Julian Assange is an Australian computer programmer who founded the media organization WikiLeaks. Practicing what he called “scientific journalism”—i.e., providing primary source materials with a minimum of editorial commentary—Assange, through WikiLeaks, released thousands of internal or

assassin bug, (family Reduviidae), any of about 7,000 species of insects in the true bug suborder, Heteroptera (order Hemiptera), that are characterized by a thin necklike structure connecting the narrow head to the body. Members of the family are notable for their diverse predatory habits, and

robber fly, (family Asilidae), any of about 6,750 species of predatory insects, worldwide in distribution, in the fly order, Diptera. Robber flies range in length to almost 8 cm (3 inches), making them the largest of all flies. Most are dull in colour, and their stout, often hairy, bodies resemble

Hülegü: …destroyed the fortress of the Assassins (a militant Islāmic sect) in 1256 at Alāmut in north central Iran. He then defeated the caliph’s army and captured and executed al-Mustaʿṣim, the last of the ʿAbbāsid caliphs, and in 1258 he seized and largely destroyed Baghdad. He captured Syria but was decisively…

pelican spider, (family Archaeidae), ancient family of nearly 30 species and five genera of spiders found in Madagascar, South Africa, and Australia that were thought to be extinct. Pelican spiders are so named for their distinctive arching cephalothorax (fused head and thorax) and long chelicerae

Michael Fassbender: Career: In 2016 Fassbender starred in Assassin’s Creed, an adaptation of the video game. He then reteamed with Scott on Alien: Covenant (2017), an installment in the popular sci-fi series. After playing the title character in the thriller Killer, Fassbender had a memorable turn as the coach of the hapless American…

Assassin’s Creed, computer and console video game created and distributed in 2007 by the French game developer Ubisoft Entertainment. Assassin’s Creed became one of the premier titles in the third-person stealth genre, praised for its stunning visuals and original storyline, and it spawned a game

Hou Hsiao-hsien: …movies included Nie Yinniang (2015; The Assassin), for which he was named best director at the Cannes film festival.

History of film: Pre-World War I European cinema: It began with L’Assassinat du duc de Guise (“The Assassination of the Duke of Guise,” 1908), directed by Charles Le Bargy and André Calmettes of the Comédie Française for the Société Film d’Art, which was formed for the express purpose of transferring prestigious stage plays starring famous performers…

assassination, the murder of a public figure. The term typically refers to the killing of government leaders and other prominent persons for political purposes—such as to seize power, to start a revolution, to draw attention to a cause, to exact revenge, or to undermine a regime or its critics.

Conservative activist and Donald Trump ally Charlie Kirk was answering a question about mass shootings in the United States on September 10, 2025, at Utah Valley University (UVU) in Orem, Utah, when a single shot fired from a distance of some 175 yards (160 meters) hit Kirk in the neck, killing

Penélope Cruz: …Versace in the TV series The Assassination of Gianni Versace: American Crime Story (2018). Cruz also costarred with Bardem in both Loving Pablo (2017), about the relationship between Pablo Escobar and journalist Virginia Vallejo, and Asghar Farhadi’s family drama Todos lo saben (2018; Everybody Knows). She then reteamed with Almodóvar…

Casey Affleck: …portrayal of Robert Ford in The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (2007), and he starred in his brother’s directorial debut, Gone Baby Gone (2007). He later played a psychopathic killer in Michael Winterbottom’s The Killer Inside Me (2010). He also cowrote, directed, and acted in the…

On November 22, 1963, U.S. Pres. John F. Kennedy was shot and killed in Dallas, Texas, while being driven through the city. Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested shortly after the murder and accused of killing Kennedy. Oswald declared his innocence. Oswald, a former Marine who had spent time in the Soviet

assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, mortal shooting of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the foremost leader in the movement for India’s independence from British rule. He was killed following a prayer vigil in New Delhi on January 30, 1948. His killer was Nathuram Vinayak Godse, a Hindu fanatic who

Hilary Mantel: The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher (2014) is a collection of darkly amusing short stories. She also released a volume of essays, Mantel Pieces: Royal Bodies and Other Writing from the London Review of Books (2020).

assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr., mortal shooting of the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., the most prominent leader of the American civil rights movement, on April 4, 1968, as he stood on the second floor balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee, where he had come to lead a march by

Sean Penn: Into the Wild, Milk, and Fair Game: …films during this period include The Assassination of Richard Nixon (2004), based on an actual attempt on the president’s life; The Interpreter (2005); and All the King’s Men (2006), an adaptation of Robert Penn Warren’s novel about a populist politician. Penn returned to directing with Into the Wild

Robert Duvall: …he returned to directing with Assassination Tango, in which he played a hit man who, while on an assignment, becomes interested in the tango; he also wrote the drama.

