concept of a name server came about as a result of the first computer networks in the mid-1970s. Each computer on a network was identified by a unique number, but, as the size of computer

Romania: The revolution of 1989: …and Iliescu’s supporters formed the Democratic National Salvation Front (DNSF). The party maintained its political dominance, as evidenced by its successes in parliamentary and presidential elections held in September and October 1992, in which Iliescu was reelected and his party emerged as the largest in the parliament. A loose coalition…

German National People’s Party, right-wing political party active in the Reichstag (assembly) of the Weimar Republic of Germany from 1919 to 1933. Representing chauvinistic opinion hostile to the republic and to the Allies’ reparation demands following World War I, it supported the restoration of

Dnieper River, river of Europe, the fourth longest after the Volga, Danube, and Ural. It is 1,367 miles (2,200 km) in length and drains an area of about 195,000 square miles (505,000 square km). The Dnieper rises at an elevation of about 720 feet (220 metres) in a small peat bog on the southern

African art: Bwa and Mossi: A religious organization called Do is a major force in Bwa life; Do is incarnated in the leaf mask, in which the masker is entirely covered with vines, grasses, and leaves. Wooden masks embody bush spirits, invoked to benefit humankind and the natural forces on which life depends. Abstract…

Not all donkeys have a cross on their back, but most of them do. The distinctive cross pattern consists of a dark stripe along the donkey’s spine from the mane to the tail and a perpendicular stripe across its shoulders. Experts suggest that it arises from the species’ genetic makeup, but the

Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?, science-fiction novel by Philip K. Dick, published in 1968. Dick’s novels are a continual and sometimes surprising source of inspiration for Hollywood. Total Recall (1990; from the 1966 short story “We Can Remember It for You Wholesale”), Minority Report

The answer is “probably.” Research has shown that many animals experience a sleep phase similar to humans known as REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, which is closely associated with dreaming. This phase is characterized by increased brain activity and is when most vivid dreams occur. Studies have

The answer: it depends on the bee. There are more than 20,000 species of bees, with quite a bit of diversity when it comes to stinging. The most familiar bee is the western honeybee (Apis mellifera), the females of which do indeed die after stinging. Stingers are modified ovipositors (egg-laying

Most people are all too familiar with the white sludge that can fall from above as you enjoy the outdoors, universally recognized as bird poop. Yet we don’t experience a similar threat, as far as we know, in the form of a liquid bird urine. This begs us to ponder: Do birds pee? The answer to this

Blow flies (family Calliphoridae) can spread disease, mainly through mechanical transmission rather than acting as true biological vectors. They often land on decaying matter, feces, and animal carcasses, causing them to pick up bacteria, viruses, and parasites on their bodies. When they then land

Camels have long been known for their ability to go weeks at a time without needing to drink water—an ability that makes them particularly useful pack animals for people traveling across arid environments and that earned them the nickname “ships of the desert.” Camels are also known for their

Schizophrenia—any of several severe mental disorders having such symptoms as hallucinations, disorganized thinking, withdrawal from reality, or bizarre behavior—is produced by premature deterioration of the brain. This deterioration is usually a product of genetic predisposition combined with

Cows are notorious for their emissions of methane (CH4), a greenhouse gas. Cows produce methane through digestion, emitting the gas in burps, flatulence, and waste. In Denmark, for instance, cows have been such prolific methane producers that the government plans to tax their emissions starting in

Yes, elephants have good memory. For example, they are able to return to the locations of vital water and food sources during seasonal migrations. Their cognitive capabilities are also evident in their ability to retain specific details about their present or former surroundings, which directly

Emperor penguins do not mate for life. However, a male and a female often pair up for one breeding season. Emperor penguins are considered serially monogamous, meaning that while individual males and females usually form an exclusive pair bond for a breeding season, the partnership rarely continues

Many marine fish, i.e., those that live in seawater, drink large quantities of water, while freshwater fish typically drink very little water. This difference is due to the process of osmoregulation—in this case, how a fish maintains a balance of water and salts in its body. Seawater has a higher

