A.S. Abell was a newspaper editor and publisher, and founder, with two other investors, of the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun. Abell left school at the age of 14 to become a clerk in a store dealing in West Indian wares. He had hoped to become a printer, and in 1822 he was taken

A.S. Abell was a newspaper editor and publisher, and founder, with two other investors, of the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun. Abell left school at the age of 14 to become a clerk in a store dealing in West Indian wares. He had hoped to become a printer, and in 1822 he was taken

Kjeld Abell was a dramatist and social critic, best known outside Denmark for two plays, Melodien der blev væk (1935; English adaptation, The Melody That Got Lost, 1939) and Anna Sophie Hedvig (1939; Eng. trans., 1944), which defends the use of force by the oppressed against the oppressor. Abell

okra, (Abelmoschus esculentus), herbaceous hairy annual plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae) and its edible fruit. It is native to the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere and is widely cultivated or naturalized in the tropics and subtropics of the Western Hemisphere. Only the tender unripe fruit is

musk mallow, (Abelmoschus moschatus), annual or biennial plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to India. Musk mallow is cultivated for its seeds, which are used in perfumes as a replacement for musk, and is a source of an essential oil that is used in traditional medicine and to flavour

musk mallow, (Abelmoschus moschatus), annual or biennial plant of the mallow family (Malvaceae), native to India. Musk mallow is cultivated for its seeds, which are used in perfumes as a replacement for musk, and is a source of an essential oil that is used in traditional medicine and to flavour

Philip Hauge Abelson was an American physical chemist who proposed the gas diffusion process for separating uranium-235 from uranium-238 and in collaboration with the U.S. physicist Edwin Mattison McMillan discovered the element neptunium. After receiving a Ph.D. (1939) in nuclear physics from the

Abemama Atoll, coral atoll of the northern Gilbert Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Capt. Charles Bishop, who reached the atoll in 1799, named it Roger Simpson Island for one of his associates. Seat of the area’s ruling family in the 19th century, the atoll was the site

Abenaki, Algonquian-speaking North American Indigenous people that united with other peoples in the 17th century to furnish mutual protection against the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy. The name refers to their location “toward the dawn.” In its earliest known form, the Abenaki Confederacy

Abenaki: …its earliest known form, the Abenaki Confederacy consisted of tribes or bands living east and northeast of present-day New York state, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy and Penobscot in present-day Maine, Malecite and Mi’kmaq (Micmac) in present-day Maritime Provinces, and

Dietrich Buxtehude: …were written for the famous Abendmusiken, concerts of mixed vocal and instrumental music held in St. Mary’s in the late afternoons on five Sundays in the year. These performances, instituted by Buxtehude in 1673, became the pride of Lübeck, and their tradition was continued into the 19th century.

Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi: Die Abendstunde eines Linsiedlers (1780; “The Evening Hour of a Hermit”) outlines his fundamental theory that education must be “according to nature” and that security in the home is the foundation of man’s happiness. His novel Lienhard und Gertrud (1781–87; Leonard and Gertrude, 1801), written…

Abengourou, town, eastern Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast), on the road from Abidjan (the national capital) to Ghana. The major trading centre for a productive forest region, it is also the residence of the Anyi (Agni) paramount chief, who is the present king of Indénié (an Anyi kingdom founded in the

Tom Kristensen: …the complete autobiography appeared as Åbenhjertige fortielser: Erindringsglimt (“Candid Concealments: Flashes of Memory”).

Shinzo Abe: Second term and Abenomics: The program, quickly dubbed “Abenomics,” included measures such as raising the inflation rate, allowing the value of the yen to fall against the U.S. dollar and other foreign currencies, and increasing the money supply and government spending on major public works projects. The Abe government received a big political…

Åbenrå, city, southeastern Jutland, Denmark, at the head of Åbenrå Fjord. First mentioned in the 12th century when attacked by the Wends, it was granted a charter (1335) and grew from a fishing village into a thriving port in the 17th and 18th centuries. Medieval landmarks include the St. Nicholas

Simplicissimus, novel by Hans Jacob Christoph von Grimmelshausen, the first part of which was published in 1669 as Der abentheurliche Simplicissimus Teutsch (“The Adventurous Simplicissimus Teutsch”). Considered one of the most significant works of German literature, it contains a satirical and

Abenteuerroman, in German literature, a form of the picaresque novel. The Abenteuerroman is an entertaining story recounting the adventures of the hero, but it often incorporates a serious aspect. An example of the genre is the 17th-century Der Abentheurliche Simplicissimus (Adventurous

