Ernst Abbe: …optical formula now called the Abbe sine condition, one of the requirements that a lens must satisfy if it is to form a sharp image, free from the blurring or distortion caused by coma and spherical aberration. As head of the Zeiss company, he reorganized the company and created many…

Cleveland Abbe was an American astronomer and meteorologist who assisted in the development and growth of the United States Weather Bureau, later renamed the National Weather Service. Trained as an astronomer, he was appointed director of the Cincinnati (Ohio) Observatory in 1868. His interest

Ernst Abbe was a physicist whose theoretical and technical innovations in optical theory led to great improvements in microscope design (such as the use of a condenser to provide strong, even illumination, introduced in 1870) and clearer understanding of magnification limits. In 1873 he discovered

abbess, the title of a superior of certain communities of nuns following the Benedictine Rule, of convents of the Second Order of St. Francis (Poor Clares), and of certain communities of canonesses. The first historical record of the name is on a Roman inscription dated c. 514. To be elected, an

Abbeville, city, seat (1854) of Vermilion parish, southern Louisiana, U.S., on the Vermilion River, 20 miles (32 km) south-southwest of Lafayette. It was founded in 1843 by a Capuchin missionary, Père Antoine Desire Mégret, who patterned it on a French Provençal village. First called La Chapelle

Abbeville, city, seat of Abbeville county, northwestern South Carolina, U.S. French Huguenots in 1764 settled the site, which was named for Abbeville, France, by John de la Howe. The city is regarded by some as the “Cradle and the Grave of the Confederacy”; it was there that a secessionist meeting

Abbeville, town, Somme département, Hauts-de-France région, northern France, near the mouth of the canalized Somme, northwest of Amiens. Stone Age artifacts unearthed by Jacques Boucher de Crèvecoeur de Perthes in 1844 attesting to early occupation of the site are displayed at the Musée

Abbeville, county, northwestern South Carolina, U.S. It lies in a hilly piedmont region bounded to the southwest by the state’s Richard B. Russell Lake border with Georgia; the Saluda River forms the county’s northeastern border. Calhoun Falls State Park is on the lake, which is formed by the

Abbevillian industry, prehistoric stone tool tradition generally considered to represent the oldest occurrence in Europe of a bifacial (hand ax) technology. The Abbevillian industry dates from an imprecisely determined part of the Pleistocene Epoch, somewhat less than 700,000 years ago. It was

abbey, group of buildings housing a monastery or convent, centred on an abbey church or cathedral, and under the direction of an abbot or abbess. In this sense, an abbey consists of a complex of buildings serving the needs of a self-contained religious community. The term abbey is also used loosely

the Beatles: Apple and Abbey Road: The following year Abbey Road went on to become one of the band’s best-loved and biggest-selling albums.

the Beatles: Legacy: … was soliciting buyers for its Abbey Road Studios, where the Beatles made the great majority of their recordings, the British Department for Culture, Media, and Sport declared the recording complex a historic landmark. EMI subsequently announced that it would retain ownership of the iconic studio while seeking outside investment to…

Abbey Theatre, Dublin theatre, established in 1904. It grew out of the Irish Literary Theatre (founded in 1899 by William Butler Yeats and Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory, and devoted to fostering Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G.

Edward Abbey was an American writer whose works, set primarily in the southwestern United States, reflect an uncompromising environmentalist philosophy. The son of a Pennsylvania farmer, Abbey earned a B.A. (1951) and an M.A. (1956) at the University of New Mexico. He subsequently worked as a park

Edwin Austin Abbey was an American painter and one of the foremost illustrators of his day. While working as an illustrator for the publishing house of Harper and Brothers, New York City, Abbey began to create illustrations for the poems of Robert Herrick in 1874. He went on to create illustrations

aṅgā: Abbhutadhamma, or adbhutadharma (“wondrous phenomena”), stories of miracles and supernatural events. Vedalla (perhaps meaning “subtle analysis”), teachings in catechetical form, according to the Pāli system. The Sanskrit tradition places here, as vaipulya, a number of important Mahāyāna works, including the Lotus Sūtra, Aṣṭasāhasrikā-prajñāpāramitā, and