The president of the United States is one of the most powerful people in the world, and with power comes the potential for danger. Many presidents and presidential candidates have been the subject of assassination threats. Fortunately, most of these plots are discovered and foiled before anyone is

Political violence often translates to assassination, and when we think about political assassinations and assassination attempts, we often think of presidents or presidential candidates: Abraham Lincoln, John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy. Certainly other leaders such as Huey Long and leaders of

Stephen Sondheim: Assassins (1990) explores the lives of nine historical characters, such as John Wilkes Booth, who either assassinated U.S. presidents or attempted to do so. Later Sondheim works include Bounce (2003; retitled Road Show in 2008), about the colorful adventures of a pair of early 20th-century…

Richard Donner: The 1990s and beyond: Assassins (1995) was minor fare, presenting Sylvester Stallone as the world’s number one assassin, which makes him a target for an up-and-coming hit man (Antonio Banderas). Far better was Conspiracy Theory (1997), which featured Gibson as a New York cabbie who sees conspiracies at every…

Nizārī Ismāʿīliyyah, religio-political movement that arose between the 11th and the 13th century among the Ismāʿīliyyah, a branch of Shīʿite Islam. Dynastic strife among the Fāṭimids, who were the heads of the Shīʿite Ismāʿīlī movement, resulted in the establishment of a rival caliphate in Egypt in

Assateague Island, barrier island off the Atlantic Ocean coast of southeastern Maryland and eastern Virginia, U.S. Lying immediately south of Ocean City, Md., the island is 37 miles (60 km) long and is separated from the mainland by Chincoteague (south) and Sinepuxent (north) bays. The island and

Assateague Island National Seashore, natural area including Assateague Island (a barrier island) and several nearby islets off the Atlantic Ocean coast of southeastern Maryland and eastern Virginia, U.S. The island is 37 miles (60 km) long, and the park, established as a national seashore in 1965,

Assault, (foaled 1943), American racehorse (Thoroughbred) that in 1946 became the seventh winner of the American Triple Crown—the Kentucky Derby, the Preakness Stakes, and the Belmont Stakes. Assault was foaled on March 26, 1943, on King Ranch in Kingsville, Texas. His sire was Bold Venture, winner

amphibious assault vehicle (AAV), an armed and armoured military vehicle designed to deliver assault troops and their equipment from ship to shore under combat conditions. As developed most fully by the United States Marine Corps, AAVs are tracked vehicles that transport troops and materiel over

assault and battery, related but distinct crimes, battery being the unlawful application of physical force to another and assault being an attempt to commit battery or an act that causes another reasonably to fear an imminent battery. These concepts are found in most legal systems and together with

tank destroyer: The tank destroyer resembled the assault gun because both armoured tracked vehicles had large mounted guns, but the assault gun invariably had a limited traverse, was relatively slow moving, and was used primarily to attack fortifications or other targets at close range.

Al Gore: In 2007 Gore published The Assault on Reason, in which he sharply criticized the administration of President Bush. Later that year he received an Emmy Award for creative achievement in interactive television for Current TV, a user-generated-content channel he cofounded in 2005; the channel was sold to Al Jazeera,…

assault rifle, military firearm that is chambered for ammunition of reduced size or propellant charge and that has the capacity to switch between semiautomatic and fully automatic fire. Because they are light and portable yet still able to deliver a high volume of fire with reasonable accuracy at

Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting: The aftermath of Sandy Hook and the legislative response: …Sandy Hook was the proposed Assault Weapons Ban of 2013. Introduced by Sen. Dianne Feinstein a month after the shootings, the bill banned the sale of more than 150 specific firearm models as well as magazines that held more than 10 rounds of ammunition. Although there was widespread public support…

Harry Mulisch: …his novel De aanslag (1982; The Assault; filmed 1985), in which one family betrays another during the war. The reason for that betrayal is revealed to the only surviving member of the betrayed family over the following 35 years.

