Leonid Andreyev was a novelist whose best work has a place in Russian literature for its evocation of a mood of despair and absolute pessimism. At the age of 20 Andreyev entered St. Petersburg University but lived restlessly for some time. In 1894, after several attempts at suicide, he transferred

Andrei Alexandrovich, prince of Russia , was the grandson of Tsar Alexander III of Russia who narrowly escaped death after the Russian Revolution and was freed by German troops shortly before the World War I armistice. The prince fled to Paris with his father, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhaylovich, and

Francesco Andreini was an Italian actor of commedia dell’arte who, with his wife, Isabella Andreini, was a founder and star performer of the Compagnia dei Gelosi, one of the earliest and most famous of commedia dell’arte troupes. Andreini began his career as a soldier but was captured by the Turks

Giovambattista Andreini was an actor of commedia dell’arte and son of Francesco and Isabella Andreini. Giovambattista was also the author of the play Adamo (“Adam”), which, it has been claimed, suggested the idea of Paradise Lost to John Milton. Andreini began his stage career with the Compagnia

Isabella Andreini was the Italian leading lady of the Compagnia dei Gelosi, the most famous of the early commedia dell’arte companies. In 1576 Flaminio Scala, a theatrical manager and scenario writer, engaged Isabella Canali to play the female lead in his company. There she met Francesco Andreini,

Felix de Andreis was a Vincentian priest and pioneer missionary to the American West. Ordained at Piacenza (Italy) in 1802, Andreis was transferred (1806) to Rome, where he served as preacher, professor of theology, and apostle to the poor. While on a visit to Rome in 1815, William Du Bourg, the

Felix de Andreis was a Vincentian priest and pioneer missionary to the American West. Ordained at Piacenza (Italy) in 1802, Andreis was transferred (1806) to Rome, where he served as preacher, professor of theology, and apostle to the poor. While on a visit to Rome in 1815, William Du Bourg, the

mining bee: (order Hymenoptera), particularly the genus Andrena. Many species are medium-sized bees with reddish-golden hair and long, prominent abdomens. Females excavate tunnels in the soil that branch off to individual cells that the female stocks with pollen balls and nectar, on which she lays her eggs. There may be one or…

mining bee, (family Andrenidae), any of a group of bees (order Hymenoptera), particularly the genus Andrena. Many species are medium-sized bees with reddish-golden hair and long, prominent abdomens. Females excavate tunnels in the soil that branch off to individual cells that the female stocks with

Giulio Andreotti was an Italian politician who was one of the country’s most skillful and powerful politicians in the era after World War II. Over a 20-year period, he was a leading figure in the Christian Democratic Party (DC) and served as prime minister of Italy several times (1972–73, 1976–79,

Makati: Fort Andres Bonifacio (formerly Fort William McKinley) is the site of the Manila American Cemetery and Memorial, the largest cemetery maintained by the American Battle Monuments Program. Pop. (2007) 510,383; (2010) 529,039.

José Andrés (born July 13, 1969, Mieres, Spain) is a highly decorated Spanish chef, restaurateur, author, and humanitarian. He initially gained fame for popularizing the tapas style of dining; but Andrés’s later charity work through World Central Kitchen (WCK) put him in the middle of wars, natural

José Andrés (born July 13, 1969, Mieres, Spain) is a highly decorated Spanish chef, restaurateur, author, and humanitarian. He initially gained fame for popularizing the tapas style of dining; but Andrés’s later charity work through World Central Kitchen (WCK) put him in the middle of wars, natural

Casino Royale: …of agent Vesper Lynd (Ursula Andress) to seduce Evelyn Tremble (Peter Sellers), the world’s greatest baccarat player. Tremble agrees to pose as James Bond and challenge Le Chiffre to a high-stakes game at the famed Casino Royale, which is a front for SMERSH operations. Tremble wins the game, causing…

Mario Andretti: Mario and his twin brother, Aldo, studied automobile mechanics, frequented racing-car garages, and participated in a race-driving training program in Italy. In 1955 the family came to the United States and settled in Nazareth, Pennsylvania; Mario became a U.S. citizen in 1964. By 1958 the brothers were racing stock cars.…

Mario Andretti is an Italian-born American automobile-racing driver who drove stock cars, U.S. championship cars, and Formula One cars. Mario and his twin brother, Aldo, studied automobile mechanics, frequented racing-car garages, and participated in a race-driving training program in Italy. In

