Bermuda, self-governing British overseas territory in the western North Atlantic Ocean. It is an archipelago of 7 main islands and about 170 additional (named) islets and rocks, situated about 650 miles (1,050 km) east of Cape Hatteras (North Carolina, U.S.). Bermuda is neither geologically nor

British overseas territorial flag consisting of a red field (background) with the Union Jack in the upper hoist corner and, at the fly end, a badge bearing the Bermudian coat of arms—a shield bearing a lion holding a smaller gold-bordered shield that depicts a sinking ship; the flag may be

Azores high, large persistent atmospheric high-pressure centre that develops over the subtropical region of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean during the winter and spring seasons in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a subtropical high-pressure cell that moves westward during the summer and fall, when

pitch lake: An example is Guanoco Lake (also known as Bermúdez Lake) in Venezuela, which covers more than 445 hectares (1,100 acres) and contains an estimated 6,000,000 tons of asphalt. It was used as a commercial source of asphalt from 1891 to 1935. Smaller deposits occur commonly where Paleogene and…

Bermuda: History of Bermuda: …their discovery to his countryman Juan Bermúdez, possibly as early as 1503.

Alfonso V: …999 to 1028, son of Bermudo II. He came to the throne because the devastating campaigns of Almanzor (see Manṣūr, Abū ʿĀmir al-) had forced his father to accept Almanzor’s de facto suzerainty over Leon. The Leonese were forced to take part in the Moorish campaign against the Catalans (1003)…

Ferdinand I: …Sancha, sister and heiress of Bermudo III of Leon. Ferdinand’s Castilians defeated and killed Bermudo at Tamarón in 1037, and he had himself crowned emperor in the city of León in 1039. In 1054 his Castilian troops defeated and killed his elder brother, García III, at Atapuerca, and he added…

Western painting: Central Europe: …to Augsburg in Swabia, where Johann Georg Bermüller became the director of the Academy in 1730; but his frescoes, as well as those of Franz Joseph Spiegler and Gottfried Bernhard Goetz, are perhaps more representative of the Late Baroque than the Rococo. The frescoes of Matthäus Günther, who became director…

Bern, city, capital of Switzerland and of Bern canton, in the west-central part of the country. It lies along a narrow loop of the Aare River. The existence of the ancient castle of Nydegg, guarding a crossing over the Aare, probably led Berthold V, duke of Zähringen, to found Bern in 1191 as a

Bern, canton, west-central Switzerland. It is the second most populous and second largest of the Swiss cantons; about 100 square miles (260 square km) are occupied by glaciers. Bordering Jura canton (until 1979 part of Bern canton) and Solothurn canton to the north, it is bounded on the west by the

Berne Convention, international copyright agreement adopted by an international conference in Bern (Berne) in 1886 and subsequently modified several times (Berlin, 1908; Rome, 1928; Brussels, 1948; Stockholm, 1967; and Paris, 1971). Signatories of the Convention constitute the Berne Copyright

Bern: The University of Bern was founded in 1834 and incorporates the Theological School (founded 1528). The City and University Library (1528) contains many manuscripts and rare books. The Swiss National Library (1895) is also in Bern, as is the headquarters of the Swiss National Bank. The…

children’s literature: The 20th century: One is Paul Berna, who has worked in half a dozen genres, including detective stories and science fiction. His Cheval sans tête (1955) was published in England as A Hundred Million Francs and in the United States as The Horse Without a Head and was made into…

St. Bernadette of Lourdes ; canonized December 8, 1933; feast day April 16, but sometimes February 18 in France) is a French saint whose visions led to the founding of the Marian shrine of Lourdes. Frail in health, Bernadette was the eldest of nine children from a poverty-stricken family; her

Greve Folke Bernadotte (af Wisborg) was a Swedish soldier, humanitarian, and diplomat who was assassinated while serving the United Nations (UN) as mediator between the Arabs and the Israelis. Bernadotte, a nephew of King Gustav V of Sweden, was commissioned in the Swedish army in 1918. He became

House of Bernadotte, royal dynasty of Sweden, from 1818. The name derives from a family of old lineage of Béarn, France, whose earliest known member (17th century) owned an estate in Pau known as “Bernadotte.” In 1810, Jean-Baptiste-Jules Bernadotte, a celebrated marshal of France under Napoleon,