India: The government of Lord Wellesley: …Wellesley, 1st duke of Wellington) defeated the Sindhia-Bhonsle coalition in west-central India, while Lord Lake (Gerard Lake, 1st Viscount Lake) broke up Sindhia’s French army, occupied Delhi, and took the aged emperor Shah ʿĀlam II under protection. Then came a check, however, with the intervention of Holkar using the old…

Galileo: Galileo’s Copernicanism: Il saggiatore (The Assayer), published in 1623, was a brilliant polemic on physical reality and an exposition of the new scientific method. Galileo here discussed the method of the newly emerging science, arguing:

assaying, in chemical analysis, process of determining proportions of metal, particularly precious metal, in ores and metallurgical products. The most important technique, still used today, grew largely out of the experiments of the ancient alchemists and goldsmiths in seeking to find or create

Asseb, Red Sea port, southeastern Eritrea. It lies at the entrance of Asseb Bay and is Eritrea’s second most important port (after Massawa). Formerly a terminus of caravan routes across the arid Denakil Plain, the Asseb coastal strip was acquired by Italian shipping interests in 1869 and in 1882

Asela, town, south-central Ethiopia. It lies west of Mount Chilalo on a high plateau overlooking Lake Ziway in the Great Rift Valley. The town is an important trading centre for the surrounding livestock and lumbering region. An all-weather road connects it with Nazret to the north. Pop. (2007

Asselar man, extinct human known from a skeleton found in 1927 near the French military post of Asselar, French Sudan (now Mali), by M.V. Besnard and Théodore Monod. Some scholars consider it the oldest known skeleton of an African black. Asselar man is believed to belong to the Holocene

Asselian Stage, first of the four stages of the Lower Permian (Cisuralian) Series, encompassing all rocks deposited during the Asselian Age (298.9 million to 295.5 million years ago) of the Permian Period. The Asselian Stage is especially well-developed in the Perm region of Russia. Asselian

nonfictional prose: Journalism and provocation: In Canada Olivar Asselin (1874–1937) used the essay to advocate the development of a genuine French-Canadian literature. Among the older cultures of Europe, Salvatore Quasimodo (1901–68), the Italian poet and Nobel laureate, appended critical and hortatory essays to some of his volumes of verse, such as Il…

assemblage, in art, work produced by the incorporation of everyday objects into the composition. Although each non-art object, such as a piece of rope or newspaper, acquires aesthetic or symbolic meanings within the context of the whole work, it may retain something of its original identity. The

assemblé, (French: “step put together”), in classical ballet, a movement in which a dancer’s feet or legs are brought together in the air and the dancer lands on both feet. It can be done front, back, dessus, dessous, and so on. In a basic assemblé, the dancer brushes the working leg into the air

assembled gem, cut jewel manufactured from two or three pieces of stone that are cemented together to create a larger stone with increased value. A doublet is composed of two pieces of material, usually cemented together at the girdle (the stone’s widest part): if the two pieces are of the same

Legislative Assembly, national parliament of France during part of the Revolutionary period and again during the Second Republic. The first was created in September 1791 and was in session from Oct. 1, 1791, to Sept. 20, 1792, when it was replaced by the National Convention, marking the formal

Legislative Assembly: During the Second Republic it lasted from May 28, 1849, to Dec. 2, 1851, when Napoleon III dissolved it; the republic itself ended less than one year later.