Mario Andretti is an Italian-born American automobile-racing driver who drove stock cars, U.S. championship cars, and Formula One cars. Mario and his twin brother, Aldo, studied automobile mechanics, frequented racing-car garages, and participated in a race-driving training program in Italy. In

Mexico: Resurgence under Cárdenas: …whom Cárdenas supported, and General Juan Andreu Almazán fought a close and bitter contest for the presidency in 1940. When Almazán lost, he sought U.S. support for a revolution. But to emphasize the U.S. position toward Ávila Camacho and Mexico, Roosevelt sent Vice President Henry A. Wallace to attend the…

Blessed John Duns Scotus: Years at the University of Paris of Blessed John Duns Scotus: Antonius Andreus, an early follower who studied under Duns Scotus at Paris, expressly says his own commentaries on Porphyry and De praedicamentis are culled from statements of Duns Scotus sedentis super cathedram magistralem (“sitting on the master’s chair”).

Andrei Alexandrovich, prince of Russia , was the grandson of Tsar Alexander III of Russia who narrowly escaped death after the Russian Revolution and was freed by German troops shortly before the World War I armistice. The prince fled to Paris with his father, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhaylovich, and

The swimming events at the 1928 Olympic Games in Amsterdam featured a rivalry between two of the greatest swimmers of that era: Andrew (“Boy”) Charlton of Australia and Arne Borg (“The Swedish Sturgeon”). Both swimmers had colourful personalities and were popular athletes in their respective

Sint Eustatius: …a salute to the brig Andrew Doria, which was flying the new Stars and Stripes flag. Great Britain took umbrage at the incident and lodged a complaint with The Hague in early 1777; Sint Eustatius was considered to be speaking for the Netherlands in the matter. The incident continued to…

Hungary: The early kings: …followed on the throne by Andrew (Endre) I, of a collateral branch of the house of Árpád, who was killed in 1060 while fleeing from a battle lost to his brother, Béla I. After Béla’s death there was a further conflict between his sons, Géza and Ladislas (László), and Andrew’s…

Andrew I was a prince of Rostov-Suzdal (1157) and grand prince of Vladimir (1169), who increased the importance of the northeastern Russian lands and contributed to the development of government in that forest region. Having accompanied his father, Yury Dolgoruky, on his conquest of Kiev, Andrew

Andrew II was the king of Hungary (1205–35) whose reign was marked by controversy with barons and the great feudatories and by the issuance of the Golden Bull of 1222 (q.v.), which has been called the Hungarian Magna Carta. The son of Béla III, Andrew succeeded László III, his elder brother’s son,

Hungary: The Mongol invasion: the last Árpád kings: A male heir, Andrew III, was found in Italy, and, although the young man’s claim to the throne was impugned, he proved a wise, capable king. With his death in 1301, however, the national dynasty became extinct.

Andrew Of Caesarea was a bishop of Caesarea, and the author of possibly the most significant Greek commentary on the book of Revelation (Apocalypse) from the era of the Church Fathers. His annotations seem to have influenced the Greek version of that biblical text. Andrew’s exposition of the book

Andrew Of Carniola was an archbishop, advocate of conciliar rule in the Western church—i.e., the supremacy of a general council of bishops over the papacy. Because of his personal animosity and eccentric conduct toward Pope Sixtus IV, church historians generally do not consider Andrew a precursor

Saint Andrew of Crete ; feast day July 4) was the archbishop of Gortyna, Crete, regarded by the Greek Church as one of its greatest hymn writers. From his monastery in Jerusalem he was sent to Constantinople (modern Istanbul), where he became deacon of the Hagia Sophia. During the reign of the

Joan I: …her marriage to her cousin Andrew, brother of Louis I of Hungary (1342–82); her accession was intended to reconcile the Hungarian and Angevin claims on Naples. The swarm of Hungarians who followed Andrew to Naples, however, antagonized many of the Angevins at court, including Joan herself. Consequently, when Andrew was…

Andrew Of Carniola was an archbishop, advocate of conciliar rule in the Western church—i.e., the supremacy of a general council of bishops over the papacy. Because of his personal animosity and eccentric conduct toward Pope Sixtus IV, church historians generally do not consider Andrew a precursor

Andrew Of Lonjumel was a French Dominican friar who, as an ambassador of Louis IX (St. Louis) of France, led a diplomatic mission destined for the court of the Mongol khan Güyük. His report of the journey across Central Asia and back (1249 to 1251/52), though a mixture of fact and fiction, contains

Robert Munsch: …books included Alligator Baby (1997), Andrew’s Loose Tooth (1998), Ribbon Rescue (1999), Smelly Socks (2004), Moose! (2011), and The Enormous Suitcase (2017). He was awarded the Order of Canada in 1999.