Abeokuta, town, capital of Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. It is situated on the east bank of the Ogun River, around a group of rocky outcroppings that rise above the surrounding wooded savanna. It lies on the main railway (1899) from Lagos, 48 miles (78 km) south, and on the older trunk road

Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: …school, she helped organize the Abeokuta Ladies Club (ALC), initially a civic and charitable group of mostly Western-educated Christian women. The organization gradually became more political and feminist in its orientation, and in 1944 it formally admitted market women (women vendors in Abeokuta’s open-air markets), who were generally impoverished, illiterate,…

Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti: …school, she helped organize the Abeokuta Ladies Club (ALC), initially a civic and charitable group of mostly Western-educated Christian women. The organization gradually became more political and feminist in its orientation, and in 1944 it formally admitted market women (women vendors in Abeokuta’s open-air markets), who were generally impoverished, illiterate,…

Hill and Range: The King’s Publishers: Jean and Julian Aberbach formed their Hill and Range publishing company in 1945, the name they chose made it clear which songwriters they were after—the country-and-western writers who had been long overlooked by the established publishers affiliated with the American Society of Composers, Authors, and…

Hill and Range: The King’s Publishers: …Austrian immigrant brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach formed their Hill and Range publishing company in 1945, the name they chose made it clear which songwriters they were after—the country-and-western writers who had been long overlooked by the established publishers affiliated with the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers (ASCAP).…

Shamva, town, northeastern Zimbabwe. It was originally called Abercorn, and its present name was derived from a Shona word meaning “to become friendly.” Located at the site of a sandstone reef that once yielded large quantities of gold, the town is overshadowed by giant mine dumps at the foot of

Abercrombie & Fitch, American clothing retailer marketing casual wear to preteens, teens, and young adults. Headquarters are in New Albany, Ohio. Abercrombie & Fitch was founded by David Abercrombie in 1892 as Abercrombie Co. A retail sporting goods concern based in New York City, it was famed for

James Abercrombie was a general in the French and Indian War who commanded British forces in their failed attack on the French in the Battle of Carillon at what was later renamed Fort Ticonderoga in New York. A lieutenant colonel of the Royal Scots early in his military career, Abercrombie was

Lascelles Abercrombie was a poet and critic who was associated with Georgian poetry. He was educated at Malvern College, Worcestershire, and Owens College, Manchester, after which he became a journalist and began to write poetry. His first book, Interludes and Poems (1908), was followed by Mary and

Sir Patrick Abercrombie was a British architect and town planner who redesigned London after it was devastated by enemy bombardment in World War II. The son of a Manchester stockbroker, Abercrombie was one of nine children; his younger brother Lascelles became a noted poet and critic. He was

Sir Patrick Abercrombie was a British architect and town planner who redesigned London after it was devastated by enemy bombardment in World War II. The son of a Manchester stockbroker, Abercrombie was one of nine children; his younger brother Lascelles became a noted poet and critic. He was

James Abercrombie was a general in the French and Indian War who commanded British forces in their failed attack on the French in the Battle of Carillon at what was later renamed Fort Ticonderoga in New York. A lieutenant colonel of the Royal Scots early in his military career, Abercrombie was

Sir Ralph Abercromby was a soldier whose command restored discipline and prestige to the British army after the disastrous campaigns in the Low Countries between 1793 and 1799. He prepared the way for the successful campaign against Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt. Entering the army in 1756, Abercromby

Aberdare, town (community), Rhondda Cynon Taff county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southern Wales. It lies on the River Cynon. The community dates from the Middle Ages. Its Saint John’s Church was built about 1189. Aberdare’s main growth in the 19th century was based on iron

Aberdare, town (community), Rhondda Cynon Taff county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southern Wales. It lies on the River Cynon. The community dates from the Middle Ages. Its Saint John’s Church was built about 1189. Aberdare’s main growth in the 19th century was based on iron

Nyeri: …serves as the gateway to Aberdare National Park. The town is linked by road and rail with Nanyuki, about 36 miles (58 km) to the northeast, and Nairobi, about 60 miles (96 km) to the southwest. There is an airfield nearby. Pop. (1999) 46,969; (2009) 63,626.