Eugène Delacroix: Building decoration of Eugène Delacroix: …Salon du Roi at the Palais-Bourbon. He was subsequently commissioned to decorate the ceiling of the Library of the Palais-Bourbon (1838–47), the Library of the Palais du Luxembourg (1840–47), the ceiling of the Galerie d’Apollon at the Louvre (1850), the Salon de la Paix at the Hotel de Ville (1849–53;…

National Assembly, any of various historical French parliaments or houses of parliament. From June 17 to July 9, 1789, it was the name of the revolutionary assembly formed by representatives of the Third Estate; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on Sept. 30, 1791) its formal

National Assembly, any of various historical French parliaments or houses of parliament. From June 17 to July 9, 1789, it was the name of the revolutionary assembly formed by representatives of the Third Estate; thereafter (until replaced by the Legislative Assembly on Sept. 30, 1791) its formal

Portugal: Constitutional framework: The parliament comprises the unicameral Assembly of the Republic, which has 230 deputies. Its duties include debating and voting upon legislation, authorizing the government to raise revenues, and approving the laws passed by the legislatures of the autonomous regions. The parliament may also dismiss the government by rejecting a vote…

Lisbon: City layout: …of Bairro Alto is the Palace of the National Assembly, also known as the Palace of São Bento. Nearby is the official residence of Portugal’s prime minister. Farther west, toward Belém, Necessidades Palace houses the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Pedro António Correia Garção: …especially Italianate ones, and the Assembléia ou Partida (“Meeting or Parting”) satirized the social life of Lisbon. In the “Cantata de Dido,” included in the latter play, he combined the spirit of classical art with perfection of form to produce one of the most celebrated 18th-century Portuguese poems.

computer program: These include translators (either assemblers or compilers), which transform an entire program from one language to another; interpreters, which execute a program sequentially, translating at each step; and debuggers, which execute a program piecemeal and monitor various circumstances, enabling the programmer to check whether the operation of the program…

al-Ḥarīrī: …Maqāmāt, published in English as The Assemblies of al-Harîrî (1867, 1898).

Assemblies of God, Pentecostal denomination of the Protestant church, generally considered the largest such denomination in the United States. It was formed by a union of several small Pentecostal groups at Hot Springs, Arkansas, in 1914. The council of some 120 pastors and evangelists who effected

whole genome sequencing: Sequencing methods: from genes to genomes: In a process known as assembly, computer programs were then used to stitch the sequences back together to reconstruct the original DNA sequencing target. Assembly of whole genome shotgun sequencing data was difficult and required sophisticated computer programs and powerful supercomputers, and, even in the years following the completion of…

assembly, deliberative council, usually legislative or juridical in purpose and power. The name has been given to various ancient and modern bodies, both political and ecclesiastical. It has been applied to relatively permanent bodies meeting periodically, such as the ancient Greek and Roman

aerospace industry: Assembly methods and facilities: Assembly of aerospace vehicles at the prime contractor or systems integrator begins with the accumulation of subassemblies. An example of a typical subassembly for a transport aircraft is the rear fuselage section, which is itself composed of

Kazakhstan: Constitutional framework: …of a Senate and an Assembly (Mäjılıs). Working jointly, the two chambers have the authority to amend the constitution, approve the budget, ratify treaties, and declare war; each chamber also has exclusive powers. Legislators serve four-year terms. Two members of the Senate are elected from each oblast and major city…

drafting: Types of drawings: …drawings (also called working drawings), assembly drawings, section drawings, plans (top views), and elevations (front views). For manufacturing a machine, the shape and size of each individual part, except standard fasteners, are described in a detail drawing, and at least one assembly drawing indicates how the parts fit together. To…

Rally for the Republic, former French political party formed by Jacques Chirac in 1976 that presumed to be heir to the traditions of Charles de Gaulle. It was the direct successor to the Gaullist coalitions, operating under various names over the years, that had dominated the political life of the

assembly language, type of low-level computer programming language consisting mostly of symbolic equivalents of a particular computer’s machine language. Computers produced by different manufacturers have different machine languages and require different assemblers and assembly languages. Some

assembly line, industrial arrangement of machines, equipment, and workers for continuous flow of workpieces in mass-production operations. (Read Henry Ford’s 1926 Britannica essay on mass production.) The design for an assembly line is determined by analyzing the steps necessary to manufacture each

Assembly of Experts, deliberative body in Iran that oversees the supreme leader (officially called rahbar, or leader). Originally formed after the Iranian Revolution in 1979 to draft a new constitution, the Assembly of Experts was temporarily dissolved shortly thereafter and reestablished in 1983

factory, Structure in which work is organized to meet the need for production on a large scale usually with power-driven machinery. In the 17th–18th century, the domestic system of work in Europe began giving way to larger units of production, and capital became available for investment in