Fossil fuels include coal, petroleum (oil), natural gas, oil shales, bitumens, and tar sands and heavy oils. For modern life, these energy sources rival food and water in importance. Without fossil fuels, most automobiles are stranded, most of the lights go out, and our homes become hotter in

Genetically modified (GM) foods affect the body in the same way as non-GM foods. In fact, multiple studies comparing the safety of GM and non-GM foods have found no difference in how these foods affect the body. For example, GM foods are not more likely to cause allergic reactions than non-GM

Most people consider traditional investments for their retirement accounts—stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and exchange-traded funds—but a common alternative investment can also be part of a retirement portfolio: gold. Retirees can own physical gold, and certain other precious metals, in a

Each day honeybees usually sleep for about five to eight hours. A bee is considered to be sleeping when its antennae are still, head is nestled into the body, and breathing is irregular. During this time bees are less sensitive to external stimuli. Their sleep patterns may vary based on age and

Technically speaking, no planets apart from Earth are known to have hurricanes. This is partly because of the definition of a hurricane, which is not just a big storm but a type of cyclone driven by convection processes specific to warm-water oceans. But other planets do have massive storms. Mars

The spotted, or laughing, hyena (Crocuta crocuta) is a ruthless scavenger and killer, burglarizing food stores, stealing livestock, consuming wastes, and occasionally even killing people. While this behavior has earned the spotted hyena a reputation, it may be even better known for the

You may wonder if you need a will. If you’re like many people, you may have been wondering for a while now. People often put it off. It’s not fun to think about your own death, and the process of making a will involves research and costs money. How much money you spend getting your will in place

A well-diversified portfolio typically includes fixed-income investments. These are interest-paying instruments such as treasury bonds, corporate bonds, and the certificates of deposit (CDs) you might find on offer at your local bank. When you own a fixed-income investment, you receive a

Deciding whether you need life insurance is one of those milestones that signals you’ve stumbled into adulthood. Although an insurance agent might insist that more coverage is always better—likely influenced by their commission structure—the truth is more nuanced. Life insurance is essential for

Jellyfish, with their ethereal translucent bodies, seem otherworldly, and watching them move in the water like glowing apparitions inspires curiosity and raises questions, such as whether they possess a brain. The short answer is no, jellyfish do not have brains. They instead possess what is known

Kangaroo boxing is an actual behavior observed in these Australian marsupials. Male kangaroos box with other males primarily to establish dominance and gain access to females during the mating season. These matches involve not only boxing but also biting and kicking. With their agile arms,

Lemmings are small creatures with wild reputations. In the 17th century, naturalists perplexed by the habit of Norway lemmings to suddenly appear in large numbers, seemingly out of nowhere, came to the conclusion that the animals were being spontaneously generated in the sky and then falling to

A staple of crime television shows is the image of a suspect sweating nervously in an interrogation room as the detectives use a polygraph test to decide whether the suspect is innocent or guilty. The polygraph, frequently shown on these television programs as a surefire way to determine a person’s

In the world of seahorses it is the males who carry their developing young. After an elaborate courtship dance the female uses her ovipositor to deposit eggs into a special brood pouch located at the base of the male’s tail. This pouch is where the eggs are fertilized. The fertilized eggs remain in

Unforeseen health problems and medical emergencies can happen to anyone at any time. And if an emergency strikes close to home, perhaps the last thing on your mind is how your credit score will hold up. The good news—or at least the silver lining—is that medical debt can get special treatment

Mongooses are unlikely to rank anywhere on lists of the most popular or lowest-maintenance pets because, frankly, they are not common pets. (According to a 2016 survey of 27,000 online consumers in 22 countries, dogs have the distinction of being the world’s most popular pets.) While mongooses are

Hoa Lo Prison: Do Muoi, general secretary of the Communist Party in the 1990s, was a former inmate who escaped along with 100 others through the sewer system in 1945.