Aimoin: …the biography of the abbot Abbo (d. 1004), who suggested that Aimoin compose a history of the Franks. His Historia Francorum, or Libri IV de gestis Francorum, was compiled from texts from the Merovingian period that were rewritten by Aimoin in better Latin. Later, 12th-century historians expanded and refined his…

abbot, the superior of a monastic community that follows the Benedictine Rule (Benedictines, Cistercians, Camaldolese, Trappists) and of certain other orders (Premonstratensians, canons regular of the Lateran). The word derives from the Aramaic ab (“father”), or aba (“my father”), which in the

Charles Greeley Abbot was an American astrophysicist who, as director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Washington, D.C., for almost four decades, engaged in a career-long campaign to demonstrate that the Sun’s energy output varies and has a measurable effect on the Earth’s weather.

biblical literature: The Christian canon: In 1615 Archbishop George Abbot forbade the issuance of Bibles without the Apocrypha, but editions of the King James Version from 1630 on often omitted it from the bound copies. The Geneva Bible edition of 1640 was probably the first to be intentionally printed in England without the…

Earth sciences: Surface water discharge: …of Andrew Atkinson Humphreys and Henry Larcom Abbot in the course of the Mississippi Delta Survey of 1851–60. Their formula contained no term for roughness of channel and on this and other grounds was later found to be inapplicable to the rapidly flowing streams of mountainous regions. In 1869 Emile-Oscar…

Abbotsford, former home of the 19th-century novelist Sir Walter Scott, situated on the right bank of the River Tweed, Scottish Borders council area, historic county of Roxburghshire, Scotland. Scott purchased the original farm, then known as Carley Hole, in 1811 and transformed it (1817–25) into a

Abbott and Costello, American comedic duo who performed onstage, in films, and on radio and television. Bud Abbott (original name William Alexander Abbott; b. October 2, 1895, Asbury Park, New Jersey, U.S.—d. April 24, 1974, Woodland Hills, California) and Lou Costello (original name Louis Francis

Abbott and Costello: Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948)—in which they battled the famous Universal characters of Frankenstein’s monster, Dracula, and the Wolfman—is generally regarded as their best film.

Keystone Kops: …about the silent era; and Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops (1955).

Quinta Brunson: Abbott Elementary: Brunson next created Abbott Elementary, which premiered in 2021 and was largely inspired by her mother’s 40-year teaching career. In the style of hit American sitcoms The Office and Parks and Recreation, Abbott Elementary is a workplace mockumentary; it follows a group of…

Anderson Abbott was a doctor and surgeon who was the first Canadian-born person of colour to graduate from medical school. He served in the Union army as a civilian surgeon during the American Civil War. Abbott was born to an affluent family. His parents, Wilson Abbott and Ellen Toyer, both free

Anderson Abbott was a doctor and surgeon who was the first Canadian-born person of colour to graduate from medical school. He served in the Union army as a civilian surgeon during the American Civil War. Abbott was born to an affluent family. His parents, Wilson Abbott and Ellen Toyer, both free

Tony Abbott is an Australian politician who served as a member of the Australian House of Representatives (1994–2019), leader of the Liberal Party of Australia (2009–15), and prime minister of Australia (2013–15). Abbott attended the University of Sydney, where he earned a B.A. in economics (1979)

Berenice Abbott was a photographer best known for her photographic documentation of New York City in the late 1930s and for her preservation of the works of Eugène Atget. Abbott studied briefly at the Ohio State University before moving in 1918 to New York City, where she explored sculpture and

Abbott and Costello: Abbott was born into a circus family, and he managed burlesque houses before he met Costello. He spent much time backstage studying the top American comics of the day, including W.C. Fields, Bert Lahr, and the comedy team of Bobby Clark and Paul McCullough. In…

Diane Abbott is a British politician who was the first woman of African descent elected (1987) to the House of Commons. Abbott’s parents, originally from Jamaica, immigrated to the United Kingdom in the early 1950s. She was educated at Harrow County Grammar School for Girls and received a degree in

Diane Abbott is a British politician who was the first woman of African descent elected (1987) to the House of Commons. Abbott’s parents, originally from Jamaica, immigrated to the United Kingdom in the early 1950s. She was educated at Harrow County Grammar School for Girls and received a degree in

Edith Abbott was an American social worker, educator, and author who was instrumental in promoting the professional practice and academic discipline of social work in the United States. Edith Abbott was the older sister of Grace Abbott, who would serve as chief of the United States Children’s

George Abbott was an American theatrical director, producer, playwright, actor, and motion-picture director who staged some of the most popular Broadway productions from the 1920s to the ’60s. After graduating from the University of Rochester, N.Y., in 1911, Abbott began acting on Broadway in 1913.