Bath: In 1942 the Assembly Rooms of 1771 were destroyed in an air raid from which the whole city suffered severely, but extensive reconstruction, as well as renovation, has since been carried out. The Assembly Rooms, reopened in 1963, now contain the Fashion Museum, a world-class collection of fashionable…

Western architecture: Great Britain: By 1731 Burlington’s Assembly Rooms at York, based on Palladio’s reconstruction of an Egyptian hall, was fully Neoclassical. Similarly, William Kent’s entrance hall at Holkham Hall, Norfolk, begun in 1734 and reminiscent of a Roman basilica, would not seem out of date 50 years later. Despite these early…

Eswatini: Government: The House of Assembly comprises 65 members, of whom 55 are elected by popular vote and 10 are appointed by the king. The House of Assembly may sometimes have an additional member if the speaker of the House is chosen from outside that body. The Senate…

South Australia: Constitutional framework: …bicameral legislature consists of a House of Assembly, with 47 (originally 36) members representing single-member electoral districts, and a Legislative Council of 22 (originally 18) members, who are elected at large in the state. Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, uses a preferential system, and is compulsory. Legislation…

unlawful assembly, gathering of persons for the purpose of committing either a crime involving force or a noncriminal act in a manner likely to terrify the public. The extent to which a government penalizes disorderly assemblies often reflects the political value that it places on the right of

Assen, gemeente (municipality), northeastern Netherlands, at the northeastern end of the Drentsche Hoofd (also called Smilder) Canal. Founded in 1257 around a small convent, it was not chartered until 1807, when King Louis Bonaparte made it the provincial capital. An agricultural and dairy centre,

Asser was a Welsh monk, chiefly remembered as the friend, teacher, counsellor, and biographer of Alfred the Great. Born in Wales, he became a monk at St. David’s Abbey, Pembrokeshire. In 886, eager to learn Latin, Alfred summoned Asser, who had acquired some reputation for learning, to his court in

Tobias Michael Carel Asser was a Dutch jurist, cowinner (with Alfred Fried) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1911 for his role in the formation of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the first peace conference (1899) at The Hague. Asser was professor of commercial and private international law at

20th-century international relations: Assertive multilateralism in theory and practice: …defined American policy as “assertive multilateralism” and supported Secretary-General Boutros Boutros-Ghali’s call for a more ambitious UN agenda.

history of logic: Syllogisms: …or every β are called assertoric categorical propositions; syllogisms composed solely of such categoricals are called assertoric syllogisms. Aristotle was also interested in categoricals in which α is said to belong (or not) necessarily or possibly to some or every β. Such categoricals are called modal categoricals, and syllogisms in…

history of logic: Syllogisms: …of such categoricals are called assertoric syllogisms. Aristotle was also interested in categoricals in which α is said to belong (or not) necessarily or possibly to some or every β. Such categoricals are called modal categoricals, and syllogisms in which the component categoricals are modal are called modal syllogisms (they…

2010 Haiti earthquake: Humanitarian aid: …the United States enacted the Assessing Progress in Haiti Act, which mandated the establishment of a three-year plan for meeting reconstruction benchmarks in Haiti and the provision of annual reports to the U.S. Congress by the State Department.

clinical psychology: …activities under three main headings: assessment (including diagnosis), treatment, and research. In assessment, clinical psychologists administer and interpret psychological tests, either for the purpose of evaluating individuals’ relative intelligence or other capabilities or for the purpose of eliciting mental characteristics that will aid in diagnosing a particular mental disorder. The…

assessment, process of setting a value on real or personal property, usually for the purpose of taxation. In most countries central government agencies do the assessing, but in some it is done by local officials. Property is perhaps most commonly assessed on the basis of its annual rental value, as

assessor, in law, a person called upon by the courts to give legal advice and assistance and in many instances to act as surrogate. The term is also used in the United States to designate an official who evaluates property for the purposes of taxation. Assessors were appointed in the late 19th and