Aberdare Range, mountain range, forming a section of the eastern rim of the Great Rift Valley in west-central Kenya, northeast of Naivasha and Gilgil and just south of the Equator. The range has an average elevation of 11,000 feet (3,350 metres) and culminates in Oldoinyo Lesatima (13,120 feet

Milford Haven, port, historic and present county of Pembrokeshire (Sir Benfro), southwestern Wales. It lies on the north shore of a deep natural harbour of Milford Haven, an inlet of the Celtic Sea. For many centuries the inlet served as a landing and embarkation point on the route from

Aberdeenshire, council area and historic county of eastern Scotland. It projects shoulderlike eastward into the North Sea and encompasses coastal lowlands in the north and east and part of the Grampian Mountains in the west. The council area and the historic county occupy somewhat different areas.

Aberdeen, city, seat (1880) of Brown county, northeastern South Dakota, U.S. It lies in the James River valley about 160 miles (260 km) northeast of Pierre. Established in 1881 as a junction of several railroads, it was named for Aberdeen in Scotland by Alexander Mitchell, president of the Chicago,

Aberdeen, city, Grays Harbor county, western Washington, U.S., on the Pacific estuaries of the Chehalis, Wishkah, and Hoquiam rivers (which together form Grays Harbor). With Hoquiam and Cosmopolis, Aberdeen forms a tri-city area. Captain Robert Gray navigated the inlet in the ship Columbia on May

Aberdeen, city and historic royal burgh (town) astride the Rivers Dee and Don on Scotland’s North Sea coast. Aberdeen is a busy seaport, the British centre of the North Sea oil industry, and the commercial capital of northeastern Scotland. Aberdeen’s primary industries were once fishing, textiles,

Aberdeen, city, Harford county, northeastern Maryland, U.S., near Chesapeake Bay, 26 miles (42 km) northeast of Baltimore. Settled about 1800, it was named for the city in Scotland. Aberdeen is the principal trading centre for the nearby 113-square-mile (293-square-km) Aberdeen Proving Ground

Angus, breed of black, polled beef cattle, for many years known as Aberdeen Angus, originating in northeastern Scotland. Its ancestry is obscure, though the breed appears closely related to the curly-coated Galloway, sometimes called the oldest breed in Britain. The breed was improved and the

Alex Ferguson: …he became the manager of Aberdeen FC. Under Ferguson’s guidance, Aberdeen experienced the greatest period of success in club history, winning three Scottish Premier Division (the country’s top league) titles (1979–80, 1983–84, and 1984–85), four Scottish Cups (1982, 1983, 1984, and 1986), and a European Cup Winners’ Cup (1983). Ferguson’s…

Aberdeen: …for the nearby 113-square-mile (293-square-km) Aberdeen Proving Ground (established 1917), a U.S. Army test site for guns, ammunition, and military vehicles; one of the world’s largest collections of weapons is displayed there in the U.S. Army Ordnance Museum. There is also some light manufacturing. Inc. town, 1892; city, 1992. Pop.…

George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of Aberdeen was a British foreign secretary and prime minister (1852–55) whose government involved Great Britain in the Crimean War against Russia (1853–56). Orphaned at age 11, George Gordon (who added his deceased first wife’s family name to his own surname in

George Hamilton-Gordon, 4th earl of Aberdeen was a British foreign secretary and prime minister (1852–55) whose government involved Great Britain in the Crimean War against Russia (1853–56). Orphaned at age 11, George Gordon (who added his deceased first wife’s family name to his own surname in

John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns: …Rowett Research Institute) at the University of Aberdeen. However, the institute was not built when Boyd-Orr arrived in Aberdeen. He was given £5,000 to begin building the institute and was required to raise funds for its completion. Following a stint as a medical officer in the British army and navy…

Aberdeenshire, council area and historic county of eastern Scotland. It projects shoulderlike eastward into the North Sea and encompasses coastal lowlands in the north and east and part of the Grampian Mountains in the west. The council area and the historic county occupy somewhat different areas.

Asase Yaa, in the indigenous religion of the Akan people of the Guinea Coast, the great female spirit of the earth, second only to Nyame (the Creator) in power and reverence. The Akan regard the earth as a female spirit because of its fertility and its power to bring forth life, and they further

Aberfan disaster: …the Merthyr Vale Colliery at Aberfan, Wales, on October 21, 1966. The disaster resulted in 144 deaths, including 116 children.

