Wuppertal: Formed as Barmen-Elberfeld in 1929 through the amalgamation of the towns of Barmen, Elberfeld, Beyenburg, Cronenberg, Ronsdorf, and Vohwinkel, the name was changed to Wuppertal (“Wupper Valley”) in 1930. Barmen and Elberfeld, mentioned in the 11th and 12th centuries, jointly received the monopoly for yarn bleaching for…

Synod of Barmen: …Declaration of Barmen, or the Barmen Declaration, that defined the Christian opposition to any interpretation of Christianity based on racial theories. The major theological influence was that of Karl Barth, who held that the only way to offer effective resistance to the secularizing and paganizing of the church in Nazi…

Synod of Barmen: …Declaration of Barmen, or the Barmen Declaration, that defined the Christian opposition to any interpretation of Christianity based on racial theories. The major theological influence was that of Karl Barth, who held that the only way to offer effective resistance to the secularizing and paganizing of the church in Nazi…

Synod of Barmen, meeting of German Protestant leaders at Barmen in the Ruhr, in May 1934, to organize Protestant opposition to the teachings of the so-called German Christians, who sought to reinterpret Christianity as an Aryan religion free from all Jewish influences. Those “German Christians”

Wuppertal, city, North Rhine–Westphalia Land (state), northwestern Germany. The city extends for 10 miles (16 km) along the steep banks of the Wupper River, a right-bank tributary of the Rhine, northeast of Düsseldorf. Formed as Barmen-Elberfeld in 1929 through the amalgamation of the towns of

textile: Net and lace making: Barmens lace has a fairly heavy texture and an angular pattern; flowing lines, heavy outline cords, and fine net backgrounds are not usually made on Barmens machines.

textile: Net and lace making: …spools; in another type, the Barmens machine, threads on king bobbins on carriers are plaited together, sometimes with warp threads.

Barmer, town, western Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The town stands on a rocky hill crowned by a fort and is surrounded by an expanse of sandy plain forming part of the Great Indian (Thar) Desert. The town is said to have been founded in the 13th century, when it was named Bahadamer (“The

barn, unit of area used to measure the reaction cross section (generally different from the geometric cross section) of atomic nuclei and subatomic particles in the study of their interactions with other nuclei or particles. It is equal to 10−24 square cm. The name, coined by U.S. scientists, is

barn, in agriculture, farm building for sheltering animals, their feed and other supplies, farm machinery, and farm products. Barns are named according to their purpose, as hog barns, dairy barns, tobacco barns, and tractor barns. The principal type in the United States is the general-purpose barn,

Thomas Demand: Barn (1997), one of a number of works evoking artists’ workshops, was inspired by a photo of the studio of American painter Jackson Pollock. The most prominent of Demand’s works are those based on media photographs representing politically charged or otherwise sensational events. Corridor (1995)…

Jane Smiley: Her first novel, Barn Blind (1980), focuses on the relationships between a mother and her children. Duplicate Keys, a mystery novel, appeared in 1984. The Greenlanders (1988) is a sweeping epic centred on a 14th-century family, the Gunnarssons. A Thousand Acres (1991; film 1997), which won a Pulitzer…

barnyard grass, (Echinochloa crus-galli), coarse tufted grass of the family Poaceae, a noxious agricultural weed. Although native to tropical Asia, barnyard grass can be found throughout the world, thriving in moist cultivated and waste areas. In many areas outside its native range, however, it is

dog sports: Earthdog and barn hunt: …at the related sport of barn hunt, which challenges dogs to navigate a maze of hay and straw bales and other obstacles in search of rats, which are safely enclosed in aerated tubes large enough for the rodents to be comfortable and turn around.

barn owl, any of several species of nocturnal birds of prey of the genus Tyto (family Tytonidae). Barn owls are sometimes called monkey-faced owls because of their heart-shaped facial disks and absence of ear tufts. They are about 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 inches) long, white to gray or yellowish to

owl: Annotated classification: Family Tytonidae (barn owls, grass owls, and bay owls) 21 species in 2 genera found from tropical to temperate regions; body length 30–54 cm (12–21 inches); heart-shaped facial disk completely encircling face, bill comparatively long and slender; legs rather long; middle claw with comb. Family Strigidae