George Abbott was an American theatrical director, producer, playwright, actor, and motion-picture director who staged some of the most popular Broadway productions from the 1920s to the ’60s. After graduating from the University of Rochester, N.Y., in 1911, Abbott began acting on Broadway in 1913.

Grace Abbott was an American social worker, public administrator, educator, and reformer who was important in the field of child-labour legislation. Abbott wrote articles on this subject, as well as on maternity and on juvenile employment, for the Encyclopædia Britannica (see Law Relating to

Greg Abbott is an American Republican politician who serves as governor of Texas (2015– ). He previously was the state’s attorney general (2002–15). A prominent figure in conservative politics, he notably opposes abortion and supports lenient gun laws and tough immigration policies. Abbott is the

Greg Abbott is an American Republican politician who serves as governor of Texas (2015– ). He previously was the state’s attorney general (2002–15). A prominent figure in conservative politics, he notably opposes abortion and supports lenient gun laws and tough immigration policies. Abbott is the

Jacob Abbott was an American teacher and writer, best known for his many books for young readers. Abbott attended Hallowell Academy and Bowdoin College and studied at Andover Newton Theological School. After teaching at Amherst College, he moved in 1829 to Boston, where he founded and was the first

Lyman Abbott was an American Congregationalist minister and a leading exponent of the Social Gospel movement. Abbott left law practice to study theology and was ordained in 1860. After serving in two pastorates, he became associate editor of Harper’s Magazine and in 1870 editor of the Illustrated

Margaret Abbott: A Study Break: A wealthy young socialite, Margaret (“Peggy”) Abbott spent the years 1899 to 1902 living in Paris with her mother, the novelist Mary Abbott. There the younger Abbott studied art, took in the sights, and enjoyed high-society life.

Margaret Abbott: A Study Break: A wealthy young socialite, Margaret (“Peggy”) Abbott spent the years 1899 to 1902 living in Paris with her mother, the novelist Mary Abbott. There the younger Abbott studied art, took in the sights, and enjoyed high-society life.

eleusis: Robert Abbott and first described in Martin Gardner’s “Mathematical Games” column in Scientific American (July 1959). A more-refined version appeared in Abbott’s New Card Games (1967), with a further extension privately published in 1977.

Robert Sengstacke Abbott was an American newspaper editor and publisher who founded the Chicago Defender, the most influential Black American newspaper during the early and mid-20th century. Through the Defender, Abbott helped catalyze the Great Migration, promoted civil rights, fought back against

Robert Sengstacke Abbott was an American newspaper editor and publisher who founded the Chicago Defender, the most influential Black American newspaper during the early and mid-20th century. Through the Defender, Abbott helped catalyze the Great Migration, promoted civil rights, fought back against

quiz: A history of quizzing: …Canadian journalists Chris Haney and Scott Abbott went to Spain, taking a set of reference books and enough money for beer, with the idea that quizzing could become something people would not only do for money but also pay money to do. They created the board game Trivial Pursuit, which…

Sir John Abbott was a lawyer, statesman, and prime minister of Canada from 1891 to 1892. Educated at McGill University, Montreal, Abbott became a lawyer in 1847 and was made queen’s counsel in 1862. He served as dean of the McGill faculty of law from 1855 to 1880. He was elected to the Legislative

Sir John Abbott was a lawyer, statesman, and prime minister of Canada from 1891 to 1892. Educated at McGill University, Montreal, Abbott became a lawyer in 1847 and was made queen’s counsel in 1862. He served as dean of the McGill faculty of law from 1855 to 1880. He was elected to the Legislative

Tony Abbott is an Australian politician who served as a member of the Australian House of Representatives (1994–2019), leader of the Liberal Party of Australia (2009–15), and prime minister of Australia (2013–15). Abbott attended the University of Sydney, where he earned a B.A. in economics (1979)

Abbott and Costello: Abbott was born into a circus family, and he managed burlesque houses before he met Costello. He spent much time backstage studying the top American comics of the day, including W.C. Fields, Bert Lahr, and the comedy team of Bobby Clark and Paul McCullough. In…

