ad watch, a term used to describe efforts by the media to report on and evaluate the veracity of political advertising. Although the media have long described advertising during political campaigns, Washington Post columnist David Broder is often credited with having shaped the rise of modern-day

Dinder River, tributary of the Blue Nile, rising in the Ethiopian highlands west of Lake Tana. It flows northwest past Dongur, descends into the Sudanese plain, and runs in numerous meanders to join the Blue Nile below Sannār, Sudan. The river, 300 miles (480 km) long, is navigable for the lower

Anatolia: Caria, Lycia, and Cilicia in the Achaemenian period: … (351–344), his wife and successor, Ada (344–341), and Pixodarus, the youngest son (341–334).

Riyadh: Government: …by its executive branch, the Arriyadh Development Authority (ADA). The ADA, which is responsible for the socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental development of the city, devises plans and procedures to improve the standard of services and facilities provided for city residents. The ADA does not rely upon the national budget for…

Ada, city, seat (1907) of Pontotoc county, south-central Oklahoma, U.S. It lies along Clear Boggy Creek, south of the Canadian River, and was named for the daughter of the first postmaster, William J. Reed, who built a log store there in 1889. The railroad arrived in 1900, and the city developed as

computer programming language: Ada: Ada was named for Augusta Ada King, countess of Lovelace, who was an assistant to the 19th-century English inventor Charles Babbage, and is sometimes called the first computer programmer. Ada, the language, was developed in the early 1980s for the U.S. Department of Defense…

science fiction: Alternate histories and parallel universes: …Vladimir Nabokov’s involved and elegant Ada (1969). Alternate histories tend to cluster around particularly dramatic and colorful junctures of history, with World War II and the American Civil War as particular favorites. Some ventured farther out, postulating a global Roman Empire or a world in which dinosaurs avoided extinction.

Americans for Democratic Action (ADA), a liberal independent political organization in the United States. It was formed in 1947 by a group of labour leaders, civic and political leaders, and academics who were liberal in their views on national affairs, internationalist in world outlook, and

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), U.S. legislation that provided civil rights protections to individuals with physical and mental disabilities and guaranteed them equal opportunity in public accommodations, employment, transportation, state and local government services, and

Daniel Mann: Mann reteamed with Hayward on Ada (1961), in which the actress played a former prostitute who marries a state governor (Dean Martin) and helps him fend off political rivals. The film was largely ignored, as was the melodrama Five Finger Exercise (1962), a flawed adaptation of the hit play by…

American Dental Association (ADA), association of American dentists formed in 1859 in Niagara Falls, New York, and headquartered in Chicago. Its mission is promoting good dental health. Governance of the organization is provided through the House of Delegates, which is managed by the Board of

metabolic disease: Purine and pyrimidine disorders: Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency results in the accumulation of 2′-deoxyadenosine in the circulating white blood cells (lymphocytes). This, in turn, causes a decreased number of lymphocytes and a drastically increased susceptibility to infection (severe combined immunodeficiency, SCID). Bone marrow transplantation may be curative, and gene…

Ada group, ivory carvings and a group of about 10 illuminated manuscripts, dating from the last quarter of the 8th century, the earliest examples of the art of the Court School of Charlemagne. The group is named after a Gospel book (c. 750; Trier, Cathedral Treasury) commissioned by Ada, supposed

Ada Lovelace was the daughter of the noted poet Lord Byron and Annabella Milbanke Byron. Their marriage lasted little more than a year, and Ada never met her father. To counteract the "dangerous" mental tendencies of Ada’s father, Annabella emphasized music, French, and mathematics in her

science fiction: Alternate histories and parallel universes: …Vladimir Nabokov’s involved and elegant Ada (1969). Alternate histories tend to cluster around particularly dramatic and colorful junctures of history, with World War II and the American Civil War as particular favorites. Some ventured farther out, postulating a global Roman Empire or a world in which dinosaurs avoided extinction.

