history of Belize, a survey of the notable events and people in the history of Belize from the Mayan period to the present day. Belize is located on the northeast coast of Central America and its capital is Belmopan, although its former capital, Belize City, remains the country’s most populous city

Charlie Hebdo shooting: The attackers: …plot to free from prison Smain Ait Ali Belkacem, a former member of Algerian Islamist group GIA (Groupe Islamique Armé), who was serving a life sentence for an attack in 1995 on the Paris Métro. Kouachi was in custody from May to October 2010 in connection with the investigation of…

Abdelaziz Belkhadem is an Algerian politician who served as prime minister of Algeria from 2006 to 2008. After studying literature and economics, Belkhadem worked as a tax inspector (1964–67) and professor (1968–71). In 1972 he became deputy director of international relations for the revolutionary

Aspendus, ancient city of Pamphylia (modern Köprü), near the mouth of the Eurymedon (modern Köprü) River in southern Turkey, some 3 miles (5 km) from modern Belkis. It is noted for its Roman ruins. A wide range of coinage from the 5th century bce onward attests to the city’s wealth. In the 5th

Belknap, county, east-central New Hampshire, U.S. It comprises a hilly upland region with numerous lakes. The Pemigewasset River constitutes a portion of the northwestern border before flowing through the western part of the county; Lake Winnipesaukee, the state’s largest lake, is bisected by the

William Worth Belknap was an American military officer and public official who served with distinction in the Union army during the American Civil War. Later, as secretary of war under U.S. Pres. Ulysses S. Grant, he was accused of taking bribes. In 1876 Belknap became the first presidential

sound: Bore configuration and harmonicity: In general, a rapidly flaring bell is added to the end of the instrument to reduce the impedance mismatch as the sound emerges from the instrument, thus increasing the ability of the instrument to radiate sound.

typography: Mechanical composition: …foundry face; and Baskerville and Bell, based upon English models. Italics included Arrighi, a version of the letter used by the 16th-century papal writing master and printer (see above). Among the modern faces whose design Morison supervised were Eric Gill’s Sans Serif, which enjoyed a wide vogue in advertising and…

bell, hollow vessel usually of metal, but sometimes of horn, wood, glass, or clay, struck near the rim by an interior clapper or exterior hammer or mallet to produce a ringing sound. Bells may be categorized as idiophones, instruments sounding by the vibration of resonant solid material, and more

Chuck Yeager: …X-1 aircraft, built by the Bell Aircraft Company to test the capabilities of the human pilot and a fixed-wing aircraft against the severe aerodynamic stresses of sonic flight. On October 14, 1947, over Rogers Dry Lake in southern California, he rode the X-1, attached to a B-29 mother ship, to…

Bell Bay, port and site of a large aluminum-production facility, northern Tasmania, Australia, on the east bank of the River Tamar estuary in George Town municipality. Electric power is supplied primarily from the Trevallyn station on the South Esk River. The first metal was produced there in 1955;

Jocelyn Bell Burnell is a British astronomer who discovered pulsars, the cosmic sources of peculiar radio pulses. She attended the University of Glasgow, where she received a bachelor’s degree (1965) in physics. She proceeded to the University of Cambridge, where she was awarded a doctorate (1969)

bell chime, (from medieval Latin cymbala, meaning “bells”) set of stationary bells tuned in a musical series, traditionally in diatonic sequence (seven-note scale) plus a few accidentals (sharps and flats). The bells generally number from 2 to 20 and, in the voorslags (automatic clock chimes) of

belfry: A bell cote, or cot, is a bell gable, or turret, a framework for hanging bells when there is no belfry. It may be attached to a roof ridge, as an extension of the gable, or supported by brackets against a wall.

Brownian motion: Einstein’s theory of Brownian motion: The graph is the familiar bell-shaped Gaussian “normal” curve that typically arises when the random variable is the sum of many independent, statistically identical random variables, in this case the many little pushes that add up to the total motion. The equation for this relationship is

race: The scientific debate over race: …this point of view was The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (1994) by Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray. This work is a representation of social Darwinism in that the authors argue not only that minority or low-status races have innate deficiencies but that poor people of…

A Bell for Adano, novel by John Hersey, published in 1944 and awarded a Pulitzer Prize in 1945. The novel’s action takes place during World War II after the occupation of Sicily by Allied forces. Maj. Victor Joppolo, an American army officer of Italian descent, is part of the Allied military