Hurricane Andrew, tropical cyclone that ravaged The Bahamas, southern Florida, and south-central Louisiana in late August 1992. At the time, Hurricane Andrew was the most expensive Atlantic hurricane in U.S. history—later surpassed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005—as well as one of the strongest in

John Albion Andrew was a U.S. antislavery leader who, as governor of Massachusetts during the Civil War, was one of the most energetic of the Northern “war governors.” Andrew entered political life as a Whig opposed to the Mexican War (1846–48). In 1848 he joined the Free-Soil movement against the

St. Andrew ; feast day November 30) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus and the brother of St. Peter. He is the patron saint of Scotland and of Russia. In the Synoptic Gospels (Matthew, Mark, and Luke), Peter and Andrew—whose Greek name means “manly”—were called from their fishing by Jesus to

virus: …the British investigators Wilson Smith, Christopher H. Andrewes, and Patrick P. Laidlaw were able to transmit influenza to ferrets, and the influenza virus was subsequently adapted to mice. In 1941 the American scientist George K. Hirst found that influenza virus grown in tissues of the chicken embryo could be detected…

Lancelot Andrewes was a theologian and court preacher who sought to defend and advance Anglican doctrines during a period of great strife in the English church. Andrewes was elected a fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, in 1575 and was ordained a deacon in 1580. His service to several parishes

the Andrews Sisters, singing trio, one of the most popular American musical acts of the 1940s. The group’s renditions of swing tunes in close harmony sold millions of copies; the act was also hugely popular in live performance and in film. The sisters were LaVerne Sofia Andrews (b. July 6, 1911,

Ellen Gould Harmon White: …Emmanuel Missionary College (from 1960 Andrews University), and in 1903 the church headquarters and newspaper relocated to Takoma Park, Maryland. From that year White lived mainly in St. Helena, California.

George Arliss was an actor noted for his portrayal of historic personages in many motion pictures. Arliss began his acting career in 1887 but did not have his first substantial success until he appeared with Mrs. Patrick Campbell in London during the 1900–01 season. In 1902 he played in The Second

Dana Andrews was an American actor, a handsome leading man who appeared in such films of the 1940s as The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), Laura (1944), A Walk in the Sun (1945), and The Best Years of Our Lives (1946). A onetime accountant, Andrews in 1931 hitchhiked to Los Angeles, where he worked at

Charles Freer Andrews was an English missionary whose experiences in India led him to advocate for Indian independence and for the rights of Indian labourers around the world. Andrews was the son of a minister in the Catholic Apostolic (Irvingite) Church, but he converted to the Church of England

Charles McLean Andrews was a U.S. teacher and historian whose Colonial Period of American History, vol. 1 of 4, won him a Pulitzer Prize in 1935. After teaching at various American universities, Andrews was professor of American history at Yale University from 1910 to 1931. Well started on his

Rebecca West was a British journalist, novelist, and critic, who was perhaps best known for her reports on the Nürnberg trials of Nazi war criminals (1945–46). West was the daughter of an army officer and was educated in Edinburgh after her father’s death in 1902. She later trained in London as an

Julie Andrews is an English motion-picture, stage, and musical star noted for her crystalline four-octave voice and her charm and skill as an actress. At the age of 10, Andrews began singing with her pianist mother and singer stepfather (whose last name she legally adopted) in their music-hall act.

Dana Andrews was an American actor, a handsome leading man who appeared in such films of the 1940s as The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), Laura (1944), A Walk in the Sun (1945), and The Best Years of Our Lives (1946). A onetime accountant, Andrews in 1931 hitchhiked to Los Angeles, where he worked at

Fannie Fern Phillips Andrews was a Canadian-born American pacifist and writer, a tireless advocate, nationally and internationally, for education and peace. Fannie Phillips grew up in Nova Scotia and, from about 1876, in Lynn, Massachusetts. She graduated from the Salem Normal School (now Salem

Frank M. Andrews was a U.S. soldier and air force officer who contributed signally to the evolution of U.S. bombardment aviation during his command (1935–39) of the General Headquarters Air Force, the first U.S. independent air striking force. Graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West

Frank M. Andrews was a U.S. soldier and air force officer who contributed signally to the evolution of U.S. bombardment aviation during his command (1935–39) of the General Headquarters Air Force, the first U.S. independent air striking force. Graduating from the U.S. Military Academy at West

The Hill: Harry Andrews is also riveting, as the commandant who fails to realize his power is being undermined by his sadistic sergeant. The black-and-white photography is well suited to conveying the struggle of the prisoners as they trudge “the hill” in the blistering heat.