Phylicia Rashad: …disorder in the TV series Do No Harm. She later had recurring roles in Empire and This Is Us; her work in the latter series earned her two Emmy nominations. She was also cast as the title character’s teacher in the TV series David Makes Man (2019– ). In addition,…

do not resuscitate order (DNR order), an advance medical directive that requests that doctors do not attempt cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if a person’s heart or breathing stops. A do not resuscitate (DNR) order is placed on the individual’s medical chart, and sometimes a coloured “Do Not

Yes, most octopuses possess an ink sac located near the anus that produces a dark fluid, which is forcibly ejected through a funnel organ. The fluid, or the ink, also contains mucus, most of which is likely produced from a gland in the funnel organ. The ink is dark because it has melanin, the same

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to make food. They use carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil to make sugar and oxygen. Most plants release oxygen only during the day, when the sun can power photosynthesis. The exceptions to this general rule are

Given that plants do not have pain receptors, nerves, or a brain, they do not feel pain as we members of the animal kingdom understand it. Uprooting a carrot or trimming a hedge is not a form of botanical torture, and you can bite into that apple without worry. However, it seems that many plants

The idea of “male” and “female” in plants is a bit mysterious to many people, and there are several variations on the theme throughout the plant kingdom. In plants, as with most animals, the male parts are associated with production of sperm, and the female parts are associated with eggs. Thus, in

Raccoons are known to dip their food in and out of water when they eat near a water source. This behavior has earned them the scientific name Procyon lotor (lotor translates to “washer”) and the reputation of being a hygienic animal. However, raccoons don’t actually wash their food before eating.

Hindu Kush: Physiography: …in the east to the Dorāh (Do Rāh) Pass (14,940 feet [4,554 metres]) not far from Mount Tirich Mir; the central Hindu Kush, which then continues to the Shebar (Shībar) Pass (9,800 feet [2,987 metres]) to the northwest of Kabul; and the western Hindu Kush, also known as the Bābā…

Dust Bowl: …“Dust Bowl Refugee” and “Do Re Mi” by folksinger Woody Guthrie, an Oklahoman who had joined the parade of those headed west in search of work. That experience was perhaps most famously depicted in John Steinbeck’s novel The Grapes of Wrath (1939).

It’s a widespread belief: If sharks stop swimming, they die. But is that actually true? Let’s find out. If you look at the nurse shark and the tiger shark, this belief is already proven false: these, and a few other shark species, can stop swimming whenever they want. They breathe by way of buccal

It is a common misconception that sharks as a species never sleep because they must keep moving to stay alive. Sharks do engage in periods of rest throughout the day, but it is much different from the kind of sleep that other animals engage in. It is true that many types of sharks must keep moving

Snakes do sleep, but their sleep patterns are significantly different from those of mammals and birds. Snakes, as cold-blooded reptiles, have a unique manner of sleeping that is not as easily observable as in warm-blooded animals. Unlike mammals, snakes do not have eyelids, so they cannot close

Saint Nicholas is a popular saint among Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians, distinguished for his magnanimity in his lifetime and for his purported ability to perform miracles for those in need. His reputation partially inspired the development of a similarly generous patron figure of

Do the Right Thing, comedy-drama film, released in 1989, that focuses on the racial tensions in a neighborhood in New York City as they come to a head on the hottest day of the year. The acclaimed yet controversial film was written and directed by Spike Lee and was nominated for two Academy Awards.