Charles XIV John was a French Revolutionary general and marshal of France (1804), who was elected crown prince of Sweden (1810), becoming regent and then king of Sweden and Norway (1818–44). Active in several Napoleonic campaigns between 1805 and 1809, he subsequently shifted allegiances and formed

John Desmond Bernal was a physicist known for his studies of the atomic structure of solid compounds, during which he made major contributions to X-ray crystallography. Following graduation from the University of Cambridge (1922), Bernal did research under William Bragg at the Davy-Faraday

Afrocentrism: Criticism of Afrocentrism: (1987–91), by white historian Martin Bernal. Since that time, Afrocentrism has encountered significant opposition from mainstream scholars who charge it with historical inaccuracy, scholarly ineptitude, and racism. In her book Not Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became an Excuse to Teach Myth as History (1996), the American classicist Mary…

Ben Bernanke is an American economist who served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“the Fed”), the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. In 2022 he and two other economists, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig, were awarded the Nobel Prize for

Ben Bernanke is an American economist who served as chairman of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (“the Fed”), the central bank of the United States, from 2006 to 2014. In 2022 he and two other economists, Douglas Diamond and Philip Dybvig, were awarded the Nobel Prize for

Georges Bernanos was a novelist and polemical writer whose masterpiece, The Diary of a Country Priest, established him as one of the most original and independent Roman Catholic writers of his time. Bernanos began life as a Royalist journalist and later worked as an inspector for an insurance

Louis I: The challenges of empire: When Louis’s nephew, King Bernard of Italy, challenged the emperor’s authority in 817, Louis swiftly quashed the rebellion, blinding Bernard and exiling the other conspirators. To forestall further dynastic challenges, Louis had his half-brothers, Drogo, Hugo, and Theoderic, tonsured and placed in monasteries.

Wales: Gwynedd, Powys, and Deheubarth: Even so, Bernard, bishop of St. David’s in 1115–48, claimed the status of an archbishop and, in furthering his campaign, appealed to the historical legacy of an early independent Welsh church. His bid was revived at the end of the century by Giraldus Cambrensis. But no less…

Alfonso I: …her second husband; and because Bernard, the French Cluniac archbishop of Toledo, wanted to see his protégé, Alfonso Ramírez (infant son of Urraca and her Burgundian first husband), on the imperial throne. At Bernard’s prompting, the Pope declared the Aragonese marriage void, but Alfonso continued to be involved in civil…

Susan Sarandon: TV shows: … in the HBO television movie Bernard and Doris. She also was cast in HBO’s You Don’t Know Jack (2010), which examined the life of Jack Kevorkian, a doctor who was a vocal supporter of physician-assisted suicide. In 2017 Sarandon appeared in the TV anthology series Feud, which recounts various famous…

Saint Bernard de Menthon ; feast day May 28) was the vicar general of Aosta diocese (now in Italy) who reestablished and was patron of hospices at the summits of two Alpine passes, renamed after him the Great and Little St. Bernard passes. Also named for him in time were the hospices’ St. Bernard

Bernard de Chartres was a humanist and philosopher, head of the celebrated school of Chartres, in France. His attempt to reconcile the thought of Plato with that of Aristotle made him the principal representative of 12th-century Platonism in the West. A teacher of logic and grammar at the cathedral

Bernard de Cluny was a monk, poet, and Neoplatonic moralist whose writings condemned humanity’s search for earthly happiness and criticized the immorality of the times. He is also noted for his valuable chronicle of monastic customs. Among the scant references to Bernard’s life is an unconfirmed

Saint Bernard de Menthon ; feast day May 28) was the vicar general of Aosta diocese (now in Italy) who reestablished and was patron of hospices at the summits of two Alpine passes, renamed after him the Great and Little St. Bernard passes. Also named for him in time were the hospices’ St. Bernard

Bernard de Cluny was a monk, poet, and Neoplatonic moralist whose writings condemned humanity’s search for earthly happiness and criticized the immorality of the times. He is also noted for his valuable chronicle of monastic customs. Among the scant references to Bernard’s life is an unconfirmed

Bernard de Ventadour was a Provençal troubadour whose poetry is considered the finest in the Provençal language. Bernard is known to have traveled in England in 1152–55. He lived at the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine and then at Toulouse, in later life retiring to the abbey of Dalon. His short love