Amish: Beliefs and way of life: …Amish are famous for their barn raisings. These cooperative efforts often involve hundreds of men, as well as scores of women who feed the workers. These custom-made barns are a constant reminder of Amish tradition, community, industry, and craft. The hex signs that often adorn the barns—the round geometric emblems…

brown rat, (Rattus norvegicus), species of rat found on every continent except Antarctica. The alternate name “Norway rat” came from a false hypothesis widely believed in 18th-century England that the rats were native to Norway. Research has confirmed, however, that the brown rat is native to Asia,

swallow: The common swallow (Hirundo rustica) is almost worldwide in migration; an American species, called barn swallow, may summer in Canada and winter in Argentina. The 10 species of Petrochelidon, which make flask-shaped mud nests, include the cliff swallow (P. pyrrhonota), the bird of San Juan Capistrano…

conservation: Fishing: One species, the barn-door skate (Raja laevis), was an incidental catch of western North Atlantic fisheries in the second half of the 20th century. As the name suggests, this is a large fish, too big to go unrecorded. Its numbers fell every year, until by the 1990s none…

Jostein Gaarder: …those with two children’s books: Barna fra Sukhavati (“The Children from Sukhavati”) in 1987 and Froskeslottet (The Frog Castle) in 1988. In both books Gaarder set a fantasy world against the real world, giving the central characters the opportunity to explore and question ideas and values. In 1990 came Kabalmysteriet…

Letter of Barnabas, an early Christian work written in Greek by one of the Apostolic Fathers (Greek Christian writers of the late 1st and early 2nd centuries). Ascribed by tradition to St. Barnabas, a missionary mentioned in The Acts of the Apostles, the writing dates possibly from as late as 130

St. Barnabas ; feast day June 11) was an important early Christian missionary mentioned in the New Testament and one of the Apostolic Fathers. Barnabas was a hellenized Jew who joined the Jerusalem church soon after Christ’s crucifixion, sold his property, and gave the proceeds to the community

Richard Brathwaite: He also wrote the lively Barnabee’s Journal (originally written in Latin rhymed verse under the pseudonym Corymbaeus; Eng. trans. 1638), containing amusing topographical information and unflagging gaiety.

Saint Antonio Maria Zaccaria: …founder of the congregation of Clerks Regular of St. Paul, or Barnabites, a religious order devoted to the study of the Pauline Letters.

Dino Buzzati: …the style of traditional realism, Barnabò delle montagne (1933; “Barnabus of the Mountains”) and Il segreto del bosco vecchio (1935; “The Secret of the Ancient Wood”), introduced the Kafkaesque surrealism, symbolism, and absurdity that suffused all of his writing.

Lars Gyllensten: This theme is developed in Barnabok (1952; “Children’s Book”) against the background of a gradually dissolving marriage. In its sequel, Senilia (1956), the aging process has a similar function in relation to its main character, but this time the inner monologue finds a positive resolution. Sokrates död (1960; “The Death…

Barnaby Rudge, historical novel by Charles Dickens, published serially and as a book in 1841. Barnaby Rudge was Dickens’s first attempt at a historical novel. It is set in the late 18th century and presents with great vigour and understanding (and some ambivalence of attitude) the spectacle of

Barnaby Rudge, historical novel by Charles Dickens, published serially and as a book in 1841. Barnaby Rudge was Dickens’s first attempt at a historical novel. It is set in the late 18th century and presents with great vigour and understanding (and some ambivalence of attitude) the spectacle of

Oskar Barnack was the designer of the first precision miniature camera to become available commercially, the Leica I, which was introduced in 1924 by the Ernst Leitz optical firm at Wetzlar, Ger. Barnack was a master mechanic and inventor who joined the Leitz optical firm in 1911. Barnack had

barnacle, any of more than 1,000 predominantly marine crustaceans of the subclass Cirripedia highly modified for sedentary life. There are about 850 free-living species (all marine) and about 260 species that are internal parasites of crabs and other crustaceans. A brief treatment of cirripedes

barnacle goose, (Branta leucopsis), water bird of the family Anatidae (order Anseriformes) that resembles a small Canada goose, with dark back, white face, and black neck and bib. It winters in the northern British Isles and on the coasts of Denmark, Germany, and the Netherlands. During the