Bob Geldof: Band Aid: …Geldof wrote the track “Do They Know It’s Christmas?” with his writing partner Midge Ure, front man of the band Ultravox. Geldof then recruited some of the biggest names in the British pop scene—Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran, George Michael, Sting, Bono of U2, Phil Collins, Boy George

Imagine for a moment that you are trapped aboard a ship in the ocean without a map, a radio, GPS, or any landmarks. Is there a way to determine at least which hemisphere you are in? This scene played out in the movie Escape Plan (2013) in which the main character, Breslin, played by American actor

In the United States college athletics is a multibillion-dollar industry, with ticket sales, merchandise, and broadcast and streaming rights all being major revenue sources for universities. Of course, none of that money comes in without the athletes. But unlike professional athletes, who are often

Kristin Hunter Lattany: Do Unto Others (2000) investigates the cultural differences between African Americans and recent African immigrants through the story of a hair salon owner who shelters a young Nigerian woman. Lattany delved into campus race relations in Breaking Away (2003), which centres on a black professor…

No, vaccines do not cause autism. This damaging claim became a controversial issue in 1998, when a paper published in the journal The Lancet suggested that childhood vaccination was linked to autism. The claim subsequently fueled fears among some parents and resulted in widespread misinformation

The belief that we swallow an average of eight spiders in our sleep every year has become so ingrained in popular culture that many people now accept it as fact. The reality, however, is quite different: we swallow no spiders at all. There are several reasons why spiders don’t bother us in our

It’s one of Hollywood’s favorite bits of pseudoscience: human beings use only 10 percent of their brain, and awakening the remaining 90 percent—supposedly dormant—allows otherwise ordinary human beings to display extraordinary mental abilities. In Phenomenon (1996), John Travolta gains the ability

Yes, whales can have teeth. Specifically, toothed whales, called odontocetes, are a diverse group of cetaceans such as dolphins, porpoises, and sperm whales. Their simple conical teeth are used for grasping prey, not for chewing. Toothed whales swallow creatures such as squid or fish whole. The

Whales do sleep, but their sleep is quite different from what we typically understand as sleep in humans. Whales, like all cetaceans, have a unique way of sleeping that allows them to remain conscious enough to breathe. Unlike humans, who breathe automatically even while unconscious, whales must

Joyce Carol Oates: Novels and short stories: Oates also published the novels Do with Me What You Will (1973), Foxfire: Confessions of a Girl Gang (1993), Zombie (1995), We Were the Mulvaneys (1996), Broke Heart Blues (1999), The Falls (2004), My Sister, My Love: The Intimate Story of Skyler Rampike (2008),

the Lovin’ Spoonful: The first, “Do You Believe in Magic?” (1965), celebrated music’s liberating power, as did “Nashville Cats” (1966). Other hits included gentle ruminations on romance—“You Didn’t Have to Be So Nice” (1965), “Daydream” (1966), and “Did You Ever Have to Make Up Your Mind?” (1966)—and the uncharacteristically boisterous…

Burt Bacharach: …a Little Prayer,” and “Do You Know the Way to San Jose?” He and David created the successful musical Promises, Promises (1968), and their score for the film Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) won an Academy Award, as did the movie’s song “Raindrops Keep Fallin’ on My…

Just about every account you open is monitored for your credit history. Got a credit card? It’s being reported to a credit bureau. Checking accounts are no exception. Many banks report checking account infractions, such as carrying a negative balance for a long period, to reporting agencies like

If you are (or were) married, and you worked as a caregiver or part-time (or even full-time at a low salary) for most of your adult life, Social Security provides a way for you to get a little more retirement income than you might expect. Social Security spousal benefits allow you to get a monthly

Emir Kusturica: Films of the 1980s: …li se Dolly Bell? (1981; Do You Remember Dolly Bell?), is a tale of an adolescent growing up in a poor family dominated by his despotic father in the 1960s. Poetic and nostalgic, the movie, which was written by the Bosnian author Abdulah Sidran, won the Golden Lion award at…

air warfare: Strategic bombing: …of German He-111, Ju-88, and Do-17 bombers would cross the English Channel at about 15,000 feet. Close escort would be provided by Bf-109s and Bf-110s weaving in and out of the formation. The Germans quickly learned that the twin-engined Bf-110s could not hold their own against the humbler Spitfires and…

military aircraft: Bombers: The later Do 217 had a range of 2,400 km (1,500 miles) and could carry a bombload of 4,000 kg (8,800 pounds), but it was built only in small numbers. The Germans never built a successful four-engined bomber.