Billung dynasty: Bernard I obtained guarantees of the special privileges and customs of the Saxons from the emperor Henry II; Bernard II (d. 1059) obtained similar guarantees from the emperor Conrad II. Both Bernard II and his son Ordulf (d. 1072) had to defend their territories against…

Billung dynasty: …from the emperor Henry II; Bernard II (d. 1059) obtained similar guarantees from the emperor Conrad II. Both Bernard II and his son Ordulf (d. 1072) had to defend their territories against the encroachments of Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen. The family came to embody the Saxon national resentment toward the…

Germany: The fall of Henry the Lion: …Westphalia, while an Ascanian prince, Bernard of Anhalt, received the eastern half of Henry’s duchy. Neither Bernard nor the archbishop, however, could make much out of their dukedoms, except in the regions where they already had lands and local jurisdictions. All over the empire these and regalian rights, such as…

Saint Bernard de Menthon ; feast day May 28) was the vicar general of Aosta diocese (now in Italy) who reestablished and was patron of hospices at the summits of two Alpine passes, renamed after him the Great and Little St. Bernard passes. Also named for him in time were the hospices’ St. Bernard

St. Bernard of Clairvaux ; canonized January 18, 1174; feast day August 20) was a Cistercian monk and mystic, founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux (France), and one of the most influential churchmen of his time. In the Roman Catholic Church he is venerated as the patron saint of beekeepers,

St. Bernard of Clairvaux ; canonized January 18, 1174; feast day August 20) was a Cistercian monk and mystic, founder and abbot of the abbey of Clairvaux (France), and one of the most influential churchmen of his time. In the Roman Catholic Church he is venerated as the patron saint of beekeepers,

Saint Bernard de Menthon ; feast day May 28) was the vicar general of Aosta diocese (now in Italy) who reestablished and was patron of hospices at the summits of two Alpine passes, renamed after him the Great and Little St. Bernard passes. Also named for him in time were the hospices’ St. Bernard

canon law: The Corpus Juris Canonici (c. 1140–c. 1500): , not yet collected) of Bernard of Pavia, introduced a system inspired by the codification of Justinian, a division of the material into five books, briefly summarized in the phrase judex, judicium, clerus, connubium, crimen (“judge, trial, clergy, marriage, crime”). Each book was subdivided into titles and these in turn…

Blessed Eugenius III ; beatified 1872) ; feast day July 8) was the pope from 1145 to 1153. Possibly a member of the family Paganelli di Montemagno, he was a disciple of St. Bernard of Clairvaux and a Cistercian abbot of the monastery of SS. Vincent and Anastasius when he was elected on February 15.

André Maurois: His novels, including Bernard Quesnay (1926) and Climats (1928; Whatever Gods May Be), focus on middle-class provincial life, marriage, and the family. As a historian he demonstrated his interest in the English-speaking world with his popular histories: Histoire de l’Angleterre (1937; “History of England”) and Histoire des États-Unis…

Michael Holroyd: His four-volume biography of Shaw, Bernard Shaw (1988, 1989, 1991, 1992; one-volume abridgement 1997), took Holroyd 15 years to research. He also wrote a group biography, A Strange Eventful History: The Dramatic Lives of Ellen Terry, Henry Irving, and Their Remarkable Families (2008), which documents the partnership between the titular…

Armagnac: …made it possible for Count Bernard VII to play a major role in France’s internal conflicts of the early 15th century. The Armagnac party was formed in opposition to the Burgundians as a result of the murder of Louis, duke of Orléans (brother of the mad king Charles VI), by…

Michael Phelps: Eight-Gold-Medal Man (with a Little Help from His Friends): …anchor of the French team, Alain Bernard, who had vowed to “smash” the Americans, took a commanding lead into the final leg. In that final leg Bernard bettered the blistering 100-metre split that Phelps had recorded only moments before during his leg of the relay. However, riding in the Frenchman’s…

Claude Bernard was a French physiologist known chiefly for his discoveries concerning the role of the pancreas in digestion, the glycogenic function of the liver, and the regulation of the blood supply by the vasomotor nerves. On a broader stage, Bernard played a role in establishing the principles

Émile Bernard was a French painter who is sometimes credited with founding Cloisonnism (see also Pont-Aven school; Synthetism). He was noted for his friendships with such artists as Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Odilon Redon, and Paul Cézanne. In 1886 Bernard went to Pont-Aven, where he theorized