Chattanooga: …city has the graves of James J. Andrews’s Union raiders, who became famous for stealing the Confederates’ wood-burning locomotive The General.

Julie Andrews is an English motion-picture, stage, and musical star noted for her crystalline four-octave voice and her charm and skill as an actress. At the age of 10, Andrews began singing with her pianist mother and singer stepfather (whose last name she legally adopted) in their music-hall act.

the Andrews Sisters: The sisters were LaVerne Sofia Andrews (b. July 6, 1911, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.—d. May 8, 1967, Brentwood, California), Maxene Angelyn Andrews (b. January 3, 1916, Minneapolis—d. October 21, 1995, Boston, Massachusetts), and Patricia Marie (“Patty”) Andrews (b. February 16, 1918, Minneapolis—d. January 30, 2013, Los Angeles, California).

Pamela Andrews, fictional character, the virtuous, long-suffering heroine of Pamela (1740) by Samuel

Patty Andrews was an American singer and entertainer best known as part of the Andrews Sisters musical trio. Patty Andrews was born the youngest of three surviving children to immigrant parents—their father, Peter, was from Greece, and their mother, Olga, was from Norway. As a child, she took up

Patty Andrews was an American singer and entertainer best known as part of the Andrews Sisters musical trio. Patty Andrews was born the youngest of three surviving children to immigrant parents—their father, Peter, was from Greece, and their mother, Olga, was from Norway. As a child, she took up

Regina M. Anderson was an American librarian, playwright, and patron of the arts whose New York City home was a salon for Harlem Renaissance writers and artists. Anderson attended several colleges, including Wilberforce University in Ohio and the University of Chicago. She received a Master of

Roy Chapman Andrews was a naturalist, explorer, and author, who led many important scientific expeditions for which he obtained financial support through his public lectures and books, particularly on central Asia and eastern Asia. After graduating from Beloit (Wis.) College in 1906, he took a

Victoria Woodhull: From stockbroker to women’s rights advocate: …each issue was written by Stephen Pearl Andrews, promoter of the utopian social system he called “Pantarchy”—a theory rejecting conventional marriage and advocating a perfect state of free love combined with communal management of children and property. Woodhull expounded her version of these ideas in a series of articles in…

Thomas Andrews was an Irish shipbuilder who was best known for designing the luxury liners Olympic and Titanic. Andrews was born into a prominent family; his brother John later became prime minister of Northern Ireland, and his uncle William James Pirrie was head owner of the Belfast shipbuilding

Thomas Andrews was an Irish chemist and physicist who established the concepts of critical temperature and pressure and showed that a gas will pass into the liquid state, and vice versa, without any discontinuity, or abrupt change in physical properties. He also proved that ozone is a form of

Russia: Ivan III: …the two eldest surviving brothers, Andrey and Boris, whose grievances were further increased by Ivan’s refusal to give them a share of conquered Novgorod. In 1480 they rebelled, and only with difficulty were they persuaded to remain loyal. A more serious conflict arose (1497–1502) in the form of an open…

Leonid Andreyev was a novelist whose best work has a place in Russian literature for its evocation of a mood of despair and absolute pessimism. At the age of 20 Andreyev entered St. Petersburg University but lived restlessly for some time. In 1894, after several attempts at suicide, he transferred

Leonid Andreyev was a novelist whose best work has a place in Russian literature for its evocation of a mood of despair and absolute pessimism. At the age of 20 Andreyev entered St. Petersburg University but lived restlessly for some time. In 1894, after several attempts at suicide, he transferred

Isak Dinesen was a Danish writer whose finely crafted stories, set in the past and pervaded with an aura of supernaturalism, incorporate the themes of eros and dreams. Educated privately and at the Academy of Fine Arts, Copenhagen, Dinesen married her cousin, Baron Bror Blixen-Finecke, in 1914 and