Dahomey: The other, Do-Aklin, went north to found the kingdom of Abomey, core of the future Dahomey. They all paid tribute to the powerful Yoruba kingdom of Oyo to the east.

hardcore punk: …and intensity, aggressive sound, and DIY (do-it-yourself) ethics. Hardcore came to the fore in a number of American cities during the late 1970s and early ’80s and spread to many other countries. It spawned several subcultures that subscribe to a variety of ideologies, most of them antiestablishment in some form.

Pakistan: The Indus River plain: …of interfluves, known locally as doabs, in Punjab province (Persian panj āb, “five waters,” in reference to the five rivers). In the lower plain the Indus River has a Nilotic character; i.e., it forms a single large river with no significant tributaries. The plain narrows to form a corridor near…

Annie Dillard is an American writer best known for her meditative essays on the natural world. Dillard attended Hollins College in Virginia (B.A., 1967; M.A., 1968). She was a scholar-in-residence at Western Washington University in Bellingham from 1975 to 1978 and on the faculty of Wesleyan

Hoosac Tunnel: …along with electric firing, by Thomas Doane, the resident engineer. Even more important, the development of compressed-air drilling machinery on the Hoosac helped launch the American pneumatic tool industry, which assumed immense significance in mining and construction. These innovations greatly accelerated progress in excavating the tunnel, which entered service in…

fungus: Annotated classification: Order Doassansiales Parasitic on plants; holobasidia (single-celled, may be club-shaped); teliosporic; example genera include Doassansia, Rhamphospora, and Nannfeldtiomyces. Order Entylomatales Parasitic and pathogenic on plants, causing rice leaf smut and dahlia smut; ballistospore-forming; example genera include Entyloma and

Daughters of Bilitis (DOB), one of the first lesbian organizations to be established. Founded in San Francisco in 1955, the organization took its name from a collection of poems written by Pierre Louÿs called Songs of Bilitis. Bilitis was a female character who was romantically associated with

Silurian Period: Ordovician-Silurian boundary: …fixed at a horizon in Dob’s Linn near Moff in the Southern Uplands of Scotland. The effect on sea level of Late Ordovician glaciation, combined with increasing deglaciation during the early Silurian, accounts for widespread stratigraphic unconformities at the Ordovician-Silurian boundary that usually omit the P. acuminatus biozone. In earliest…

Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, legal decision in which the U.S. Supreme Court in June 2022 overturned two historic Supreme Court rulings, Roe v. Wade (1973) and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992), which had respectively established and affirmed a

weaving: Dobby weaves, requiring a special loom attachment, have small, geometric, textured, frequently repeated woven-in designs, as seen in bird’s-eye piqué. Leno weaves, also made with a special attachment, are usually lightweight and open, giving a lacelike appearance, and are made by twisting adjacent warp yarns…

Doberman Pinscher, breed of working dog developed in Apolda, Germany, by Karl Friedrich Louis Dobermann, a tax collector, night watchman, dogcatcher, and keeper of a dog pound, about 1890. The Doberman Pinscher is a sleek, agile, and powerful dog. It has a short smooth coat, black, blue, fawn, or

Sydney Thompson Dobell was an English poet of the so-called Spasmodic school. The long dramatic poem The Roman (1850), which Dobell published under the name Sydney Yendys, celebrated the cause of Italian liberation. Another long poem, Balder (1853), is concerned with the inner life of a poet who

Johannes Cochlaeus was a German Humanist and a leading Roman Catholic opponent of Martin Luther. Educated at the University of Cologne (1504–10), Cochlaeus became rector of the Latin School of St. Lawrence, Nürnberg (1510–15), where he published several textbooks that notably improved instructional

Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner was a German chemist whose observation of similarities among certain elements anticipated the development of the periodic system of elements. As a coachman’s son, Döbereiner had little opportunity for formal schooling, but he was apprenticed to an apothecary, read widely,