James Joyce: Early life: Meanwhile, Joyce had met Nora Barnacle, a young woman from Galway who worked as a maid in a Dublin hotel, in June 1904. They probably had their first date, and first sexual encounter, on June 16, the day that Joyce chose for the setting of his novel Ulysses and…

Barnard Castle, town, unitary authority and historic county of Durham, northern England. It lies on the northeast bank of the River Tees (there crossed by a medieval bridge). A settlement developed around a Norman castle built in 1178 by Bernard de Balliol, who gave the town its first charter. The

Barnard College, a private liberal arts college for women in the Morningside Heights neighbourhood of New York, New York, U.S. One of the Seven Sisters schools, it was founded in 1889 by Annie Nathan Meyer in honour of Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, then president of Columbia University. Though

Barnard’s star, second nearest star to the Sun (after the triple system of Proxima Centauri and Alpha Centauri’s A and B components considered together), at a distance of 5.95 light-years. It is named for Edward Emerson Barnard, the American astronomer who discovered it in 1916. Barnard’s star has

Chester Irving Barnard was an American business executive, public administrator, and sociological theorist who studied the nature of corporate organization. Although he was not himself an academic, his first book, Functions of the Executive (1938), became an essential resource in the teaching of

Christiaan Barnard was a South African surgeon who performed the first human heart transplant operation. As a resident surgeon at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town (1953–56), Barnard was the first to show that intestinal atresia, a congenital gap in the small intestine, is caused by an insufficient

Christiaan Barnard was a South African surgeon who performed the first human heart transplant operation. As a resident surgeon at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town (1953–56), Barnard was the first to show that intestinal atresia, a congenital gap in the small intestine, is caused by an insufficient

Edward Emerson Barnard was an astronomer who pioneered in celestial photography and who was the leading observational astronomer of his time. In 1889 he began to photograph the Milky Way with large-aperture lenses, revealing much new detail. He discovered 16 comets and Jupiter’s fifth satellite

Frederick Barnard was a scientist, educator, and for nearly 25 years president of Columbia College (now Columbia University) in New York City, during which time Columbia was transformed from a small undergraduate institution for men into a major university. After graduating from Yale in 1828,

Frederick Barnard was a scientist, educator, and for nearly 25 years president of Columbia College (now Columbia University) in New York City, during which time Columbia was transformed from a small undergraduate institution for men into a major university. After graduating from Yale in 1828,

George Grey Barnard was a sculptor and art collector whose private medieval and Gothic art collection was integral to the formation of the Cloisters of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. He is well known for his sculptures Love and Labor: The Unbroken Law and The Burden of Life: The

George N. Barnard was an American photographer who served as the official army photographer for Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman’s Military Division of the Mississippi during the American Civil War. Barnard began producing daguerreotype photographs in his 20s, opening his first studio in Oswego, N.Y.,

George N. Barnard was an American photographer who served as the official army photographer for Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman’s Military Division of the Mississippi during the American Civil War. Barnard began producing daguerreotype photographs in his 20s, opening his first studio in Oswego, N.Y.,

Henry Barnard was an educator, jurist, and the first U.S. commissioner of education (1867–70). With Horace Mann, he shared early leadership in improving the U.S. educational system. Born into a wealthy family, Barnard graduated from Yale in 1830 and then studied law. As a Whig member of the

Kate Barnard was an Oklahoma welfare leader and the first woman to hold statewide elective office in the United States. Barnard began her public career as an officer of the Provident Association, an Oklahoma benevolent organization. She soon became interested in such social legislation as

Lady Anne Barnard was the author of the popular ballad “Auld Robin Gray” (1771). In 1763 she married Sir Andrew Barnard and accompanied him to the Cape of Good Hope when he became colonial secretary there in 1797. When the Cape was ceded to Holland (1802), they settled permanently in London. “Auld