Americans with Disabilities Act: The ADA Amendments Act (ADAAA), which clarified and expanded several measures of the original law, was signed into law by Pres. George W. Bush in 2008 and went into effect at the beginning of 2009. The act rejected certain Supreme Court decisions that had altered the…

Adab, ancient Sumerian city located south of Nippur (modern Niffer or Nuffar), Iraq. Excavations (1903–04) carried out by the American archaeologist Edgar James Banks revealed buildings dating from as early as the prehistoric period and as late as the reign of Ur-Nammu (reigned 2112–2095 bce). Adab

adab, term used in the modern Arab world to signify “literature.” Adab evolved from its earliest meaning to became a literary genre distinguished by its broad humanitarian concerns; it developed during the brilliant height of Abbasid culture in the 9th century and continued through the Middle Ages

Iltutmish: …art of government; and the Ādāb al-muluk (“Conduct of the Kings”), the first Indo-Muslim classic on the art of government and warfare, was written for him. He was tolerant of the Hindus despite the urgings of his advisers, and he built up the waterworks, mosques, and amenities at Delhi to…

Arabic literature: The 20th century and beyond: …constant of Arabic literary criticism; Al-Ādāb, one of the most prominent literary journals founded in the Arabic-speaking region in the latter half of the 20th century, was established by the Lebanese writer Suhayl Idrīs specifically to forward such an approach. Beginning in the 1950s, a great deal of committed literature…

Japan: Decline of Kamakura society: The Adachi family was forced into revolt and defeated by the Hōjō in 1285, along with other warrior houses accused of plotting with them. Subsequently, the main Hōjō house turned increasingly inward and autocratic, further alienating other vassal houses. When the Andō family raised a revolt…

Adad, weather god of the Babylonian and Assyrian pantheon. The name Adad may have been brought into Mesopotamia toward the end of the 3rd millennium bc by Western (Amorite) Semites. His Sumerian equivalent was Ishkur and the West Semitic was Hadad. Adad had a twofold aspect, being both the giver

Ben-hadad I was the king of Damascus who led a coalition against the invading forces of the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III, repulsing them at Karkar in 853. In a battle with him, King Ahab of Israel was killed (I Kings 22:29–36). Ben-hadad was murdered by the usurper

history of Mesopotamia: The rise of Assyria: …greater successes were achieved by Adad-nirari I (c. 1295–c. 1264). Defeating the Kassite king Nazimaruttash, he forced him to retreat. After that he defeated the kings of Mitanni, first Shattuara I, then Wasashatta. This enabled him for a time to incorporate all Mesopotamia into his empire as a province, although…

history of Mesopotamia: Assyria and Babylonia until Ashurnasirpal II: Adad-nirari II (c. 911–891) left detailed accounts of his wars and his efforts to improve agriculture. He led six campaigns against Aramaean intruders from northern Arabia. In two campaigns against Babylonia he forced Shamash-mudammiq (c. 930–904) to surrender extensive territories. Shamash-mudammiq was murdered, and a…

Jordan: Biblical associations: …were the Assyrians, who under Adadnirari III (811/810–783 bce) overran the eastern part of the country as far as Edom. Revolts against Assyrian rule occurred in the 760s and 750s, but the country was retaken in 734–733 by Tiglath-pileser III (reigned 745–727 bce), who then devastated Israel, sent its people…

history of Mesopotamia: The Kassites in Babylonia: …the time of the kings Adad-shum-uṣur (c. 1216–c. 1187) and Melishipak (c. 1186–c. 1172) was Babylon able to experience a period of prosperity and peace. Their successors were again forced to fight, facing the conqueror King Shutruk-Nahhunte of Elam (c. 1185–c. 1155). Cruel and fierce, the Elamites finally destroyed the…

Adae, an important festival of the Akan people of western Africa that involves the invocation, propitiation, and veneration of ancestral spirits. Those are special days on which the ahene (traditional rulers; singular ohene) enter the nkonuafieso (stool house), the resting place for the spirits of

adage, a saying, often in metaphoric form, that embodies a common observation, such as "If the shoe fits, wear it,’’ "Out of the frying pan, into the fire,’’ or "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.’’ The scholar Erasmus published a well-known collection of adages as

Erasmus: The wandering scholar: …Aldine press Erasmus expanded his Adagia, or annotated collection of Greek and Latin adages, into a monument of erudition with over 3,000 entries; this was the book that first made him famous. The adage “Dutch ear” (auris Batava) is one of many hints that he was not an uncritical admirer…