Sarah Bernhardt was the greatest French actress of the later 19th century and one of the best-known figures in the history of the stage. Bernhardt was the illegitimate daughter of Julie Bernard, a Dutch courtesan who had established herself in Paris (the identity of her father is uncertain). As the

Jean-Jacques Bernard was a French playwright and chief representative of what became known as l’école du silence (the “school of silence”) or, as some critics called it, the “art of the unexpressed,” in which the dialogue does not express the characters’ real attitudes. As in Martine(1922), perhaps

Madame de Récamier was a French hostess of great charm and wit whose salon attracted most of the important political and literary figures of early 19th-century Paris. She was the daughter of a prosperous banker and was convent educated. In 1792 she joined her father in Paris and within the year

Jessie Bernard was an American sociologist who provided insights into women, sex, marriage, and the interaction of the family and community. Bernard attended the University of Minnesota (B.A., 1923; M.A., 1924) and married the sociologist Luther Lee Bernard in 1925. After obtaining her Ph.D. at

Tristan Bernard was a French playwright, novelist, journalist, and lawyer who wrote for the théâtre de boulevard, a genre meant to entertain middle-class Parisian audiences on Sunday afternoons. Bernard’s merit consisted in limiting his literary ambitions to his capabilities. His works were

Samuel Bernard, count de Coubert was a French financier who became a symbol of Protestant banking. He had the same name as his father, a well-known painter. Bernard started off in business selling gold brocade and jewelry, but he soon went into banking, assisted by refugee Protestants in other

Tristan Bernard was a French playwright, novelist, journalist, and lawyer who wrote for the théâtre de boulevard, a genre meant to entertain middle-class Parisian audiences on Sunday afternoons. Bernard’s merit consisted in limiting his literary ambitions to his capabilities. His works were

blood disease: Disorders of platelet function: Bernard-Soulier syndrome, an inherited disorder associated with a pronounced bleeding tendency, is due to a deficiency of glycoprotein Ib, also necessary for normal platelet function, on the platelet membrane. The platelets in this disease are unusually large. Many other platelet defects exist, but they have…

Jacques-Henri Bernardin de Saint-Pierre was a French writer who is best remembered for Paul et Virginie, a short novel about innocent love. Bernardin’s army service as an engineer on the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean provided him with material for Voyage à l’Île de France (1773), with

Cardinal Wilton Gregory: …to Cardinal John Cody and Cardinal Joseph Bernardin. He was ordained auxiliary bishop of Chicago on December 13, 1982, and installed as bishop of Belleville on February 10, 1994.

Mother Bernardina Matthews was an American religious leader, the founder of the first monastery of a Roman Catholic order in the United States. Matthews grew up in a deeply religious home in a time when Roman Catholics laboured under legal disabilities and other discriminations in Maryland. In 1754

Saint Bernardine of Siena ; canonized 1450; feast day May 20) was a Franciscan theologian and preacher of great eloquence who, with Saints John of Capistrano and James of the March, led the growth of the Observants, a strict branch of the Franciscan order that subsequently spread throughout Europe.

Cistercian, member of a Roman Catholic monastic order that was founded in 1098 and named after the original establishment at Cîteaux (Latin: Cistercium), a locality in Burgundy, near Dijon, France. The order’s founders, led by St. Robert of Molesme, were a group of Benedictine monks from the abbey

Saint Bernard de Menthon ; feast day May 28) was the vicar general of Aosta diocese (now in Italy) who reestablished and was patron of hospices at the summits of two Alpine passes, renamed after him the Great and Little St. Bernard passes. Also named for him in time were the hospices’ St. Bernard

Saint Bernardine of Siena ; canonized 1450; feast day May 20) was a Franciscan theologian and preacher of great eloquence who, with Saints John of Capistrano and James of the March, led the growth of the Observants, a strict branch of the Franciscan order that subsequently spread throughout Europe.

Saint Bernard de Menthon ; feast day May 28) was the vicar general of Aosta diocese (now in Italy) who reestablished and was patron of hospices at the summits of two Alpine passes, renamed after him the Great and Little St. Bernard passes. Also named for him in time were the hospices’ St. Bernard

São Paulo FC: …played for São Paulo, including Serginho Chulapa (also known as Sérgio Bernardino)—the club’s leading goal scorer with more than 240 goals—and Rogerio Ceni, the long-serving goalkeeper who played in more than 800 matches with the club.