Andria, city, Puglia (Apulia) region, southeastern Italy. It is situated on the eastern slopes of the Murge plateau, just south of Barletta. Andria was perhaps the Netium mentioned by the 1st-century-bce Greek geographer Strabo, but its recorded history began with the arrival of the Normans in the

The Woman of Andros, play by Terence, produced in 166 bce as Andria. It has also been translated as The Andrian Girl. Terence adapted it from the Greek play Andria by Menander and added material from Menander’s Perinthia (The Perinthian Girl). The relationship of a father, Simo, and his son,

Merina, a Malagasy people primarily inhabiting the central plateau of Madagascar. They are the most populous ethnolinguistic group on the island. The early Merina, whose origins are uncertain, entered the central plateau of Madagascar in the 15th century and soon established a small kingdom there.

Merina: King Andrianampoinimerina (or Nampoina; ruled 1787–1810) was the first Merina monarch to consolidate his power and make Merina a unified kingdom. His armies, commanded by his son Radama, secured control over much of the central highlands.

Menabé: …the 17th century by King Andriandahifotsy (d. 1685), who led a great Sakalava migration into the area from the southern tip of Madagascar. Under his son Andramananety, the kingdom became known as Menabé, to distinguish it from a second Sakalava kingdom—Boina—founded by Adramananety’s brother farther north.

Nikolai Andrianov was a Soviet gymnast who won 15 Olympic medals, a record for male gymnasts. Andrianov began his gymnastics career at age 12, late for his sport, and began to train with coach Nikolay Tolkachov, who would become his surrogate father. He was selected for the Soviet national team in

Nikolai Andrianov was a Soviet gymnast who won 15 Olympic medals, a record for male gymnasts. Andrianov began his gymnastics career at age 12, late for his sport, and began to train with coach Nikolay Tolkachov, who would become his surrogate father. He was selected for the Soviet national team in

Caudata: Annotated classification: …United States; 2 genera (Andrias and Cryptobranchus) and 5 species. Suborder Sirenoidea Mode of fertilization unknown; angular bone fused with prearticular bone in lower jaw; only anterior pair of limbs present; external gills; aquatic. Family Sirenidae (

salamander: …of the order are the Chinese giant salamanders—Andrias sligoi can grow to 2 metres (6.6 feet), and A. davidianus can grow to 1.8 metres (5.9 feet) in length—and the Japanese giant salamander (A. japonicus), which can grow up to 1.7 metres (5.6 feet) in length.

salamander: 9 feet) in length—and the Japanese giant salamander (A. japonicus), which can grow up to 1.7 metres (5.6 feet) in length.

Ivo Andrić was a writer of novels and short stories in the Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian language, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1961. Andrić studied in Poland and Austria. His potential as a writer of both prose and verse was recognized early, and his reputation was established with

gall wasp: Major species: …in diameter, is caused by Andricus kollari.

François Andrieux was a French lawyer and comic dramatist who alternated between literary and political activities with considerable success in both. After preparing for a legal career in Paris, Andrieux in the early days of the French Revolution became a judge (1790–93) in the Cour de Cassation,

François Andrieux was a French lawyer and comic dramatist who alternated between literary and political activities with considerable success in both. After preparing for a legal career in Paris, Andrieux in the early days of the French Revolution became a judge (1790–93) in the Cour de Cassation,

Louis Aragon was a French poet, novelist, and essayist who was a political activist and spokesperson for communism. Through the Surrealist poet André Breton, Aragon was introduced to avant-garde movements such as Dadaism. Together with Philippe Soupault, he and Breton founded the Surrealist review

Madagascar: Relief: Farther south, Andringitra is a vast granite massif north of Tôlan̈aro (Faradofay); it rises to 8,720 feet (2,658 metres) at Boby Peak.