Abbottabad, city, east-central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Pakistan. It is situated 38 miles (61 km) northeast of Rawalpindi. A hill station (4,120 feet [1,256 metres]), it lies on a plateau at the southern corner of the Rash (Orash) Plain and is the gateway to the picturesque Kagan Valley. It is

abbreviation, in communications (especially written), the process or result of representing a word or group of words by a shorter form of the word or phrase. Abbreviations take many forms and can be found in ancient Greek inscriptions, in medieval manuscripts (e.g., “DN” for “Dominus Noster”), and

Sudan: Coups and conflict with the south: Ibrāhīm ʿAbbūd, carried out a bloodless coup d’état, dissolving all political parties, prohibiting assemblies, and temporarily suspending newspapers. A Supreme Council of the Armed Forces, consisting of 12 senior officers, was set up, and army rule brought rapid economic improvements. The ʿAbbūd government at once…

Abby Hadassah Smith and Julia Evelina Smith: …an account of the events, Abby Smith and Her Cows, with a Report of the Law Case Decided Contrary to Law.

American Broadcasting Company (ABC), major American television network that is a division of the Disney Company. Its headquarters are in New York City. The company’s history traces to 1926, when the Radio Corporation of America (now RCA Corporation) and two other firms founded the National

America’s Best Comics (ABC), American comic book imprint launched in 1999 by comic creator Alan Moore. An imprint of WildStorm, an independent publisher founded by artist Jim Lee, America’s Best Comics (ABC) was intended to provide Moore with a creative avenue that was separate from mainstream

Lesotho: Challenges in the 21st century: …Thabane, leaving to form the All Basotho Convention (ABC); many other LCD ministers followed Thabane to the ABC. Nevertheless, the LCD managed to maintain control of the parliament after early elections were called in February 2007. Although the elections were generally viewed as free and fair by international observers, the…

Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC), an early digital computer. It was generally believed that the first electronic digital computers were the Colossus, built in England in 1943, and the ENIAC, built in the United States in 1945. However, the first special-purpose electronic computer may actually have

bowling: Organization and tournaments: 9, 1895, the American Bowling Congress (ABC) was organized in New York City. Rules and equipment standards were developed, and the game as it finally was organized remained basically unchanged as the sport grew steadily. An early technological development that helped the sport’s progress was the introduction of…

ABC, tabloid daily newspaper published in Madrid and long regarded as one of Spain’s leading papers. It was founded as a weekly in 1903 by journalist Torcuato Luca de Tena y Alvarez-Ossorio, who later (1929) was made the marqués de Luca de Tena by King Alfonso XIII in recognition of his

Abbas Kiarostami: ABC Africa (2001) is a documentary about Ugandan orphans whose parents died of AIDS or were killed in the civil war, and it was the first of several features Kiarostami shot entirely by using digital video. With Dah (2002; Ten) Kiarostami took advantage of the…

Minimalism, chiefly American movement in the visual arts and music originating in New York City in the late 1960s and characterized by extreme simplicity of form and a literal, objective approach. Minimal art, also called ABC art, is the culmination of reductionist tendencies in modern art that

chess: Women in chess: …book written by a woman, The ABC of Chess, by “A Lady” (H.I. Cooke), appeared in England in 1860 and went into 10 editions. The first women’s tournament was sponsored in 1884 by the Sussex Chess Association.

Television in the United States: The development of sports programming: ABC’s Wide World of Sports (begun 1961), called by one TV historian an “athletic anthology,” used personal profiles of athletes and instructional commentary to generate interest from diverse audiences in often obscure sporting events. ABC’s coverage of the Olympic Games during the 1960s and ’70s…

macular degeneration: Other forms of macular degeneration: …mutations in a gene called ABCA4 (ATP-binding cassette, subfamily A, member 4). Stargardt-like macular dystrophy differs from Stargardt macular dystrophy in that it is caused by mutations in a gene called ELOVL4 (elongation of very-long-chain fatty acids-like 4). Malattia Leventinese (Doyne honeycomb) retinal dystrophy, which is characterized by a honeycomb-like…

Raoul Hausmann: …created his final photomontage, titled ABCD: his face appears at the centre of the image with the letters ABCD clenched in his teeth, and an announcement for one of his poetry performances is collaged right below his chin.