Adagio for Strings, orchestra arrangement of the second movement of American composer Samuel Barber’s String Quartet (1936). It premiered on November 5, 1938. It has long been associated in the United States with national periods of mourning, having been performed at the funerals of U.S. presidents

percussion instrument: Idiophones: …for it, as was his Adagio für Harmonika K 356, both performed in 1791. Efforts to combine it with a keyboard enjoyed only a passing vogue. Among the last to write for it was the French composer Hector Berlioz in his 1830 orchestral fantasia on Shakespeare’s The Tempest; a decade…

Adagio in G Minor, composition attributed to Tomaso Albinoni. Widely familiar through its frequent use in film scores, the work is slow of pace, solemn of mood, and frequently transcribed for various combinations of instruments. It often appears on recordings of various short Baroque classics, and

percussion instrument: Idiophones: Mozart’s Adagio und Rondo K 617 was written for it, as was his Adagio für Harmonika K 356, both performed in 1791. Efforts to combine it with a keyboard enjoyed only a passing vogue. Among the last to write for it was the French composer Hector…

ʿādah, (Arabic: “custom”), in Islāmic law, a local custom that is given a particular consideration by judicial authorities even when it conflicts with some principle of canon law (Sharīʿah); in Indonesia it is known as adat, in North Africa it is ʿurf, and in East Africa, dustūr. Muslim communities

Buchi Emecheta: …included in the single volume Adah’s Story (1983). Those books introduce Emecheta’s three major themes: the quests for equal treatment, self-confidence, and dignity as a woman. Somewhat different in style is Emecheta’s novel Gwendolen (1989; also published as The Family), which addresses the issues of immigrant life in Great Britain,…

Adae, an important festival of the Akan people of western Africa that involves the invocation, propitiation, and veneration of ancestral spirits. Those are special days on which the ahene (traditional rulers; singular ohene) enter the nkonuafieso (stool house), the resting place for the spirits of

Adair v. United States, case in which on Jan. 27, 1908, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld “yellow dog” contracts forbidding workers to join labour unions. William Adair of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for belonging to a labour union, an action in direct violation of the

John Adair was a Scottish surveyor and cartographer whose maps established a standard of excellence for his time and probably inspired the early 18th-century surveys of Scotland. Between 1680 and 1686 he completed maps of the counties adjoining the River Forth as well as charts of the Firth of

Adair v. United States: William Adair of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for belonging to a labour union, an action in direct violation of the Erdman Act of 1898, which prohibited railroads engaged in interstate commerce from requiring workers to refrain from union membership as a…

Aleutian Islands: History: Adak (formerly Adak Station) was the site of a naval station (1942–97), its military installations used as a base for mounting the Attu campaign in May 1943. Before the closure of the naval station, Adak was once Alaska’s sixth largest city, with some 6,000 people.…

Aleutian Islands: History: Adak (formerly Adak Station) was the site of a naval station (1942–97), its military installations used as a base for mounting the Attu campaign in May 1943. Before the closure of the naval station, Adak was once Alaska’s sixth largest city, with some 6,000 people.…

Afar, a people of the Horn of Africa who speak Afar (also known as ’Afar Af), a language of the Eastern Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. They live in northeastern Ethiopia, southeastern Eritrea, and Djibouti, where, with the Issas, they are the dominant people. It is thought

Adal, historic Islāmic state of eastern Africa, in the Danakil-Somali region southwest of the Gulf of Aden, with its capital at Harer (now in Ethiopia). Its rivalry with Christian Ethiopia began in the 14th century with minor border raids and skirmishes. In the 16th century, Adal rose briefly to

Conrad II: …gave his oath to Duke Adalbero of Carinthia never to side against him. Thus, when Conrad fell out with Adalbero in 1035, Henry’s oath severely strained relations between father and son. Conrad managed to overcome his son’s partisanship only by humbling himself before him. In the end, Conrad’s determination prevailed,…

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbero Of Ardennes was an archbishop of Reims who, by declaring the Frankish crown to be elective rather than hereditary, paved the way for the accession of Hugh Capet in place of the Carolingian claimant, Charles, Duke of Lower Lorraine. Adalbero, a native of Lorraine, had opposed the attempts

Adalbert was a Lombard king of Italy, who shared the throne for 11 years with his father, Berengar II, and after Berengar’s exile continued his father’s struggle against the German king and Holy Roman emperor Otto I. Adalbert joined his father in 946–947 in fighting the co-kings of Italy, Hugh of

Henry V: Rebellion soon broke out; Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz fomented unrest in the upper Rhineland, and the revolt of Lothar of Supplinburg (later to become king as Lothar III and emperor as Lothar II) in Saxony ended in 1115 in a severe defeat for Henry.