Blessed Eugenius III ; beatified 1872) ; feast day July 8) was the pope from 1145 to 1153. Possibly a member of the family Paganelli di Montemagno, he was a disciple of St. Bernard of Clairvaux and a Cistercian abbot of the monastery of SS. Vincent and Anastasius when he was elected on February 15.

St. Francis of Assisi ; canonized July 16, 1228; feast day October 4) was the founder of the Franciscan religious orders of the Friars Minor (Ordo Fratrum Minorum), the women’s Order of St. Clare (the Poor Clares; with St. Clare of Assisi), and the lay Third Order. He was also a leader of the

Italian literature: The return to order: … [1930; Revolt in Aspromonte]), and Carlo Bernari had to use circumspection in stating their views but were not completely silenced. The controversial Ignazio Silone, having chosen exile, could speak openly in Fontamara (1930). Antonio Gramsci, an unwilling “guest” of the regime, gave testimony to the triumph of spirit over oppression…

Bernard de Ventadour was a Provençal troubadour whose poetry is considered the finest in the Provençal language. Bernard is known to have traveled in England in 1152–55. He lived at the court of Eleanor of Aquitaine and then at Toulouse, in later life retiring to the abbey of Dalon. His short love

Edward Bernays was a pioneer American publicist who is generally considered to have been the first to develop the idea of the professional public relations counselor—i.e., one who draws on the social sciences in order to motivate and shape the response of a general or particular audience. Bernays

Edward Bernays was a pioneer American publicist who is generally considered to have been the first to develop the idea of the professional public relations counselor—i.e., one who draws on the social sciences in order to motivate and shape the response of a general or particular audience. Bernays

Paul Isaak Bernays was a Swiss mathematician whose work in proof theory and axiomatic set theory helped create the new discipline of mathematical logic. After obtaining his doctorate from the University of Göttingen in Germany under Edmund Landau in 1912, Bernays taught for five years at the

William Bernbach was an American advertising executive and copywriter, a pioneer of the subtle, low-pressure advertising that became a hallmark of the agency he helped found, Doyle Dane Bernbach, Inc. The firm quickly became one of the most influential in the business, and Bernbach’s approach to

Bernburg, city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Germany, on the Saale River at the mouth of the Wipper River, south of Magdeburg. First mentioned in 961, it was important in the Middle Ages for its position on an old trade route. Its castle, probably dating from the 10th century and later

Bern, canton, west-central Switzerland. It is the second most populous and second largest of the Swiss cantons; about 100 square miles (260 square km) are occupied by glaciers. Bordering Jura canton (until 1979 part of Bern canton) and Solothurn canton to the north, it is bounded on the west by the

Bern, city, capital of Switzerland and of Bern canton, in the west-central part of the country. It lies along a narrow loop of the Aare River. The existence of the ancient castle of Nydegg, guarding a crossing over the Aare, probably led Berthold V, duke of Zähringen, to found Bern in 1191 as a

Berne Convention, international copyright agreement adopted by an international conference in Bern (Berne) in 1886 and subsequently modified several times (Berlin, 1908; Rome, 1928; Brussels, 1948; Stockholm, 1967; and Paris, 1971). Signatories of the Convention constitute the Berne Copyright

Berne Convention: …of the Convention constitute the Berne Copyright Union.

carriage of goods: Mixed-carrier transportation: Under the Berne Railroad Conventions for the carriage of goods, carriage by rail and sea may be subject to the rules governing railroad carriage at the option of the contracting states, unless reservation has been made by them for application of certain rules of maritime law to…

Berne Convention: …of the Convention constitute the Berne Copyright Union.

humanistic psychology: …as transactional analysis, developed by Eric Berne. Its goal is to build a strong state of maturity by learning to recognize the “child” and “parent” aspects of personality in oneself and others.

Bernese Alps, segment of the Central Alps lying north of the Upper Rhône River and south of the Brienzer and Thunersee (lakes) in Bern and Valais cantons of southwestern Switzerland. The mountains extend east-northeastward from the bend of the Rhône near Martigny-Ville to Grimsel Pass and Haslital

Bernese Alps, segment of the Central Alps lying north of the Upper Rhône River and south of the Brienzer and Thunersee (lakes) in Bern and Valais cantons of southwestern Switzerland. The mountains extend east-northeastward from the bend of the Rhône near Martigny-Ville to Grimsel Pass and Haslital

Bernese Alps, segment of the Central Alps lying north of the Upper Rhône River and south of the Brienzer and Thunersee (lakes) in Bern and Valais cantons of southwestern Switzerland. The mountains extend east-northeastward from the bend of the Rhône near Martigny-Ville to Grimsel Pass and Haslital

sauerkraut: …such as choucroute garnie and Berner Platte.