An asset is a resource—whether physical or intangible—that has earning power or some economic value. Assets owned by individuals are personal assets, whereas assets owned by companies—corporations or partnerships, for example—are business assets. Assets are the resources you own that have value,

accounting: Asset cost: Accountants are traditionally reluctant to accept value as the basis of asset measurement in the going concern. Although monetary assets such as cash or accounts receivable are usually measured by their value, most other assets are measured at cost. The reason is that…

bank: Asset management: One approach, known as asset management, concentrates on adjusting the composition of the bank’s assets—its portfolio of loans, securities, and cash. This approach exerts little control over the bank’s liabilities and overall size, both of which depend on the number of customers who deposit savings in the bank. In…

accounting: Measurement standards: …government regulation, that guide the calculation of assets and liabilities. For example, assets may be measured by their historical cost or by their current replacement value, and inventory may be calculated on a basis of last-in, first-out (LIFO) or first-in, first-out (FIFO). To enhance comparability, companies in similar industries often…

accounting: Asset value: Asset value is an important component of a company’s total value, and it can be computed in a number of ways. One approach determines asset value by calculating what those assets are worth to their owners. According to this measurement principle, the economic…

securitization: …generally referred to as an asset-backed security (ABS) or collateralized debt obligation (CDO). If the pool of debt instruments consists primarily of mortgages, the bond is referred to as a mortgage-backed security (MBS). The holders of such securities are entitled to the receipt of principal and interest payments on the…

ancient Rome: Demographic and economic developments: …of small landowning citizens (assidui). A dense population is also suggested by the emigration from Latium of scores of thousands as colonists during the 4th and 3rd centuries. The legends of senators working their own fields seem implausible, but the disparity in wealth was probably much less noticeable than…

assignat, paper bill issued in France as currency from 1789 to 1796, during the French Revolution. A financial expedient on the part of the Revolutionary government, the increasing issuance of the assignats resulted in inflation. In December 1789, to pay its immediate debts, the National Assembly

Edgar Allan Poe: Themes, technique, and legacy: …his tales of fatality (“The Assignation,” “The Man of the Crowd”). Even when he does not hurl his characters into the clutch of mysterious forces or onto the untrodden paths of the beyond, he uses the anguish of imminent death as the means of causing the nerves to quiver…

assigned counsel, a lawyer or lawyers appointed by the state to provide representation for indigent persons. Assigned counsel generally are private lawyers designated by the courts to handle particular cases; in some countries, particularly the United States, public defenders permanently employed

operations research: Resource allocation: …resulting problem is one of assignment. If resources are divisible, and if both jobs and resources are expressed in units on the same scale, it is termed a transportation or distribution problem. If jobs and resources are not expressed in the same units, it is a general allocation problem.

igneous rock: Assimilation: Another method of creating different daughter magmas from a parent is by having the latter react with its wall rocks. Consider a magma that is crystallizing pyroxene and labradorite. If the magma tears from its wall minerals, say, olivine and anorthite, which are formed…

cognition: …terms of two basic processes: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of interpreting reality in terms of a person’s internal model of the world (based on previous experience); accommodation represents the changes one makes to that model through the process of adjusting to experience. The American psychologist Jerome S.…

assimilation, in anthropology and sociology, the process whereby individuals or groups of differing ethnic heritage are absorbed into the dominant culture of a society. The process of assimilating involves taking on the traits of the dominant culture to such a degree that the assimilating group

biodegradability: Stages and rates of biodegradation: AssimilationAssimilation occurs when the saprotrophic organisms finally absorb the fragmented compounds into their cells for use as food. The absorption process ultimately creates energy that individual cells store in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or provides precursor compounds for other biosynthetic pathways. Mineralization

Korean language: Assimilations: The spoken syllables are fairly simple in structure. Each ends either in a vowel or in one of the voiced consonants p, t, k, m, n, ng, or l. When two syllables are put together, various changes may take place where they join. When…

human behaviour: Cognitive development: The first, assimilation, is the relating of a new event or object to cognitive structures the child already possesses. A five-year-old who has a concept of a bird as a living thing with a beak and wings that flies will try to assimilate the initial perception of…

biosphere: Energy transfers and pyramids: …growth and reproduction is called assimilation efficiency. Herbivores assimilate between 15 and 80 percent of the plant material they ingest, depending on their physiology and the part of the plant that they eat. For example, herbivores that eat seeds and young vegetation high in energy have the highest assimilation efficiencies,…