Adalbert was a German archbishop, the most brilliant of the medieval prince bishops of Bremen, and a leading member of the royal administration. The youngest son of Frederick, Count of Goseck (on the Saale River), Adalbert attended the cathedral school at Halberstadt, becoming subsequently

Albert was an antipope in 1101. He was cardinal bishop of Silva Candida when elected early in 1101 as successor to the antipope Theodoric of Santa Ruffina, who had been set up against the legitimate pope, Paschal II, by an imperial faction supporting the Holy Roman emperor Henry IV in his struggle

Marie-Louise: …death that May, Marie-Louise married Adam Adalbert, count von Neipperg, having already borne him two children. Together they governed the duchies more liberally than did most other princes in Italy, though some authorities suggest that this resulted more from weakness of character than from policy. Josef von Werklein, however, who…

St. Adalbert ; canonized 999; feast day, April 23) was the first bishop of Prague to be of Czech origin. Descended from the Slavník princes of Bohemia, he was trained in theology at Magdeburg (Germany). At his confirmation he received his name from St. Adalbert, first archbishop of Magdeburg.

Adalbert was a Lombard king of Italy, who shared the throne for 11 years with his father, Berengar II, and after Berengar’s exile continued his father’s struggle against the German king and Holy Roman emperor Otto I. Adalbert joined his father in 946–947 in fighting the co-kings of Italy, Hugh of

Justice and Development Party (AKP), political party, led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (2001–14; 2017– ), that came to power in Turkey (Türkiye) in the general elections of 2002. In spite of the party’s nonconfessional mandate, the AKP draws significant support from nonsecular Turks and has faced

bacteriophage: Role in laboratory research: Adalimumab (Humira), used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, was the first fully human antibody made via phage display to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (approved in 2002). For their discoveries relating to phage display, Smith and Winter were awarded a…

Adam and Eve, in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions, the original human couple, parents of the human race. In the Bible there are two accounts of their creation. According to the Priestly (P) history of the 5th or 6th century bce (Genesis 1:1–2:4), God on the sixth day of Creation created

Adam and Eve, unfinished oil painting created by Austrian painter Gustav Klimt in 1917–18, shortly before he died. Though in some ways, this work seems to be a relic from the perfumed decadence of Vienna’s fin-de-siècle, it also departs from most of Klimt’s work in noticeable ways. Adam and Eve is

Adam and Eve, in the Judeo-Christian and Islamic traditions, the original human couple, parents of the human race. In the Bible there are two accounts of their creation. According to the Priestly (P) history of the 5th or 6th century bce (Genesis 1:1–2:4), God on the sixth day of Creation created

Albrecht Dürer: First journey to Italy: …efforts was the great engraving Adam and Eve (1504), in which he sought to bring the mystery of human beauty to an intellectually calculated ideal form. In all aspects Dürer’s art was becoming strongly classical. One of his most significant classical endeavours is his painting Altar of the Three Kings…

Adam and Eve, oil painting created by the masterful Venetian painter Tintoretto, considered the last of the major Italian Renaissance artists, in about 1550. It is one of several paintings depicting stories from the biblical book of Genesis that he painted for the Scuola della Trinità. In Adam and

A.E. Coppard: …first book of short stories, Adam and Eve and Pinch Me, was published when he was 43. His talent was recognized and other collections of stories followed, including Fishmonger’s Fiddle (1925), which contained what is perhaps his best story, “The Higgler.” The charm of his stories lay in his poetic…

Jan Bruegel the Elder: …human figures; an example is Adam and Eve in Paradise (1620).