Wolfgang Fabricius Capito: …work is considered to be Berner Synodus (after the synod held at Bern, Switzerland, in 1532), which deals essentially with church discipline and pastoral instruction. An active participant in several important church synods, he died of plague while returning from the colloquy of Regensburg.

Jakob Stämpfli: …of a local newspaper (Berner Zeitung), Stämpfli participated in the abortive armed attack on the clericalist government of Luzern (1845) and between 1846 and 1850 played an important role in the cantonal politics of Bern. After conservative gains in the elections of 1850, he used the Berner Zeitung to…

Bernese Mountain Dog, breed of working dog taken to Switzerland more than 2,000 years ago by invading Romans. The breed was widely used to pull carts and to drive cattle to and from their pastures and to protect farms from predators. Bernese Mountain Dogs, also called Berners, are noted for their

Dame Juliana Berners was an Englishwoman of letters and the purported author of A Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle (1496), the earliest known volume on sport fishing. Berners’s work predates Englishman Izaak Walton’s The Compleat Angler (1653), the best-known example of early angling literature,

John Bourchier, 2nd Baron Berners was an English writer and statesman, best known for his simple, fresh, and energetic translation (vol. 1, 1523; vol. 2, 1525) from the French of Jean Froissart’s Chroniques. Berners’ active political and military career started early when at the age of 15 he was

Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist, generally credited as the inventor of the World Wide Web. In 2004, he was awarded a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the inaugural Millennium Technology Prize (€1 million) by the Finnish Technology Award Foundation.

Tim Berners-Lee is a British computer scientist, generally credited as the inventor of the World Wide Web. In 2004, he was awarded a knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and the inaugural Millennium Technology Prize (€1 million) by the Finnish Technology Award Foundation.

Dame Juliana Berners was an Englishwoman of letters and the purported author of A Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle (1496), the earliest known volume on sport fishing. Berners’s work predates Englishman Izaak Walton’s The Compleat Angler (1653), the best-known example of early angling literature,

Francesco Berni: …Italian burlesque, which was called bernesco and imitated by many poets.

Bernese Mountain Dog, breed of working dog taken to Switzerland more than 2,000 years ago by invading Romans. The breed was widely used to pull carts and to drive cattle to and from their pastures and to protect farms from predators. Bernese Mountain Dogs, also called Berners, are noted for their

Swiss literature: …are vigorous novels in the Bernese dialect by the 20th-century writers Rudolf von Tavel and Simon Gfeller. Schaffhausen is represented in the novels of Albert Bächtold, and Joseph Reinhart wrote in the dialect of Solothurn.

Bernese Alps, segment of the Central Alps lying north of the Upper Rhône River and south of the Brienzer and Thunersee (lakes) in Bern and Valais cantons of southwestern Switzerland. The mountains extend east-northeastward from the bend of the Rhône near Martigny-Ville to Grimsel Pass and Haslital

Bernese Mountain Dog, breed of working dog taken to Switzerland more than 2,000 years ago by invading Romans. The breed was widely used to pull carts and to drive cattle to and from their pastures and to protect farms from predators. Bernese Mountain Dogs, also called Berners, are noted for their

Bernese Alps, segment of the Central Alps lying north of the Upper Rhône River and south of the Brienzer and Thunersee (lakes) in Bern and Valais cantons of southwestern Switzerland. The mountains extend east-northeastward from the bend of the Rhône near Martigny-Ville to Grimsel Pass and Haslital

Bernhard, prince of the Netherlands, prince of Lippe-Biesterfeld was a prince of the Netherlands who, during World War II, served as liaison between the Dutch government-in-exile and the British armed forces and commanded the Netherlands Forces of the Interior (1944–45). Bernhard was the son of

Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar was the duke of Saxe-Weimar (Sachsen-Weimar), a politically ambitious Protestant general during the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48). One of the most successful field commanders of his age, he won a number of important victories over the forces of the Austrian Habsburgs. Having