Thomas John Barnardo was a pioneer in social work who founded more than 90 homes for destitute children. Under his direction, the children were given care and instruction of high quality despite the then unusual policy of unlimited admittance. Barnardo’s father, of an exiled Spanish Protestant

bacillus: … encoding an enzyme known as barnase in B. amyloliquefaciens is of interest in the development of genetically modified (GM) plants. Barnase combined with another protein synthesized by B. amyloliquefaciens known as barstar, forming the barnase-barstar gene system, was used to develop a line of non-self-fertilizing transgenic mustard (Brassica juncea) plants…

bacillus: … known as barstar, forming the barnase-barstar gene system, was used to develop a line of non-self-fertilizing transgenic mustard (Brassica juncea) plants with enhanced outbreeding capability. The gene controlling production of the Bt toxin in B. thuringiensis has been used in the development of GM crops such as Bt cotton (see…

Barney Barnato was a financier, diamond magnate, and gold baron who first rivaled and then later allied with Cecil Rhodes in struggling for control in the development of the Southern African mining industry. Barnett Isaacs was the son of a Jewish shopkeeper, Isaac Isaacs, in the East End of London.

Barnaul, city and administrative centre, north-central Altay kray (territory), southern Siberia, Russia. It lies on the left bank of the Ob River at its confluence with the Barnaulka River. In 1738 a silver-refining works was established and the settlement became the hub of the Altay mining region.

Antoine Barnave was a prominent political figure of the early French Revolutionary period whose oratorical skill and political incisiveness made him one of the most highly respected members of the National Assembly. Of an upper-bourgeois Protestant family, Barnave was privately trained in law. In

Antoine Barnave was a prominent political figure of the early French Revolutionary period whose oratorical skill and political incisiveness made him one of the most highly respected members of the National Assembly. Of an upper-bourgeois Protestant family, Barnave was privately trained in law. In

Locofoco Party: …Locofocos were allied with the Barnburner Democrats, who eventually left the party over the slavery-extension issue.

Long Beach: …(19 km) southward from historic Barnegat Lighthouse (rebuilt in 1858; 165 feet [50 metres] high and near the scene of more than 200 shipwrecks in sailing-ship days), the narrow island includes a string of resorts, notably Loveladies (where there is a Foundation of Arts and Sciences), Harvey Cedars (Long Beach’s…

archaeology: Excavation: At Barnénès, in north Brittany, a contractor building a road got his stone from a neighbouring prehistoric cairn (burial mound) and, in so doing, discovered and partially destroyed a number of prehistoric burial chambers. The French archaeologist P.-R. Giot was able to halt these depredations and…

Barnes Foundation, foundation established by physician Albert C. Barnes in 1922 to “promote the advancement of education and appreciation of the fine arts.” The organization operates two main campuses in Pennsylvania. (The Barnes country house, Ker-Feal, is not open to the public.) The original

Conrad Taeuber and Irene Barnes Taeuber: After he married Irene Barnes, they collaborated on their work in the field of demography and on two publications considered standard works in the field.

Albert Barnes was a U.S. Presbyterian clergyman and writer. Of Methodist parentage, he intended to study law but, while at Hamilton College, decided to enter the Presbyterian ministry. He attended Princeton Theological Seminary and became a pastor in Morristown, N.J. In 1830 he moved to the First

Albert C. Barnes was an American inventor of the antiseptic Argyrol (a mild silver protein anti-infective compound for mucous membrane tissues) and a noted art collector, whose collection is a part of the Barnes Foundation Galleries. Barnes grew up in poverty in South Philadelphia but managed to

Albert C. Barnes was an American inventor of the antiseptic Argyrol (a mild silver protein anti-infective compound for mucous membrane tissues) and a noted art collector, whose collection is a part of the Barnes Foundation Galleries. Barnes grew up in poverty in South Philadelphia but managed to

Barnabe Barnes was an Elizabethan poet, one of the Elizabethan sonneteers and the author of Parthenophil and Parthenophe. Barnes was the son of Richard Barnes, bishop of Durham. He entered Brasenose College, Oxford, in 1586 but took no degree; in 1591 he joined the expedition to Normandy led by the

Captain America: Origins in the Golden Age: …a kid sidekick—plucky regimental mascot Bucky Barnes—and embarks on a career of enthusiastic Nazi-bashing.