Western sculpture: Carolingian and Ottonian periods: …interval in the episode of Adam and Eve reproached by the Lord has no precedent in the history of art. The influence of Classical art manifests itself clearly in the so-called Christ’s Column (c. 1020) at St. Michael’s, Hildesheim, which, with its figures spiralling around the shaft, reminds one of…

Christmas tree: …the religious feast day of Adam and Eve. They hung wafers on it (symbolizing the eucharistic host, the Christian sign of redemption); in a later tradition the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes. Candles, symbolic of Christ as the light of the world, were often added. In the…

Life of Adam and Eve, pseudepigraphal work (a noncanonical writing that in style and content resembles authentic biblical works), one of many Jewish and Christian stories that embellish the account of Adam and Eve as given in the biblical Genesis. Biography was an extremely popular literary genre

Malcolm McLaren: …and career of new-wave band Adam and the Ants and formed a spin-off act, Bow Wow Wow. In 1983 he released his own solo album, Duck Rock, an eclectic fusion of hip-hop and world music that spawned two British top 10 hits: “Buffalo Gals” and “Double Dutch.” Several other albums…

Adam Bede, novel written by George Eliot, published in three volumes in 1859. The title character, a carpenter, is in love with an unmarried woman who bears a child by another man. Although Bede tries to help her, he eventually loses her but finds happiness with someone else. Adam Bede was Eliot’s

John Gibson Lockhart: …clergyman’s surrender to sexual temptation, Adam Blair (1822).

Adam Brody is an American actor whose portrayal of Seth Cohen in the television show The O.C. (2003–07) turned him into a teen icon and made him a fixture of mid-2000s pop culture. Known for playing lovable and charming misfits, he has acted in several films and won plaudits for his turn as an

Adam brothers were three French brothers who sculpted many monuments for the French and Prussian royal residences. They were exponents of a style that employed the textures of shells, corals, and perforated rocks. Lambert-Sigisbert Adam created sculptures for King Louis XV of France and Frederick

P.D. James: …known for her fictional detective Adam Dalgliesh of Scotland Yard.

Adam De La Halle was a poet, musician, and innovator of the earliest French secular theatre. Adam’s Jeu de la feuillée (“Play of the Greensward”) is a satirical fantasy based on his own life, written to amuse his friends in Arras upon his departure for Paris to pursue his studies. Le Congé (“The

Yasmina Reza: …find happiness in life, and Adam Haberberg (2002), which centres on an unsuccessful, unhappy middle-aged writer whose happenstance encounter with an old friend from high school reminds him of how much his life and his family mean to him. Reza’s later novels include Dans la luge d’Arthur Schopenhauer (2005; “Arthur…

Gregory Ratoff: Films of the 1930s and ’40s: …film for the studio was Adam Had Four Sons (1941), starring Bergman as a French governess who oversees the defiant daughter (Susan Hayward) of a widower (Baxter). In 1941 he also directed The Men in Her Life, with Young as a ballerina who reminisces about her many past loves, and…

Frederik Paludan-Müller: His Adam Homo, 3 vol. (1842–49; Eng. trans. Adam Homo), a lengthy satirical epic in three parts, is counted among the most important works of Danish literature. Its autobiographical hero, Adam Homo, is a worldly success who suffers the loss of his soul. He is saved…

Hugo Grotius: Early life: …philological works and a drama, Adamus Exul (1601; Adam in Exile), which was greatly admired by the English poet John Milton. Grotius also published many theological and politico-theological works, including De Veritate Religionis Christianae (1627; The Truth of the Christian Religion), the book that in his lifetime probably enjoyed the…

Adam Of Bremen was a German historian whose work on the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen provides valuable information on German politics under the Salian emperors and is also one of the great books of medieval geography. Of Franconian origin, he was probably educated at the cathedral school in

Opel AG, German automotive company, a wholly owned subsidiary of Stellantis NV, specializing in the manufacture of passenger cars and light vans. Its headquarters are in Rüsselsheim, Germany. The company was started in 1898 when the five Opel brothers began converting the bicycle and sewing machine

Jennifer Garner: Roles from the 2020s: …appeared in the science-fiction film The Adam Project. Her roles from 2023 include the love interest on the revival of the Starz cult comedy Party Down; Hannah Hall in the series The Last Thing He Told Me, based on the best-selling mystery novel by Laura Dave; and a mom who…