Aberfan disaster, mining accident that occurred at the Merthyr Vale Colliery at Aberfan, Wales, on October 21, 1966. The disaster resulted in 144 deaths, including 116 children. Coal was long the life-blood of industry in South Wales, with whole communities dependent on the top-quality steam

Abergavenny, town (community), historic and present county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), southern Wales. It lies at the confluence of the Rivers Gavenny and Usk. The strategic nature of the site, guarding a main valley corridor between the Black Mountains and the Brecon Beacons into South Wales,

Conwy: The town of Abergele, located east of Colwyn Bay, was one of the first places in North Wales where “sea bathing” became popular. It is now a thriving market center with weekly cattle markets. The coastal resorts of Conwy, Penmaenmawr, Llanfairfechan, and Llandudno all have lengthy sand beaches.…

William Aberhart was the first Social Credit Party premier of Alberta, during and after the Great Depression. Trained as a teacher, Aberhart was a high-school principal and Protestant lay preacher in Calgary, Alta. (1910–35). Beginning in the mid-1920s he became widely known as a radio evangelist,

Brecon, cathedral town, Powys county, historic county of Brecknockshire, southern Wales. It lies on the River Usk where it is joined by the Rivers Honddu and Tarell, in the northern portion of Brecon Beacons National Park. The town grew up around a Norman castle built in 1092. The Benedictine

Ralph David Abernathy was a Black American pastor and civil rights leader who was Martin Luther King’s chief aide and closest associate during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and ’60s. The son of a successful farmer, Abernathy was ordained as a Baptist minister in 1948 and graduated with a

metalwork: England: …in existence is that of Sir John D’Abernon at Stoke d’Abernon, Surrey. Traces can still be seen in many brasses of the colors that originally enlivened them.

Yehudi Menuhin, Lord Menuhin of Stoke d’Abernon was one of the leading violin virtuosos of the 20th century. Menuhin grew up in San Francisco, where he studied violin from age four and where his performance of Felix Mendelssohn’s Violin Concerto at age seven caused a sensation. He studied in Paris

Mountain Ash, industrial town, Rhondda Cynon Taff county borough, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southern Wales. It lies on a small tributary of the River Taff, about 6 miles (10 km) north of Pontypridd. The town’s growth dates almost entirely from about 1850 with the exploitation of

aberration, in optical systems, such as lenses and curved mirrors, the deviation of light rays through lenses, causing images of objects to be blurred. In an ideal system, every point on the object will focus to a point of zero size on the image. Practically, however, each image point occupies a

constant of aberration, in astronomy, the maximum amount of the apparent yearly aberrational displacement of a star or other celestial body, resulting from Earth’s orbital motion around the Sun. The value of the constant, 20.49551″ of arc, depends on the ratio of Earth’s orbital velocity to the

lake: Basins formed by tectonism, volcanism, and landslides: Abert Lake, in Oregon, lies in the depression formed by a tilted fault block against the higher block. Indeed, many lakes in the western United States are located in depressions formed through faulting, including Lake Tahoe, in the Sierra Nevada, California. Great Salt Lake, Utah,…

Swansea, county, southwestern Wales, comprising the city of Swansea as well as the entire peninsula of Gower in the south and west, the lower valley of the River Loughor in the northwest, and the foothills of Black Mountain in the north. Gower is a rolling plateau noted for its sandy beaches and

Swansea, city, Swansea county, historic county of Glamorgan (Morgannwg), southwestern Wales. It lies along the Bristol Channel at the mouth of the River Tawe. Swansea is the second largest city in Wales (after Cardiff). In the early 12th century the Norman Henry de Newburgh built a castle there,

Cardigan, town, Ceredigion county (historic county of Cardiganshire), southwestern Wales. It lies on the River Teifi, a short distance from its mouth on Cardigan Bay. The town grew up adjacent to a 12th-century Norman castle overlooking the Teifi. An arched bridge across the river is said to date

Abertillery, town, Blaenau Gwent county borough, historic county of Monmouthshire (Sir Fynwy), southern Wales. It is located in the valley of the River Ebbw. Coal mining was its main economic interest from about 1850 until the last mines closed in the 1980s. Nantyglo, to the north, was the site of

Aberystwyth, coastal town, Ceredigion county, historic county of Cardiganshire, western Wales. It is situated where the River Rheidol flows into Cardigan Bay. Traces of extensive Iron Age earthworks have been found on the hill Pen Dinas, which overlooks the old port and town. The medieval walled