Henry King: Films of the 1940s: A Bell for Adano (1945), from the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel by John Hersey, was more popular with moviegoers, and it again proved King’s skill at literary adaptations. It was a sentimental but effective tale about a U.S. Army commander (John Hodiak) whose troops occupy an…

The Globe and Mail: …and Mail was folded into Bell Globemedia Publishing Inc., owned by Bell Canada Enterprises (BCE). In 2010 an 85 percent stake in the newspaper was purchased by the Woodbridge Company Ltd., the majority owner of the information services company Thomson Reuters. Woodbridge acquired the remaining 15 percent of The Globe…

sistrum, percussion instrument, a rattle consisting of a wood, metal, or clay frame set loosely with crossbars (often hung with jingles) that sound when the instrument is shaken. A handle is attached to the frame. In ancient Egypt, sistrums were either temple-shaped or had a closed-horseshoe shape.

heath: The purple, or Scotch, heath, or bell heather (Erica cinerea), is common in Great Britain and western Europe. Its minute flowers yield much nectar. Other British species are cross-leaved heath, or bog heather (E. tetralix); Cornish heath (E. vagans), found also in western Europe; and fringed,…

Charles Wilfred Butler: …army helicopter (1961) into the Bell Jet Ranger (1965). He and his designers restyled the machine inside and out in the manner of automotive design, creating in the process one of the world’s most successful and beautiful helicopters.

virtual reality: Early work: In 1967 Bell Helicopter (now part of Textron Inc.) carried out tests in which a helicopter pilot wore a head-mounted display (HMD) that showed video from a servo-controlled infrared camera mounted beneath the helicopter. The camera moved with the pilot’s head, both augmenting his night vision and…

Textron Inc.: …craft, including the commercial 206B JetRanger III, the AH-1W SuperCobra attack helicopter, and the OH-58D Kiowa Warrior armed reconnaissance helicopter. With Boeing Company it produces the V-22 Osprey tilt-rotor aircraft as a military transport. Cessna, located in Wichita, Kansas, has built nearly half of the world’s general aviation aircraft in…

virtual reality: Early work: In 1967 Bell Helicopter (now part of Textron Inc.) carried out tests in which a helicopter pilot wore a head-mounted display (HMD) that showed video from a servo-controlled infrared camera mounted beneath the helicopter. The camera moved with the pilot’s head, both augmenting his night vision and…

Bell Island, island in southeastern Newfoundland, Canada; it lies in Conception Bay 3 mi (5 km) off the Avalon Peninsula. Bell Island is 6 mi long and 3 mi wide, and has an area of 11 sq mi (28 sq km). Named after a large bell-shaped rock off its west end, it was one of the world’s major iron-ore

The Bell Jar, novel by Sylvia Plath, first published in January 1963 under the pseudonym Victoria Lucas and later released posthumously under her real name. The work, a thinly veiled autobiography, chronicles a young woman’s mental breakdown and eventual recovery, while also exploring societal

Charles Wilfred Butler: …army helicopter (1961) into the Bell Jet Ranger (1965). He and his designers restyled the machine inside and out in the manner of automotive design, creating in the process one of the world’s most successful and beautiful helicopters.

krater: …the many variations are the bell krater, confined to red-figure pottery, shaped like an inverted bell, with loop handles and a disk foot; the volute krater, with an egg-shaped body and handles that rise from the shoulder and curl in a volute (scroll-shaped form) well above the rim; the calyx…

Bell Laboratories, the longtime research-and-development arm of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). It is now part of the Finnish telecommunications company Nokia. Headquarters for the laboratories are in Murray Hill, New Jersey. The company was incorporated in 1925 as an AT&T

Bell Laboratories, the longtime research-and-development arm of the American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T). It is now part of the Finnish telecommunications company Nokia. Headquarters for the laboratories are in Murray Hill, New Jersey. The company was incorporated in 1925 as an AT&T

glockenspiel: …a lyre-shaped frame, called a bell lyre. A glockenspiel may be fitted with a keyboard mechanism so that chords can be played. The glockenspiel became part of the orchestra in the 18th century.

bronze: Bell metal, characterized by its sonorous quality when struck, is a bronze with a high tin content of 20–25 percent. Statuary bronze, with a tin content of less than 10 percent and an admixture of zinc and lead, is technically a brass (a copper-zinc alloy).…

bellbird: Manorina melanophrys, often called the bell miner, is an olive-coloured Australian honeyeater with an orange bill and legs. It has a short bell-like call.