Macedonian Wars: …a pretended son of Perseus, Andriscus, tried to reestablish the Macedonian monarchy, thus provoking the Fourth Macedonian War (149–148). The Roman praetor Quintus Caecilius Metellus crushed the rebellion with relative ease, and in 146 Macedonia was made a Roman province. It was in fact the first province of the nascent…

deep ecology: Currents within the social movement: …ecofeminists, for example, claim that androcentrism (male-centredness), rather than anthropocentrism, is the true cause of the degradation of nature. They maintain that androcentrism as seen in traditional power-wielding patriarchal society is responsible for the striving to dominate nature. Just as males have always tried to dominate women, so too have…

Androcles, Roman slave who allegedly lived about the time of the emperor Tiberius or Caligula and who became the hero of a story told by Aulus Gellius. The story, taken originally from a work by Apion (1st century ad) and also found in Aelian’s De natura animalium (On the Nature of Animals) and

Alcibiades: …but his enemies, led by Androcles (the successor of Hyperbolus), ensured that he sailed with the charge still hanging over him. Shortly after reaching Sicily, he was recalled, but on the journey home he escaped and, learning that he had been condemned in absentia to death, went to Sparta. There…

Androcles and the Lion, drama consisting of a prologue and two acts by George Bernard Shaw, performed in Berlin in 1912 and published in 1916. Using the Roman story of Androcles, Shaw examines true and false religious exaltation, combining the traditions of miracle play and Christmas pantomime into

Androcles, Roman slave who allegedly lived about the time of the emperor Tiberius or Caligula and who became the hero of a story told by Aulus Gellius. The story, taken originally from a work by Apion (1st century ad) and also found in Aelian’s De natura animalium (On the Nature of Animals) and

Lepidoptera: Courtship and mating: …from special scent scales (androconia) on the wings, body, or legs, the pheromones ensure the receptivity of the female. Finally, the accessory genitalic structures must fit together, not only mechanically but also in such a way that stimulates sensory nerve organs of the female. Some butterfly courtships are very…

Lamiales: Order characteristics: …families of the order, the androecium (stamens) is constructed on a two-part (dimerous) or a four-part (tetramerous) plan, both of which are associated with regular corollas. For example, species of Oleaceae (e.g., ashes, forsythias, jasmine, and lilacs) typically have two stamens, and species of Buddleja (butterfly bush; a

androgen, any of a group of hormones that primarily influence the growth and development of the male reproductive system. The predominant and most active androgen is testosterone, which is produced by the male testes. The other androgens, which support the functions of testosterone, are produced

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS), rare genetic disorder in which a genetically male individual fails to respond naturally to the effects of male hormones (also known as androgens). Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) is an X-chromosome-linked recessive disorder, being caused by a mutation

anabolic steroid: Anabolic steroids target the androgen receptor, the natural biological receptor for testosterone and its metabolite dihydrotestosterone. Stimulation of the androgen receptor results in cell growth, leading to an increase in muscle size. It also leads to virilization—the development of masculine traits, including increased libido and deepening of the voice.

baldness: …first category is dominated by male pattern baldness (androgenetic alopecia). By age 50, some 30 to 50 of men have been affected by male pattern baldness, which progresses gradually, beginning with a characteristic recession of the hairline at the front or thinning of the crown hair and proceeding, in extreme…

chimera: Androgenetic chimeras are made up of cells that contain the normal combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes and cells that contain two sets of paternal chromosomes (paternal isodisomy). Mammalian androgenetic chimeras generated experimentally rarely survive to birth and often are afflicted by severe developmental disorders.…

endocrine system: Class Crustacea: …known: the Y-organ and the androgenic gland. As in insects, hormones and neurohormones of the crustacean regulate molting, reproduction, osmoregulation, metabolism, and heart rate. In addition, the regulation of colour changes is well developed in crustaceans, whereas only a few insects exhibit hormonally controlled colour changes.

physical culture: Weightlifting: …Rochester graduate student, anabolic and androgenic steroids were used in limited fashion for the recuperation of wounded soldiers in the 1940s and by Russian weightlifters in the 1950s. John Ziegler, a Maryland physician, pioneered their use on American (York) lifters in the early 1960s, and their use quickly spread to…

androgyny, condition in which characteristics of both sexes are clearly expressed in a single individual. In biology, androgyny refers to individuals with fully developed sexual organs of both sexes, also called hermaphrodites. Body build and other physical characteristics of these individuals are

hermaphroditism, the condition of having both male and female reproductive organs. Hermaphroditic plants—most flowering plants, or angiosperms—are called monoecious, or bisexual. Hermaphroditic animals—mostly invertebrates such as worms, bryozoans (moss animals), trematodes (flukes), snails, slugs,

automaton: Types of automatons: The most complicated are the androids: figures in human form that can be made to walk about, play music, write, or draw. They are mostly of fairly large size and intended for public display. At the other end of the scale are exquisitely finished pocket-sized objects such as trick pistols…