melanoma: Causes and symptoms: …self-assessment of moles, using the ABCD system. ABCD stands for asymmetry, border, colour, and diameter. Moles that are asymmetrical, have irregular borders (edges) or colour, or are greater than 5–6 mm (about 1 4 inch) in diameter are suspect. Any mole that changes in size, shape, or colour should be…

American Birth Control League (ABCL), organization that advocated for the legalization of contraception in the United States and promoted women’s reproductive rights and health from its creation in 1921 by Margaret Sanger, the founder of the American birth control movement. The first such

India: From Banda Singh Bahadur to Ranjit Singh: First ʿAbd al-Ṣamad Khan and then his son Ẓakariyyā Khan attempted the twin tracks of conciliation and coercion, but all to little avail. After the latter’s demise in 1745, the balance shifted still further in favor of the Sikh warrior-leaders, such as Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, later…

Abd al-Aziz was the sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908, whose reign was marked by an unsuccessful attempt to introduce European administrative methods in an atmosphere of increasing foreign influence. Abd al-Aziz was proclaimed sultan upon the death of his father, Hassan I, but did not begin

Valencia: …came to be ruled by ʿAbd al-Aziz al-Mansūr (reigned 1021–61), grandson of the famous Cordoban caliph of that name. Stabilized by the protection of the caliphs of Córdoba and by friendship with Christian princes, his reign marked a period of peace and prosperity. However, his successor, a minor, ʿAbd al-Malik…

Abd al-Aziz was the sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908, whose reign was marked by an unsuccessful attempt to introduce European administrative methods in an atmosphere of increasing foreign influence. Abd al-Aziz was proclaimed sultan upon the death of his father, Hassan I, but did not begin

Bahāʾī Faith: History: …he appointed his eldest son, ʿAbd al-Bahāʾ (1844–1921), to be the leader of the Bahāʾi community and the authorized interpreter of his teachings. ʿAbd al-Bahāʾ actively administered the movement’s affairs and spread the faith to North America, Europe, and other continents. He appointed his eldest grandson, Shoghi Effendi Rabbānī (1897–1957),…

ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī was a Syrian mystic prose and verse writer on the cultural and religious thought of his time. Orphaned at an early age, ʿAbd al-Ghanī joined the Islamic mystical orders of the Qādiriyyah and the Naqshbandiyyah. He then spent seven years in isolation in his house, studying

ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī was a Syrian mystic prose and verse writer on the cultural and religious thought of his time. Orphaned at an early age, ʿAbd al-Ghanī joined the Islamic mystical orders of the Qādiriyyah and the Naqshbandiyyah. He then spent seven years in isolation in his house, studying

Abd al-Hafid was the sultan of Morocco (1908–12), the brother of Sultan Abd al-Aziz, against whom he revolted beginning in 1907. Appointed caliph of Marrakech by Abd al-Aziz, Abd al-Hafid had no difficulty there in rousing the Muslim community against his brother’s Western ways. With Marrakech his,

Abd al-Hafid was the sultan of Morocco (1908–12), the brother of Sultan Abd al-Aziz, against whom he revolted beginning in 1907. Appointed caliph of Marrakech by Abd al-Aziz, Abd al-Hafid had no difficulty there in rousing the Muslim community against his brother’s Western ways. With Marrakech his,

Jelālī Revolts: In 1598 a sekban leader, Karayazici Abdülhalim (ʿAbd al-Ḥalīm), united the dissatisfied groups in Anatolia, forcing the towns to pay tribute and dominating the Sivas and Dulkadir provinces in central Anatolia. When Ottoman forces were sent against them the Jelālīs withdrew to Urfa in southeastern Anatolia, making it the centre…

Arabic literature: The concept of adab: …epistle composition are associated with ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd, known as al-Kātib (“The Secretary”), who in the 8th century composed a work for the son of one of the Umayyad caliphs on the proper conduct of rulers.