Derrick Barnes is an American author of award-winning books for children and young adults. His picture book Crown: An Ode to the Fresh Cut (2017) won the Kirkus Prize for young readers’ literature and was named a Newbery Honor Book and a Coretta Scott King Honor Book in 2018. Barnes was reared in

Djuna Barnes was an avant-garde American writer who was a well-known figure in the Parisian literary scene of the 1920s and ’30s. Initially educated privately by her father and grandmother, Barnes attended the Pratt Institute and the Art Students League and worked as an artist and journalist. From

Ernest William Barnes was a controversial Anglican bishop of Birmingham, a leader in the Church of England modernist movement. Barnes was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he subsequently became fellow, lecturer in mathematics, and tutor. He was ordained in 1903. By 1915, when he was

The Weekly Standard: …in 1995 by William Kristol, Fred Barnes, and John Podhoretz with financial backing from Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation. One of the young writers on the staff of the magazine in 1995 was American conservative pundit and popular Fox News talk show host Tucker Carlson. The Weekly Standard largely reflected the…

George Nicoll Barnes was a trade-union leader, socialist, a founder (1900) and chairman (1910) of the British Labour Party, and member of David Lloyd George’s coalition ministry during World War I. A clerk in a jute mill at the age of 11, Barnes later became an engineer and was assistant secretary

Conrad Taeuber and Irene Barnes Taeuber: After he married Irene Barnes, they collaborated on their work in the field of demography and on two publications considered standard works in the field.

Jake Barnes, fictional character, the narrator of Ernest Hemingway’s novel The Sun Also Rises (1926). An expatriate American living in Paris in the 1920s, Jake works as a newspaper correspondent. A wound suffered in the war has rendered him impotent and unable to consummate his love for Lady Brett

Julian Barnes is a British critic and author of inventive and intellectual novels about obsessed characters curious about the past. His most well-known novel is the award-winning The Sense of an Ending (2011). He has also published many works of literary criticism and essay collections. Barnes

Julian Barnes is a British critic and author of inventive and intellectual novels about obsessed characters curious about the past. His most well-known novel is the award-winning The Sense of an Ending (2011). He has also published many works of literary criticism and essay collections. Barnes

Dame Juliana Berners was an Englishwoman of letters and the purported author of A Treatyse of Fysshynge wyth an Angle (1496), the earliest known volume on sport fishing. Berners’s work predates Englishman Izaak Walton’s The Compleat Angler (1653), the best-known example of early angling literature,

Pancho Barnes was an aviator and movie stunt pilot, one of the first American women to establish a reputation and a business in the field of aviation. (Read Orville Wright’s 1929 biography of his brother, Wilbur.) Florence Lowe was reared in an atmosphere of wealth and privilege on an estate in San

Robert Barnes was an English Lutheran who was martyred after being used by King Henry VIII to gain support for his antipapal campaign in England. Barnes, a prior of the Austin Friars at Cambridge, was early influenced by reformist views and ruined a promising academic career when on Christmas Eve,

Toronto Raptors: …play of newly drafted forward Scottie Barnes, who won Rookie of the Year, and returned to the playoffs, losing in the first round. Midway through the following season Siakam was traded, and Toronto began to rebuild the team around Barnes.

Thomas Barnes was a British journalist who as editor of The Times for many years established its reputation and founded a tradition of independent journalism. The son of a solicitor, Barnes was educated at Christ’s Hospital and at Pembroke College, Cambridge. After studying in the chambers of

balloon flight: Modern hot-air balloons: American aeronaut Tracy Barnes adapted a venting system used in parachutes to make the most important advance in safety and control of hot-air balloons since the rip panel. Barnes’s parachute top has also been used in gas balloons. His novel three-corner basket and three-point suspension distinguish his…

William Barnes was an English dialect poet whose work gives a vivid picture of the life and labour of rural southwestern England and includes some moving expressions of loss and grief, such as “The Wife A-Lost” and “Woak Hill.” He was also a gifted philologist, and his linguistic theories as well

Barnet, outer borough of London, England, on the northwestern perimeter of the metropolis. The borough lies mostly within the historic county of Middlesex, but many of its northern districts (including New Barnet and East Barnet) belong historically to Hertfordshire. The present borough was created

Battle of Barnet, (April 14, 1471), in the English Wars of the Roses, a momentous victory for the Yorkist king Edward IV over his Lancastrian opponents, the adherents of Henry VI. It was fought around Hadley Green, now in East Barnet, just north of London, on Easter Day. Edward, in power since