cup fungus: The bell morel (Verpa), an edible mushroom with a bell-shaped cap, is found in woods and in old orchards in early spring. Most species of Gyromitra, a genus of false morels, are poisonous. G. brunnea is edible, however, and is found in sandy soils or woods.

leaf roller moth, any member of the worldwide insect family Tortricidae (order Lepidoptera), named for the characteristic leaf rolling habit of the larvae. The name bell moth arises from the shape of the adult’s folded, squarish forewings. These moths are characterized by their stout bodies, small

military aircraft: Subsonic flight: jet, the Bell P-59A Airacomet, made its first flight the following year. It was slower than contemporary piston-engined fighters, but in 1943–44 a small team under Lockheed designer Clarence (“Kelly”) Johnson developed the P-80 Shooting Star. The P-80 and its British contemporary, the de Havilland Vampire, were the…

Bell palsy, abrupt paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face due to dysfunction of the seventh cranial nerve, the facial nerve. The disorder is named for the Scottish surgeon Sir Charles Bell, who first described the function of the facial nerve in 1829. The facial nerve supplies the muscles

bell pepper, (Capsicum annuum), pepper cultivar in the nightshade family (Solanaceae), grown for its thick, mild fruits. Bell peppers are used in salads and in cooked dishes and are high in vitamin A and vitamin C. The large furrowed fruits are technically berries and can be green, red, yellow, or

Bell Rock, sandstone reef in the North Sea off the coast of Scotland, 12 miles (19 km) southeast of Arbroath, Angus. It is 2,000 feet (600 metres) long and is exposed for a few feet at low tide but submerged at high tide. A peril to navigation, the rock lies in the fairway of vessels entering or

Al Weintraub opened Bell Sound in the early 1950s on West 87th Street, and when he moved closer to the midtown action (to 46th Street and 8th Avenue) in 1954, Bell became New York City’s busiest independent studio. Recording sessions in the city were closely monitored by the local chapter of the

Bell Sound: Al Weintraub opened Bell Sound in the early 1950s on West 87th Street, and when he moved closer to the midtown action (to 46th Street and 8th Avenue) in 1954, Bell became New York City’s busiest independent studio. Recording sessions in the city were closely…

Bell System, a former American telephone system, governed by American Telephone & Telegraph Company (now AT&T Corporation; q.v.) and including Western Electric Company (q.v.), the system’s manufacturer; Bell Laboratories (q.v.), the research and development facility; and other departments and 22

AT&T Corporation: 1870s–1970s: A rocky, but innovative, century: …initiated the launch of the Bell Telephone Co., which was formed by Bell and two investors, Gardiner C. Hubbard and Thomas Sanders, in 1877.

AT&T Corporation: 1974–1984: Your network has been disconnected: …able to hold on to Bell Laboratories, Western Electric, and Long Lines (the long-distance relay towers for microwave frequency). But it was not allowed to use the Bell name with anything other than Bell Labs.

belfry, bell tower, either attached to a structure or freestanding. More specifically, it is the section of such a tower where bells hang, and even more particularly the timberwork that supports the bells. Etymologically, belfries have nothing to do with bells. The word is derived from the Old

Bell Trade Act, an act passed by the U.S. Congress specifying the economic conditions governing the emergence of the Republic of the Philippines from U.S. rule; the act included controversial provisions that tied the Philippine economy to that of the United States. When the Philippines became

Bell X-1, U.S. rocket-powered supersonic research airplane built by Bell Aircraft Corporation, the first aircraft to exceed the speed of sound in level flight. On October 14, 1947, an X-1 launched from the bomb bay of a B-29 bomber and piloted by U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager over the Mojave

Bell X-1, U.S. rocket-powered supersonic research airplane built by Bell Aircraft Corporation, the first aircraft to exceed the speed of sound in level flight. On October 14, 1947, an X-1 launched from the bomb bay of a B-29 bomber and piloted by U.S. Air Force Captain Chuck Yeager over the Mojave

quantum mechanics: Paradox of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen: …certain relationship, now known as Bell’s inequality, for the correlation values mentioned above. Experiments have been conducted at several laboratories with photons instead of protons (the analysis is similar), and the results show fairly conclusively that Bell’s inequality is violated. That is to say, the observed results agree with those…