Isaac ben Solomon Luria: …returned to their source, and Adam Qadmon, the symbolic “primordial man,” who is the highest configuration of the divine light, is rebuilt. Man plays an important role in this process through various kawwanot used during prayer and through mystical intentions involving secret combinations of words, all of which is directed…

Adam Strange, fictional superhero introduced by DC Comics in 1958 and occasionally reintroduced to readers in decades that followed. Adam Strange—not to be confused with Doctor Stephen Strange of Marvel Comics, who first appeared in July 1963—is perhaps the most intellectual of all comic

Adam De La Halle was a poet, musician, and innovator of the earliest French secular theatre. Adam’s Jeu de la feuillée (“Play of the Greensward”) is a satirical fantasy based on his own life, written to amuse his friends in Arras upon his departure for Paris to pursue his studies. Le Congé (“The

Virginia Beach: The restored Adam Thoroughgood House (c. 1680), among the oldest surviving homes in the country, was built by one of Virginia’s first settlers. Facilities for water recreation and fishing are available from the city’s boardwalks, bays, and beaches. Virginia Beach is known for seafood. Inc. town, 1906;…

larynx: …elevation commonly known as the Adam’s apple. The plates tend to be replaced by bone cells beginning from about 20 years of age onward.

Radclyffe Hall: Adam’s Breed (1926), a sensitive novel about the life of a restaurant keeper, won the coveted Prix Fémina and the 1927 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction.

Adam’s Bridge, chain of shoals between Mannar Island, off the northwest coast of Sri Lanka, and Rameswaram Island, off the southeast coast of India. The “bridge” is 30 miles (48 km) long and separates the Gulf of Mannar (southwest) from the Palk Strait (northeast). Some of the sandbanks are dry,

Faith Baldwin: Her last completed novel, Adam’s Eden, appeared in 1977.

yucca: gloriosa), and Adam’s needle (Y. filamentosa) are commonly cultivated as ornamentals for their unusual appearance and attractive flower clusters.

Adam’s Peak, mountain in southwestern Sri Lanka. It is 7,559 feet (2,304 metres) high and located 11 miles (18 km) northeast of Ratnapura, the capital of Sabaragamuwa province. It is well known for the Sri Pada (Sinhala for “Sacred Footprint”), a hollow that is 67 inches (170 cm) long and 18 inches

Adam’s Rib, American romantic comedy film, directed by George Cukor and released in 1949, that was a vehicle for the powerhouse pairing of Spencer Tracy and Katharine Hepburn in a classic battle of the sexes. The plot involves a husband and wife (played by Tracy and Hepburn) who are lawyers on

Adolphe Adam was a French composer whose music for the ballet Giselle (1841) is noted for its easy grace and cogency. It has retained its popularity with dancers and audiences to the present day. Adam wrote more than 70operas, of which the most popular in their day were Le Châlet (1834), Le

Adolphe Adam was a French composer whose music for the ballet Giselle (1841) is noted for its easy grace and cogency. It has retained its popularity with dancers and audiences to the present day. Adam wrote more than 70operas, of which the most popular in their day were Le Châlet (1834), Le

Adam brothers: François-Gaspard-Balthasar Adam was responsible for works at Frederick’s royal palace of Sanssouci near Potsdam and at Potsdam itself.

tapestry: …the contemporary engraver and sculptor Henri-Georges Adam, is a triptych (three panels). Until the 19th century, tapestries were often ordered in Europe by the “room” rather than by the single panel. A “room” order included not only wall hangings but also tapestry weavings to upholster furniture, cover cushions, and make…

Eritrea: Beginning of armed revolt: …all Muslims, were led by Idris Mohammed Adam, a leading political figure in Eritrea in the 1940s. By the mid-1960s the ELF was able to field a small guerrilla force in the western plain of Eritrea, and thus it began a war that was to last nearly three decades. In…

Robert Adam: The Adam style: …help of his younger brother James, who joined him in London in 1763, created and fully developed the Adam style. They later claimed that it “brought about, in this country…a kind of revolution in the whole system of this useful and elegant art.” The Adam style was marked by a…

rowing: Stroke and style of training: The German coach Karl Adam in the 1950s produced good results when he introduced new training methods based on Fahrtspiel (“speed play”), originally used for training runners, and on interval training (short sprints alternated with long runs).