Andes Mountains: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
Assorted References
- continental landforms
- In mountain
- In mountain: The Andes
- Exploring 7 of Earth’s Great Mountain Ranges
- formation from Andean Geosyncline
- history of Ecuador
- Inca road system
- mountaineering
- significance of South American peoples and cultures
- symbolized in Chilean flag
- worst volcanic eruptions in history
physiography of
- Argentina
- Chile
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- Lake Titicaca
- Llanos
- In Llanos
- Peru
- South America
- Venezuela
Additional Reading
Classic works on the geography and geology of the Andes include Alan G. Ogilvie, Geography of the Central Andes (1922); and Isaiah Bowman, The Andes of Southern Peru (1916). The role of plate tectonics in the formation of the Andes is discussed in R.W.R. Rutland, “Andean Orogeny and Ocean Floor Spreading,” Nature, 233(5317):252–255 (1971); and David E. James, “The Evolution of the Andes,” Scientific American, 229(2):60–69 (August 1973). Harold Osborne, Indians of the Andes: Aymaras and Quechuas (1952, reissued 1973), is still a useful discussion of the Indigenous peoples. More recent works include Daniel W. Gade, Nature and Culture in the Andes (1999); Karl S. Zimmerer, Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian Andes (1996); Gregory W. Knapp, Andean Ecology: Adaptive Dynamics in Ecuador (1991); Shozo Masuda, Izumi Shimada, and Craig Morris (eds.), Andean Ecology and Civilization (1985), a collection of conference papers; Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation (1989), a report prepared by a panel of the National Research Council; Benjamin S. Orlove and Glynn Custred (eds.), Land and Power in Latin America: Agrarian Economies and Social Processes in the Andes (1980); and William P. Mitchell, Peasants on the Edge: Crop, Cult, and Crisis in the Andes (1991). A classic account of Andean exploration, George E. Squier, Peru: Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas (1877), is available in later editions..
William M. DenevanResearcher's Note
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Add new Web site: Scientific Reports - The importance of the Andes in the evolutionary radiation of Sigmodontinae (Rodentia, Cricetidae), the most diverse group of mammals in the Neotropics. | Sep 06, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Mar 19, 2025 | ||
| Changed “Mount Fitzroy” to “Mount Fitz Roy.” | May 15, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Florida Museum - The Andes� Mountainous Paradox: So tall, so young. | Apr 19, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - Andes Mountains and Human Dimensions of Global Change: A Review. | Dec 07, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Is tourism damaging ecosystems in the Andes? Current knowledge and an agenda for future research. | Sep 07, 2023 | ||
| Revised nomenclature related to indigenous people. | Mar 18, 2021 | ||
| In the Economy section, updated the characterization of the mining industry. | Oct 29, 2020 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jun 22, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Geological Society - The Andes. | Dec 09, 2016 | ||
| Media added. | Aug 12, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: LiveScience - Andes: World's Longest Mountain Range. | Jul 22, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Maps of World - Andes Mountain, South America. | May 23, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Arizona - Department of Geosciences - The Andes. | Jan 23, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Quatr.us - Where are the Andes? | Jan 23, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Iloveindia.com - Andes Mountains. | Jan 18, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Maps of World - South America Mountains. | Jan 18, 2013 | ||
| Geologic time data updated. | Sep 10, 2009 | ||
| A new study found that the cordilleras began to rise about 25 million years ago, about 18 million years earlier than the previously accepted date. | Jun 01, 2009 | ||
| Changed the elevation of Mt. Aconcagua to 22,834 feet (6,960 metres). | Jun 01, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: All The Mountains - The Andes. | Oct 05, 2007 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Feb 09, 2007 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Feb 09, 2007 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 24, 1998 |