Bell palsy, abrupt paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face due to dysfunction of the seventh cranial nerve, the facial nerve. The disorder is named for the Scottish surgeon Sir Charles Bell, who first described the function of the facial nerve in 1829. The facial nerve supplies the muscles

Anne Brontë was an English poet and novelist, sister of Charlotte and Emily Brontë and author of Agnes Grey (1847) and The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). The youngest of six children of Patrick and Marie Brontë, Anne was taught in the family’s Haworth home and at Roe Head School. With her sister

Adam Schall von Bell was a Jesuit missionary and astronomer who became an important adviser to the first emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644–1911/12). Schall arrived in China in 1622, having been trained in Rome in the astronomical system of Galileo. He soon impressed the Chinese with the superiority

Alexander Graham Bell was an inventor, scientist, and teacher of the deaf whose foremost accomplishments, during a life lived in Canada and the United States, were the invention of the telephone (patented in 1876) and the refinement of the phonograph (patented in 1886). Alexander (“Graham” was not

Andrew Bell was a Scottish clergyman who developed popular education by the method of supervised mutual teaching among students. Bell graduated from the University of St. Andrews and went as a tutor to Virginia in colonial North America, where, in addition to teaching, he made a small fortune

Andrew Bell was a Scottish engraver, and cofounder, with the printer Colin Macfarquhar, of the Encyclopædia Britannica. Bell was born in Edinburgh and lived there all his life. He began work humbly by “engraving letters, names, and crests on gentlemen’s plate, dog’s collars and so forth.” He was

Clive Bell was an English art critic who helped popularize the art of the Post-Impressionists in Great Britain. Bell graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1902 and spent the next several years studying art in Paris and then back in London. In 1907 he married Vanessa Stephen, the sister of

American football: Ascendance of the NFL: …fretted over television, NFL commissioner Bert Bell embraced it immediately and won congressional approval to black out television coverage in the cities where home teams were playing. In a stroke, Bell’s efforts assured maximum attendance for the league’s 12 clubs with little impact on the size of the league’s rapidly…

Richard Quine: Bell, Book and Candle (1958), adapted from a Broadway play, featured Novak as a witch who casts a spell on her neighbour (James Stewart), much to the amusement of his pal (Ernie Kovacs). In 1959 Lemmon reteamed with Quine on the comedy It Happened to…

bell, book, and candle, in Roman Catholicism, a ceremony formerly used in pronouncing the “major excommunication” or “anathema” (see excommunication). Its origins are not clear, but it dates back certainly to the late 9th century. The bell represented the public character of the act, the book the

Charles Frederic Moberly Bell was a British journalist who played a significant part in the management of The Times (London) during a troubled period. Educated privately in England, Bell returned to Alexandria in 1865 to work for a commercial firm but soon established an informal connection with

Big Star: ), Chris Bell (b. Jan. 12, 1951, Memphis—d. Dec. 27, 1978, Memphis), Andy Hummel (b. Jan. 26, 1951, Memphis—d. July 19, 2010, Weatherford, Texas), and Jody Stephens (b. Oct. 4, 1952, Memphis).

Clive Bell was an English art critic who helped popularize the art of the Post-Impressionists in Great Britain. Bell graduated from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1902 and spent the next several years studying art in Paris and then back in London. In 1907 he married Vanessa Stephen, the sister of

Cool Papa Bell was an American professional baseball player, reputedly the fastest base runner of all time. Barred from Major League Baseball (MLB) because of the unwritten rule against Black athletes, Bell spent his career in the Negro leagues. Bell began as a pitcher for the St. Louis Stars in

Charlotte Brontë was an English novelist noted for Jane Eyre (1847), a strong narrative of a woman in conflict with her natural desires and social condition. The novel gave new truthfulness to Victorian fiction. She later wrote Shirley (1849) and Villette (1853). Her father was Patrick Brontë

Daniel Bell was an American sociologist and journalist who used sociological theory to reconcile what he believed were the inherent contradictions of capitalist societies. Bell was educated at City College of New York, where he received a B.S. (1939), and was employed as a journalist for more than

critical race theory: Interest convergence, differential racialization, intersectionality, and the voice of color: …thesis was the suggestion by Derrick Bell, an intellectual forefather of CRT and the first Black tenured law professor at Harvard University, that the U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education (1954), which overturned the segregation-supporting “separate but equal” doctrine established in Plessy v. Ferguson