ʿAbd al-Ilāh was the regent of Iraq (1939–53) and crown prince to 1958. Son of the Hāshimite king ʿAlī ibn Ḥusayn of the Hejaz (northwestern Arabia), who was driven from Arabia by Ibn Saʿūd, ʿAbd al-Ilāh accompanied his father to Iraq in 1925. Upon King Ghāzī’s death in 1939, he was appointed

Jalīlī Family: …founder of the Jalīlī line, ʿAbd al-Jalīl, was a Christian slave, his son Ismāʿīl distinguished himself as a Muslim public official and became wālī (governor) of Mosul in 1726. Ḥajj Ḥusayn Pasha, who succeeded his father in 1730, became the central figure of the dynasty by successfully repulsing a siege…

Spain: Granada: …however, are the verses of ʿAbd al-Karīm al-Qaysī (c. 1485), an esteemed member of Granada’s middle class, who eschewed classic themes and wrote of such mundane phenomena as the increase in the cost of living or the decline of Granada and its continuous territorial losses.

al-Jīlī was a mystic whose doctrines of the “perfect man” became popular throughout the Islamic world. Little is known about al-Jīlī’s personal life. Possibly after a visit to India in 1387, he studied in Yemen during 1393–1403. Of his more than 30 works, the most famous is Al-Insān al-kāmil fi

ʿAbd al-Kūrī, island in the Indian Ocean, about 65 miles (105 km) southwest of Socotra. Although the island belongs to Yemen (the mainland of which is situated more than 200 miles [320 km] to the north), geographically the island is closer to the Horn of Africa—it is about 70 miles (110 km)

Ulūgh Beg: …the instigation of his son, ʿAbd al-Laṭīf.

Battle of the Three Kings: …the Saʿdī sultan of Morocco, ʿAbd al-Malik.

Jahwarid dynasty: When ʿAbd al-Malik, al-Rashīd’s jealous son, assassinated the vizier in 1058, his father rewarded him with virtually caliphal standing and authority in the state. Extremely unpopular, ʿAbd al-Malik and his father were handed over to the ʿAbbādids by the Cordobans themselves when the Abbādids took the…

Valencia: However, his successor, a minor, ʿAbd al-Malik (reigned 1061–65), was attacked by Ferdinand I of Castile and Leon, who missed capturing Valencia but inflicted such a defeat on its defenders that they sought protection from al-Maʾmun, the ruler of Toledo. Al-Maʾmun deposed the minor, and for the next 10 years…

ʿAbd al-Malik was the fifth caliph (685–705 ce) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration. ʿAbd al-Malik spent the first half of his life with his father,

ʿAbd al-Malik was the fifth caliph (685–705 ce) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration. ʿAbd al-Malik spent the first half of his life with his father,

ʿAbd al-Muʾmin was a Berber caliph of the Almohad dynasty (reigned 1130–63), who conquered the North African Maghrib from the Almoravids and brought all the Berbers under one rule. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin came from a humble family: his father had been a potter. He seems to have been well instructed in the

ʿAbd al-Muʾmin was a Berber caliph of the Almohad dynasty (reigned 1130–63), who conquered the North African Maghrib from the Almoravids and brought all the Berbers under one rule. ʿAbd al-Muʾmin came from a humble family: his father had been a potter. He seems to have been well instructed in the

ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī was the traditional founder of the Qādirīyah order of the mystical Ṣūfī branch of Islām. He studied Islāmic law in Baghdad and was introduced to Ṣūfism rather late in life, first appearing as a preacher in 1127. His great reputation as a preacher and teacher attracted

Abdelkader was the amīr of Mascara (from 1832), the military and religious leader who founded the Algerian state and led the Algerians in their 19th-century struggle against French domination (1840–46). His physical handsomeness and the qualities of his mind had made Abdelkader popular even before

Saudi Arabia: The Rashīdīs: …leaving to his youngest brother, Abdulrahman, the almost hopeless task of reviving the dynasty.

Battle of Tours: The clash near Poitiers: That same year, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ghafiqi, the Muslim governor of Córdoba, launched a punitive expedition against Munusa. During that campaign, Munusa either was slain or committed suicide.

Suhrawardīyah: …of the 18th century, when ʿAbd ar-Raḥmān al-Ghushtulī, the founder, made himself the centre of Khalwatī devotion.

Al-Fāshir: …the late 18th century Sultan ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Rashed of the Fur Sultanate of Darfur established his capital at Al-Fāshir, and the town grew up around the sultan’s palace. Pop. (2008) 217,827.

ʿAbd al-Raḥmān I was a member of the Umayyad ruling family of Syria who founded an Umayyad dynasty in Spain. When the ʿAbbāsids overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in 750 ce and sought to kill as many members of the Umayyad family as possible, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān fled, eventually reaching Spain. The Iberian