Charlie Barnet was an American band leader and saxophonist of the swing jazz era. Born into a wealthy family, Barnet rejected their urging that he become a corporate lawyer and instead turned to music. He led his first band at age 16, on a transatlantic liner, and eventually made 22 such crossings;

Charlie Barnet was an American band leader and saxophonist of the swing jazz era. Born into a wealthy family, Barnet rejected their urging that he become a corporate lawyer and instead turned to music. He led his first band at age 16, on a transatlantic liner, and eventually made 22 such crossings;

Miguel Barnet is a novelist, poet, ethnographer, and expert on Afro-Cuban culture. Barnet came from a prominent Cuban family of Catalan descent. He spent part of his childhood in Atlanta, Georgia, U.S., and was fluent in English. Though not a member of the Communist Party, he remained in Cuba,

Ellen Key: Barnets århundrade (1900; The Century of the Child, 1909) made her world famous. This book and numerous other publications concerning the issues of marriage, motherhood, and family life were translated into many languages. In 1903 she started lecture tours abroad, particularly in Germany. She also propagated her ideas…

shale gas: Shale gas resources of the United States: These include the Barnett Shale, around Dallas–Fort Worth, Texas; the Fayetteville Shale, mainly in northern Arkansas; the Woodford Shale, mainly in Oklahoma; and the Haynesville Shale, straddling the Texas-Louisiana state line. The Barnett Shale was the proving ground of horizontal drilling and fracking starting in the 1990s; more…

Gary Barnett is an American collegiate gridiron football coach whose on-field successes were marred by off-field controversies. Barnett attended the University of Missouri at Columbia, where he played wide receiver on the football team; he earned a bachelor’s degree in 1969. He remained at

Samuel A. Barnett was an Anglican priest and social reformer who founded building programs and cultural centres (notably Toynbee Hall, 1884, which Barnett served as its first warden) in London’s impoverished East End. In his teaching and writings he advanced a doctrine of Christian socialism.

Samuel A. Barnett was an Anglican priest and social reformer who founded building programs and cultural centres (notably Toynbee Hall, 1884, which Barnett served as its first warden) in London’s impoverished East End. In his teaching and writings he advanced a doctrine of Christian socialism.

Marie-Catherine Le Jumel de Barneville, countess d’Aulnoy was a writer of fairy tales and of novels of court intrigue, whose personal intrigues were commensurate with those described in her books. Shortly after her marriage as a young girl in 1666, Marie d’Aulnoy conspired with her mother and their

Selena Gomez: Wizards of Waverly Place and early films: …the PBS children’s television series Barney & Friends and, as a result, appeared regularly on the program in 2002–04. After making her big-screen debut in the family movie Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over (2003), she auditioned for the Disney Channel, which eventually led to a guest spot on the TV…

Canadian literature: Fiction: …Gursky Was Here (1989), and Barney’s Version (1997) satirize the condition and hypocrisy of modern society through black humour.

Paul Giamatti: …character in the dark comedy Barney’s Version (2010), based on Mordecai Richler’s novel.

Matthew Barney is an American sculptor and video artist whose five-part Cremaster film cycle was praised for its inventiveness. Some art critics consider him one of the most significant artists of his generation. Following his graduation from Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut (B.A., 1989),

Natalie Barney was an American-born literary figure and writer who was noted for her international salon, her friendships with several writers, and her unabashed lesbianism. Barney’s mother was Alice Pike Barney, a portrait painter, her father an industrialist. At age 21, she inherited a fortune

Natalie Barney was an American-born literary figure and writer who was noted for her international salon, her friendships with several writers, and her unabashed lesbianism. Barney’s mother was Alice Pike Barney, a portrait painter, her father an industrialist. At age 21, she inherited a fortune

Nora Stanton Blatch Barney was an American civil engineer, architect, and suffragist whose professional and political activities built on her family’s tradition of women leaders. Nora Stanton Blatch was the daughter of Harriot Stanton Blatch and the granddaughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, both of

Ẕiyāʾ al-Dīn Baranī was the first known Muslim to write a history of India. He resided for 17 years at Delhi as nadim (boon companion) of Sultan Muḥammad ibn Tughluq. Using mainly hearsay evidence and his personal experiences at court, Baranī in 1357 wrote the Tārīkh-e Fīrūz Shāhī (“History of