Emily Brontë was an English novelist and poet who produced but one novel, Wuthering Heights (1847), a highly imaginative work of passion and hate set on the Yorkshire moors. Emily was perhaps the greatest of the three Brontë sisters, but the record of her life is extremely meager, for she was

Eric Temple Bell was a Scottish American mathematician, educator, and writer who made significant contributions to analytic number theory. Bell emigrated to the United States at the age of 19 and immediately enrolled at Stanford University, where after only two years he earned his bachelor’s

Ralph Van Deman: General Franklin Bell, then chief of staff, who harboured a grudge against intelligence officers in general and Van Deman in particular, forced the virtual disbanding of MID by merging it with the War College.

George Kennedy Allen Bell was an Anglican bishop of Chichester, outstanding ecumenicist, and leading British churchman during World War II. Ordained in 1907, Bell was curate of Leeds (Yorkshire) parish church from 1907 to 1910. In 1914 he ceased studies at Christ Church and became chaplain to

Gertrude Bell was an English traveler, administrator in Arabia, and writer who played a principal part in the establishment in Baghdad of the Hāshimite dynasty. Gertrude Bell’s brilliant career at Oxford, where she took a first in history in 1887, was followed by some time spent in Tehrān, where

Gertrude Bell was an English traveler, administrator in Arabia, and writer who played a principal part in the establishment in Baghdad of the Hāshimite dynasty. Gertrude Bell’s brilliant career at Oxford, where she took a first in history in 1887, was followed by some time spent in Tehrān, where

Taco Bell: …in 1962 by American entrepreneur Glen Bell, the chain has more than 7,000 locations and over 350 franchisees worldwide. Its commitment to branding and its changing product lineup have made it one of the most accessible and unique fast-food restaurant chains.

Henry Bell was a Scottish engineer who launched the first commercially successful steamship in Europe. After serving apprenticeships as a millwright and a ship modeler, he went to London, where he worked and studied under the Scottish engineer John Rennie. Bell returned to Scotland in 1790, settled

Cool Papa Bell was an American professional baseball player, reputedly the fastest base runner of all time. Barred from Major League Baseball (MLB) because of the unwritten rule against Black athletes, Bell spent his career in the Negro leagues. Bell began as a pitcher for the St. Louis Stars in

John Bell was an American politician and nominee for president on the eve of the American Civil War. Bell entered the U.S. House of Representatives in 1827 and served there as a Democrat until 1841. He broke with Pres. Andrew Jackson in 1834 and supported Hugh Lawson White for president in 1836.

John Bell was an English publisher who was one of the first to organize a book-publishing company on a joint-stock basis. Beginning in 1777, he issued the 109 volumes of The Poets of Great Britain complete from Chaucer to Churchill series. He influenced later publishing practice by introducing into

John Bell was a Scottish physician and traveler whose vivid account of his journeys did much to awaken Westerners to the way of life of the peoples of Russia and the East, particularly China. In 1714 Bell set out for St. Petersburg, where he joined a Russian diplomatic mission departing for Persia.

quantum mechanics: Paradox of Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen: …theorem by the Irish-born physicist John Stewart Bell. Bell began by assuming the existence of some form of hidden variable with a value that would determine whether the measured angular momentum gives a plus or minus result. He further assumed locality—namely, that measurement on one proton (i.e., the choice of…

Josephine Bell was an English physician and novelist best known for her numerous detective novels, in which poison and unusual methods of murder are prominent. She was educated at Newnham College, Cambridge (1916–19), and University College Hospital, London, and was a practicing physician from 1922

Joshua Bell is an American musician whose technical accomplishments and versatility in classical and popular music made him one of the most successful and critically lauded violinists in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Bell received his first violin at age four from his parents after they

Kristen Bell is an American actress who rose to fame starring as a high-school sleuth in the teen crime series Veronica Mars (2004–07, 2019). She has worked steadily since, starring in such hits as the television series The Good Place (2016–20) and Nobody Wants This (2024– ) as well as the Disney

Lawrence Dale Bell was a U.S. aircraft designer whose experimental X-1 rocket-propelled airplane in 1947 was the first to break the sound barrier in level flight. In 1912 Bell entered the aviation business as a mechanic for his brother, Grover. When his brother was killed in an airplane accident in