Silurian Period: Platform margins: …and fine sandstones constituting the Aberystwyth Grit Formation to a deepwater basinal setting in west-central Wales. Less commonly, Silurian shales passively accumulated in broad platform settings. The Longmaqi Formation of the Yangtze platform in South China is one such shale body, which indicates the base of the Silurian System throughout…

metabolic disease: Lipoprotein disorders: …of microsomal transfer protein causes abetalipoproteinemia, an autosomal recessive condition characterized by the virtual absence of VLDL and LDL. Triglycerides accumulate in the gastrointestinal tract and liver, and there are low blood levels of cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Persons with abetalipoproteinemia have severe fat malabsorption and develop neurological symptoms…

abettor, in law, a person who becomes equally guilty in the crime of another by knowingly and voluntarily aiding the criminal during the act itself. An abettor is one kind of accomplice (q.v.), the other being an accessory, who aids the criminal prior to or after the

oxygen therapy: Flow rate: …in the blood include the arterial blood gas (ABG) test and the pulse oximetry test. In the ABG test, blood is drawn from an artery, and blood acidity, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels are measured. In pulse oximetry, a probe, generally placed over the end of a finger, is used…

Abgar legend, in early Christian times, a popular myth that Jesus had an exchange of letters with King Abgar V Ukkama of Osroene, whose capital was Edessa, a Mesopotamian city on the northern fringe of the Syrian plateau. According to the legend, the king, afflicted with leprosy, had heard of

Osroëne: …the Roman emperor Trajan deposed Abgar VII, king of Osroëne, after quelling a Mesopotamian revolt of ad 116, and foreign princes occupied the throne. In ad 123, however, Maʿnu VII, brother of Abgar, became king under the protection of the emperor Hadrian. Thereafter the state maintained some autonomy until 216,…

minnesinger: … and a third section, or Abgesang (the terms derive from the later meistersingers); the formal ratio between Aufgesang and Abgesang is variable. The basic aab pattern was subject to much variation (see Bar form).

Abhā, city, southwestern Saudi Arabia. It is situated on a plain at the western edge of Mount al-Hijāz and is surrounded by hills. The valley of the Wadi Abhā near the city is filled with gardens, fields, and streams. The city consists of four quarters, the largest of which contains an old

River Blackwater, river in Northern Ireland, rising in the uplands near the Dungannon Fermanagh district boundaries and fed by a network of small streams northeast of a drainage divide near Fivemiletown. The river flows northeast through southern Dungannon district and then turns southeast, forming

River Blackwater, river rising in the uplands on the border of Counties Cork and Kerry, Ireland, and flowing 104 miles (167 km) to the sea at Youghal, County Cork. In its upper course the Blackwater flows between uplands and a sandstone ridge with summits above 2,200 feet (670 m). East–west lines

Johann Gottfried von Herder: Career at Bückeburg: …which outlines his metaphysics, and Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache (1772; “Essay on the Origin of Language”), which finds the origin of language in human nature. For Herder, knowledge is possible only through the medium of language. Although the individual and the world are united in feeling, they separate…

Christian Dietrich Grabbe: He is also known for Abhandlung über die Shakespearo-Manie (1827; “Essay on Shakespeare Mania”), in which he attacks Shakespeare and advocates an independent national drama. His other major works are the tragedy Herzog Theodor von Gothland (1827; “Duke Theodor of Gothland”), noted for its scenes of violence; and two plays…

Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg: …music, notably the fugue in Abhandlung von der Fuge (1753–54). These works are valuable to students of 18th-century music history, theory, and practice. Significant as well is his eventual endorsement of instrumental music after his initial disregard for it; in this, he proved emblematic of his time. His compositions include…

Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Research: …described in his only book, Chemische Abhandlung von der Luft und dem Feuer (1777; “Chemical Treatise on Air and Fire”). Scheele made his discovery independently, but simultaneously with the English clergyman and scientist Joseph Priestley. Like most chemists, they were convinced that air consists of at least two different kinds…

Kantianism: Psychological Neo-Kantianism: …Nelson and published in the Abhandlungen der Fries’schen Schule (1904 ff.; “Acts of the Friesian School”). Even this title suggests an intimate agreement with the Kantianism of Fries’s Neue Kritik der Vernunft (1807; “New Critique of Reason”), and Nelson, indeed, is regarded as the founder of the Neo-Friesian school. At…

Vaisheshika: …these six was later added abhava, nonexistence or absence. Though negative in content, the impression it makes is positive; one has a perception of an absence where one misses something. Four such absences are recognized: previous absence, as of a new product; later absence, as of a destroyed object; total…