Alexander Graham Bell: Early life, education, and marriage: One of Bell’s students was Mabel Hubbard, daughter of Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a founder of the Clarke School. Mabel had become deaf at age five as a result of a near-fatal bout of scarlet fever. Bell began working with her in 1873, when she was 15 years old. Despite a…

Björk: …a studio effort with collaborator Mark Bell. Bell and Björk also worked together on Selmasongs, the score for Lars von Trier’s Dancer in the Dark (2000), a tragic musical in which she also starred. The film won the Palme d’Or at the Cannes film festival, and Björk was named best…

John Mills: Mills married novelist and playwright Mary Hayley Bell in 1941. He was made Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1960 and was knighted in 1976. Mills published his autobiography, Up in the Clouds, Gentlemen Please, in 1980.

high-pressure phenomena: The diamond-anvil cell: …the geophysicists Ho-kwang Mao and Peter M. Bell, both of the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, in Washington, D.C., where they subsequently attained diamond-cell pressures of approximately 300 GPa. Heating of diamond-cell samples, with both resistance heaters and lasers, has extended accessible pressure-temperature conditions to those that…

the Mekons: Sarah Corina, Lu Edmonds, and Rico Bell (byname of Erik Bellis).

Kool & the Gang: Virgin Islands) Robert (“Kool”) Bell (born October 8, 1950, Youngstown) Claydes Charles Smith (born September 6, 1948, Jersey City, New Jersey, U.S.—died June 20, 2006, Maplewood, New Jersey) George (“Funky”) Brown (born January 5, 1949, Jersey City—died November 16, 2023, Long Beach

Kool & the Gang: >Khalis Bayyan (byname of Ronald Bell; born November 1, 1951, Youngstown, Ohio, U.S.—died September 9, 2020, U.S. Virgin Islands) Robert (“Kool”) Bell (born October 8, 1950, Youngstown) Claydes Charles Smith (born September 6, 1948,

ship’s bell, bell used as early as the 15th century to sound the time on board ship by striking each half hour of a watch. As this practice served to regulate the rhythm of daily life for sailors, naval tradition came to regard the ship’s bell as the “soul” of the vessel. The mariner’s day is

Sir Charles Bell was a Scottish anatomist whose New Idea of Anatomy of the Brain (1811) has been called the “Magna Carta of neurology.” A graduate of the University of Edinburgh, Bell went to London (1804), where he held surgical and teaching posts. In 1829 he received a medal from the Royal

Sir Francis Henry Dillon Bell was a New Zealand lawyer and statesman who had a leading role in the Cabinets of Prime Minister William Ferguson Massey (1912–25). He himself also served for a short time as prime minister of New Zealand (1925). Bell was initially a successful lawyer, and upon entering

Uganda: Growth of a peasant economy: Sadler’s own successor, Sir Hesketh Bell, announced that he wished to develop Uganda as an African state. In this he was opposed by a number of his more senior officials and in particular by the chief justice, William Morris Carter. Carter was chairman of a land commission whose…

comic strip: The fact-based comic: historical, didactic, political, narrative: …of the British socialist cartoonist Steve Bell, whose caustic strip If… (begun 1981) appeared daily in The Guardian. His start in children’s comics is evident in his crude, chaotic linear style and composition.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell is a British astronomer who discovered pulsars, the cosmic sources of peculiar radio pulses. She attended the University of Glasgow, where she received a bachelor’s degree (1965) in physics. She proceeded to the University of Cambridge, where she was awarded a doctorate (1969)

Iris Murdoch: …is perhaps her finest book, The Bell (1958), Murdoch began to attain wide recognition as a novelist. She went on to a highly prolific career with such novels as A Severed Head (1961), The Red and the Green (1965), The Nice and the Good (1968), The Black Prince (1973), Henry…

Aleksandr Ivanovich Herzen: Life in exile.: …in 1856, and a newspaper, Kolokol (The Bell), created in 1857 with the aid of his old friend Ogaryov, now also an émigré. Herzen’s aim was to influence both the government and the public toward emancipation of the peasants, with generous allotments of land and the liberalization of Russian society.…

Vanessa Bell was a British painter, designer, and founding member of the Bloomsbury group who was known for her colourful portraits and still-life paintings and for her dust-jacket designs. Bell was born into a Victorian upper-middle-class literary family, daughter of literary critic Sir Leslie