Chandi, demon-destroying form of the Hindu goddess Shakti, particularly popular in eastern India. She is known by various names, such as Mahamaya (“Great Magic”) or Abhaya (“She Who Is Without Fear”). Her representation is similar to that of Durga, another form of Shakti. She is shown with either 8

Abhayagiri, important ancient Theravāda Buddhist monastic centre (vihāra) built by King Vaṭṭagāmaṇi Abhaya (29–17 bc) on the northern side of Anurādhapura, the capital of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) at that time. Its importance lay, in part, in the fact that religious and political power were closely

Buddhism: Theravada: The cosmopolitan Abhayagiriviharavasi maintained open relations with Mahayana and later Vajrayana monks and welcomed new ideas from India. The Mahaviharavasi—with whom the third group, the Jetavanaviharavasi, was loosely associated—established the first monastery in Sri Lanka and preserved intact the original Theravadin teachings.

Abhdisho bar Berikha was a Syrian Christian theologian and poet who was the last important representative of the Nestorian tradition, a theological school emphasizing a rational, critical interpretation of early Christian doctrine. The sect, centred in ancient Antioch, countered the speculative

abhibhvāyatana, in Buddhist philosophy, one of the preparatory stages of meditation, in which the senses are completely restrained. In Buddhist canons, abhibhvāyatana is divided into eight substages during which man comes to realize that physical forms in the external world are different from

abhibhvāyatana, in Buddhist philosophy, one of the preparatory stages of meditation, in which the senses are completely restrained. In Buddhist canons, abhibhvāyatana is divided into eight substages during which man comes to realize that physical forms in the external world are different from

Buddhism: The Pali canon (Tipitaka): …the interest in scholasticism (Pali: Abhidhamma).

Abhidhamma Pitaka, the third—and historically the latest—of the three “baskets,” or collections of texts, that together compose the Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism, the form predominant in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka (Ceylon). The other two collections are Sutta (“Discourse”; Sanskrit Sutra) and

Abhidhammattha-sangaha, a highly popular primer, or digest, of the Abhidhamma corpus (the scholastic section of the canon) of the Theravada tradition. The Abhidhammattha-sangaha was composed in India or in Myanmar (Burma), the chief centre for Abhidhamma studies. Written in Pali by the monk

Abhidhammavatara, the earliest effort at systematizing, in the form of a manual, the doctrines dealt with in the Abhidhamma (scholastic) section of the Theravada Buddhist canon. The Abhidhammavatara was written in Pali, apparently in the 5th century, by the poet and scholar Buddhadatta in the

Buddhism: The Pali canon (Tipitaka): …the interest in scholasticism (Pali: Abhidhamma).

Abhidhamma Pitaka, the third—and historically the latest—of the three “baskets,” or collections of texts, that together compose the Pali canon of Theravada Buddhism, the form predominant in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka (Ceylon). The other two collections are Sutta (“Discourse”; Sanskrit Sutra) and

Abhidharmakosha, encyclopaedic compendium of Abhidharma (scholasticism). Its author, Vasubandhu, who lived in the 4th or 5th century in the northwestern part of India, wrote the work while he was still a monk of the Sarvastivada (Doctrine That All Is Real) order, before he embraced Mahayana, on

Abhidharmakosha, encyclopaedic compendium of Abhidharma (scholasticism). Its author, Vasubandhu, who lived in the 4th or 5th century in the northwestern part of India, wrote the work while he was still a monk of the Sarvastivada (Doctrine That All Is Real) order, before he embraced Mahayana, on

abhijna, in Buddhist philosophy, miraculous power obtained especially through meditation and wisdom. Usually five kinds of abhijna are enumerated: the ability (1) to travel any distance or take on any form at will, (2) to see everything, (3) to hear everything, (4) to know another’s thoughts, and

Abhijnanashakuntala, drama by Kalidasa composed about the 5th century ce that is generally considered to be the greatest Indian literary work of any period. Taken from legend, the work tells of the seduction of the nymph Shakuntala by King Dushyanta, his rejection of the girl and his child, and

bhūmi: …sudurjayā (“hard to conquer”), (6) abhimukhī (“turning toward” both transmigration and nirvana), (7) dūraṅgamā (“far-going”), (8) acalā (“immovable”), (9) sādhumatī (“good-minded”), and (10) dharmameghā (showered with “clouds of dharma,” or universal truth).